塔机驾驶员的持续性视觉注意负荷研究

为提高塔机作业安全工效，基于视觉心理学、认知心理学理论，利用眼动追踪技术记录驾驶员视觉行为数据，分析和评估塔机驾驶员视觉转移过程的表征参数，结果表明:起重作业过程中驾驶员注视时间长，视知觉资源主要集中于起吊物，保持持续性注意状态，以维持高效起重作业，心理负荷较大；起重作业不同子过程注视时间与瞳孔直径差异较大，在空中平移过程中注意力较为分散，瞳孔直径较小，心理负荷较小。据此，提出了塔机起重作业的人因工效改善方向，为起重作业安全实施提供决策支持。     

Ergonomic assessment of airport shuttle driver tasks using an ergonomic analysis toolset

This study aimed to (a) evaluate strength requirements and lower back stresses during lifting and baggage handling tasks with the 3D Static Strength Prediction Program (3DSSPP) and (b) provide additional analyses using rapid entire body assessment (REBA) and the NASA task load index (TLX) to assess the risks associated with the tasks. Four healthy female shuttle drivers of good health aged between 55 and 60 years were observed and interviewed in an effort to determine the tasks required of their occupations. The results indicated that lifting bags and placing them in a shuttle were high risk for injury and possible changes should be further investigated. The study concluded there was a potential for injury associated with baggage storing and retrieval tasks of a shuttle driver.     

Three-Dimensional Lifting Model For Non-Homogeneous Loads

A 3-dimensional model and analysis methodology is suggested for treating lifting tasks when unbalanced loads are involved. The paper describes the biomechanical equations that are coupled with the worker’s posture geometry, to address a practical problem of non-symmetric lifting. The analysis has a dominant biomechanical modeling scope, as it contains a breakdown of the internal lifting forces resulting from posture and external loads acting on the body. The load model represents the acting forces due to unbalanced lifting, which is commonly found in industrial situations. The suggested model allows the user to simulate the influence of the practical load distribution, aiding safe design of a lifting job.     

核电站搬运核废料起重机的故障树分析

目的 :对某核电站用于搬运核废料的桥式起重机进行了故障树分析 ;方法 :以吊物坠落为顶事件而建立了故障树 ,通过故障树特征参数的计算对该事件进行了定性分析和定量分析。根据分析结果 ,确定了该起重机的关键元 (部 )件和薄弱环节 ,提出了降低吊物坠落概率的简便有效措施。     

少载荷级数下桥式起重机桥架疲劳安全寿命研究

提出了一种针对少载荷级数作用下的桥式起重机桥架裂纹萌生寿命计算的新数值模拟方法。该方法利用ANSYS软件中的生死单元模拟吊重起升和小车运行,得到桥架在3级载荷作用下的瞬态应力响应,将应力数据集导入到疲劳软件FE-SAFE中,根据多轴局部应力应变算法,基于Morrow平均应力修正下的Brown Miller损伤模型,对32t/A6桥式起重机桥架进行疲劳分析。计算结果表明,桥架疲劳寿命满足使用要求,疲劳失效主要发生在端梁腹板的拐角处。     

一起塔式起重机冲顶事故的技术分析

某桥梁施工企业在对桥面施工时,塔式起重机空载起升发生冲顶事故,起升钢丝绳断裂,造成吊钩装置坠落砸死1人伤害事故.本文介绍了事故情况、事故勘查要点和模拟试验及相关计算方法,分析事故技术原因,提出预防事故的建议.     

Lifting strength in two-person teamwork

This study examined the effects of lifting range, hand-to-toe distance, and lifting direction on single-person lifting strengths and two-person teamwork lifting strengths. Six healthy males and seven healthy females participated in this study. Two-person teamwork lifting strengths were examined in both strength-matched and strength-unmatched groups. Our results showed that lifting strength significantly decreased with increasing lifting range or hand-to-toe distance. However, lifting strengths were not affected by lifting direction. Teamwork lifting strength did not conform to the law of additivity for both strength-matched and strength-unmatched groups. In general, teamwork lifting strength was dictated by the weaker of the two members, implying that weaker members might be exposed to a higher potential danger in teamwork exertions. To avoid such overexertion in teamwork, members with significantly different strength ability should not be assigned to the same team.     

单面受火的方中空夹层钢管混凝土短柱耐火极限

为研究单面受火的方中空夹层钢管混凝土短柱耐火极限,在合理选择材料本构关系和边界条件的基础上,利用ABAQUS软件建立了高温下方中空夹层钢管混凝土短柱温度场和力学场分析模型,通过与试验数据对比验证,结果吻合良好。基于此模型,对不同的混凝土强度、钢管强度、内钢管厚度、空心率、荷载比进行耐火极限参数分析,并定量给出计算此类构件耐火极限的简化公式。研究结果表明:荷载比是构件耐火极限的主要影响参数。荷载比越大,构件的耐火极限越小。     

有源滤波器在港口起重设备上的应用

由于技术的进步和生产要求的提高．变频技术被越来越多的使用在包括港口起重机械在内的起重设备中。在提高整机性能的同时,大量谐波的出现也给起重设备的运行带来较大危害。本文针对某港口出现的谐波问题,采用了有源滤波器对谐波进行处理,取得了良好的效果,具有广阔的应用前景。     

Lifting technique and abdominal belt usage: a biomechanical, physiological and subjective investigation

Some 10 male subjects carried out a repetitive lifting task for 15 min under four conditions on separate days. Subjects used either a squat lifting or a stoop lifting technique with or without an abdominal belt on each day. Measurements of spinal shrinkage, heart rate, perceived exertion and regional body pain were made under each condition. Although there was a significant difference in spinal shrinkage under all lifting conditions compared with shrinkage during 15 min of quiet standing (4.36 ± 2.24 vs. 1.13 ± 1.18 mm), there were no significant differences in shrinkage between the conditions. The subjects' heart rates were higher during the squat lift than the stoop lift (123 vs. 97 beats/min; p < 0.001). While the squat lift was perceived to be the safest lift by 90% of the subjects, 60% regarded this lift as the least preferred method (with or without the belt). Although all 10 subjects perceived the safest lifting method to involve the use of the belt, 50% rated the belt as their least preferred lifting condition. The findings cast doubt on the efficacy and acceptability of both abdominal belts and the practice of training workers in ‘safe’ lifting techniques and indicate that individual characteristics and preferences need to be considered when attempting to improve the safety of manual handling operations in industry.     

非均匀热环境下热舒适评价的两种方法及其关键技术

针对非均匀热环境下乘员热舒适性的评价问题,提出当量温度评价指标(EQT)和当量均匀温度评价指标(EHT);完成这两种评价指标的关键技术在于如何进行流场的三维Navier-Stokes方程与人体的生物热方程之间的耦合迭代。在进行数值计算时发现:流场计算时人体皮肤表面给温度分布(即提D irichlet问题)、人体的生物热方程求解时给热流密度分布(即提Neumann问题),采用其边界条件的提法后,使得非均匀热环境下的流场与人体生物热方程之间的大迭代容易收敛和稳定。典型算例表明:对同一种物理问题,尽管两种评价下所得到的当量温度不同,但得出的评价效果是一致的,这就从侧面显示了这两种评价方法的一致性与有效性。     

Numerical study of dust lifting using the Eulerian–Eulerian approach

The present paper shows a numerical investigation of dust lifting behind a moving pressure wave. The dispersion of combustible dust has previously been discovered to be a precursor to a potential dust explosion. Consequently, a growing interest on the subject has been observed in recent years. Numerous studies have been performed on dust lifting, however, very few investigations have focused on dust layers with high volume fractions. Therefore, the aim of this investigation was to provide additional data. The simulations were carried out in a three-dimensional duct with a dust layer dispersed along the lower wall. The Eulerian–Eulerian approach was selected as the modelling technique. At first, four simulations varying the initial pressure and volume fraction of the dust were performed. The former parameter was varied between 4 and 8 bar, while the latter varied between 0.4 and 0.6. The combination of high initial pressure and high volume fraction resulted in the greatest dispersion of dust. Subsequently, two different drag force models were compared: the Schiller–Naumann, and the Gidaspow. It was discovered through this research that the choice of model caused significantly different results. The former model was found to underestimate the drag in the diluted parts of the layer. Consequently, this led to a distinctly lower lifting of the dust than in the latter model. Finally, a validation of a particle–particle interaction model was performed. It was observed that in the case where the model was disabled, an unrealistically high maximum volume fraction of the dust layer occurred. Nevertheless, the model did not seem to improve the dispersion results, which indicates that the dust lifting in this research was solely due to fluid–particle interactions.     

900t造船龙门起重机主梁自重应力测试及分析

对某港口一台在建900t造船龙门起重机,进行了主梁自重应力测试研究。以测试主梁分段平放在胎架上作为测试基点,通过应力测试,得到了起重机主梁在抬吊过程中产生的自重应力和自振频率。结果表明,随着测试主梁两端提升油缸的逐渐加力,主梁跨中产生的自重应力逐渐增加,并与提升力成线性关系;在整个提升过程中,主梁自振频率维持在0.1Hz以内。     

A/O一体式曝气生物滤池处理生活污水

在原水水力负荷为1．1m/h，回流比为2的条件下，考察了缺氧－好氧一体式生物滤池在气水比为4∶1、5∶1和6∶1工况下对生活污水的处理效果。研究结果表明，对生活污水有着良好的处理效果，处理出水可稳定地达到国家二级排放标准。随着气水比的增加，系统对COD、BOD5和氨氮的去除率有所提高，缺氧－好氧暴气一体式生物滤池具有良好的硝化、反硝化效果。硝化作用主要在好氧区完成，反硝化作用在缺氧区45cm处即可完成。     

门式起重机起升动载荷分析

以某工厂门式起重机为研究对象,利用轴套力建模法和编制相应CMD命令文件建立了钢丝绳模型,对部件添加材料属性,并对整机施加相应的约束、载荷和驱动,实现了门式起重机的虚拟样机建模。研究了不同的调速方法对起升动载荷的影响,采用联合仿真法对比分析了串电阻调速和变频调速法对动载荷的影响,为门式起重机的疲劳寿命研究提供数据支撑。     

塔机起重作业夜间照明工效的BIM辅助优化研究*

为提升塔式起重机施工作业的夜间照明工效水平,采用数学模型和BIM技术相结合的方法,以灯源的光通量及入射角为光学驱动参数,模拟眩光值、照度及其均匀度等光学变量,建立照明工效的光度学BIM辅助优化模型,优化起重作业照明灯源光学参数。研究结果表明:对塔式起重机施工作业区照明灯源光学参数进行组合优化后,夜间起重作业面照度及其均匀度显著提升,眩光值满足起重作业视觉环境条件。研究结果可为塔式起重机夜间起重作业照明方案设计提供科学依据。     

不同吨位行车组合抬吊安全技术方案

使用不同吨位的行车进行组合抬吊,首先要考虑安全技术上的可行性,对重量的分配必须经过精确计算;其次是组织措施,要确保方案有序、顺利地进行;最后要对操作人员的个人技能和相互配合提出很高的要求.三者互为补充,缺一不可,才能实现方案的成功实施.     

基于JSA-BN的水上提管维修作业风险分析

为保障海底油气管道维修作业安全,提出1种基于JSA-BN的作业风险分析方法。采用JSA方法辨识分析水上提管维修作业过程中潜在的风险因素,得出不同作业步骤的风险等级;建立水上提管维修作业贝叶斯网络模型,计算出各作业环节的成功概率;依托贝叶斯网络的逆向推理及敏感性分析能力,实现水上提管维修作业风险薄弱点的定量预测和评估。研究结果表明:提出的基于JSA-BN的作业风险分析方法可应用于近岸海底管道应急维修作业风险分析;在整个水上提管维修作业活动中,提管作业和切割破损管道作业为关键作业环节,提升过程中碰撞、掉落事件为薄弱风险因素。     

基于区间分析的履带起重机结构非概率可靠性研究

臂架结构作为履带起重机的重要部件,其结构的强度、刚度和稳定性决定了整个起重机的安全性和使用性能。为了预测履带起重机臂架结构的可靠度,采用区间非概率研究履带起重机的可靠性,只需知道不确定参量的界限而不需知道其分布情况,就能求出各功能函数的可靠性指标;将履带起重机臂架的额定起重量、起升载荷偏摆角度、起升冲击系数等不确定参量看成区间变量,建立了以臂架强度、刚度、整体稳定性为失效模式的可靠性分析模型;将区间变量标准化,在标准化区间变量的扩展空间中,按无穷范数度量从坐标原点到失效面的最短距离,以此来判断结构的非概率可靠度。最后,用该模型对现有某型号履带起重机臂架进行了可靠性分析,结果表明,用该方法得到的履带起重机区间非概率可靠度η1,符合实际情况。     

Occupational deaths and injuries by the types of street cleaning process

This study aims to obtain an overall picture of occupational injuries by the types of street cleaning process. Three hundred and fifty-four injured persons were analyzed in terms of the company size and details of the injured persons and accidents. Results show that ‘roadway cleaning’ was the most common type of cleaning process for injuries, followed by ‘sidewalk cleaning,’ ‘going/returning to work by bike’ and ‘lifting/carrying.’ The findings also show that most accidents which occur when ‘going/returning to work by bike’ are in the form of traffic accidents, while in other processes they happen most often in the form of slips. Most of the accidents related to ‘lifting/carrying’ affected workers in their 50s or younger while other processes had a large portion of injured persons in their 50s or older. The findings of this study can be used as baseline data for preventative policies.