基于人机工程学的银行ATM设计

银行ATM在我国大多数城市已经得到了广泛应用,但由此带来的犯罪活动时有发生,这也表明自动柜员机的设计存在某些缺陷.运用了人机工程学的基本理论知识,坚持以用户为中心的原则,结合犯罪分子所采取的各种作案手段,分别从人、机、环3方面详细阐述了ATM机的设计过程,最后给出了优化后的银行ATM物理实体图.     

Expert system application for prioritizing preventive actions for shift work: shift expert

Introduction. Shift patterns, work hours, work arrangements and worker motivations have increasingly become key factors for job performance. The main objective of this article is to design an expert system that identifies the negative effects of shift work and prioritizes mitigation efforts according to their importance in preventing these negative effects. The proposed expert system will be referred to as the shift expert. Methods. A thorough literature review is conducted to determine the effects of shift work on workers. Our work indicates that shift work is linked to demographic variables, sleepiness and fatigue, health and well-being, and social and domestic conditions. These parameters constitute the sections of a questionnaire designed to focus on 26 important issues related to shift work. The shift expert is then constructed to provide prevention advice at the individual and organizational levels, and it prioritizes this advice using a fuzzy analytic hierarchy process model, which considers comparison matrices provided by users during the prioritization process. An empirical study of 61 workers working on three rotating shifts is performed. After administering the questionnaires, the collected data are analyzed statistically, and then the shift expert produces individual and organizational recommendations for these workers.     

人机工程学在仪器仪表操纵机构设计中的应用

基于人机工程学的基本理论，结合人体结构尺寸和行为特性，着重论述了仪器仪表操纵机构的合理布置，操纵器间距离的确定，操纵器的选择方法以及设计原则。最终使仪器仪表的操纵机构最大限度地与人体结构相匹配，为操作者创造一个安全、健康、舒适的操作环境，使人机系统发挥出最大的效率。     

人机工程技术在机械安全设计的应用

从人机工程相关技术角度出发,对机械安全设计的有关问题进行了相应探讨,并提出了具体的应用事例.     

Assessment of Physical Load at Work Sites: A Finnish–German Concept

The aim of this article is to introduce a set of work physiology methods for the assessment of physical load at the work site and to consider (a) their relevance for different types of muscular work, and (b) their feasibility for occupational health and safety practitioners. The results of an ergonomic intervention study for the reduction of workload associated with various manual materials handling tasks were used for the evaluation of the feasibility and sensitivity of the measurements of heart rate, the Edholm and OWAS methods, and the ratings of overall and local perceived exertion. The methods proved feasible, although time consuming, and their sensitivity for the quantification of small changes in physical workload was limited. Despite these shortcomings, these methods can be used by occupational health and safety practitioners when their strategy and data collection techniques are developed further. In conclusion, there are relevant and feasible methods fora reliable work-site assessment of cardiorespiratory and postural load related to the activation of large muscle masses. On the other hand, field methods for the quantification of local static workload and repetitive type of workload with small muscle masses are scarce.     

林业机械的安全性设计与人机工程学因素

针对林业机械的结构特点,阐述了林业机械设计时的安全要求和人机工程学因素.     

安全人机工效虚拟仿真实验系统设计

虚拟仿真技术可有效解决安全生产领域基础理论和应用技术研究过程不能进行试验验证的技术难题.首先阐述了安全人机工效虚拟仿真实现系统的构成以及各部分功能,确定了以Jack软件的可视性分析、可达性分析、工作姿势分析、疲劳恢复分析、受力分析等人因分析功能为核心,建立集开发平台、展示平台、交互平台和数据分析平台为一体的安全人机工效虚拟仿真实验系统.分析了系统集成的关键技术,对比了不同类型动作捕捉器的基本原理和优缺点,结合安全人机工效实验需求,确定了采用电磁式动作捕捉器的系统集成方案,以及动作捕捉器、数据手套和虚拟仿真展示平台的集成方法,并对本实验系统的应用前景进行了展望.     

数控机床的人性化设计研究

人性化设计是工业设计研究中一个非常重要的课题,对人性的关怀是每个工业设计师不变的追求.在数控机床的设计中,设计师应以人机工程理论为指导,充分考虑如何让使用者掌握数控机床的操作,解决诸如程序设计、人机对话、心理负荷、故障诊断和处理、系统安全以及社会心理等问题.这是数控机床人性化设计的关键,也就是如何设计出和谐的人机系统,创造一种良好的人机互动.     

Ergonomics and Quality Management—Humans in Interaction With Technology,Work Environment,and Organization

Abstract

In many studies, ergonomics has been shown to influence human performance. The aim of this paper was to demonstrate imp ortan t ergonomics influences on quality in industrial production, from the perspective of interactions between humans, technology, organization, and work environment. A second aim was to elab orate on the implications of these findings for the development of quality management strategies. This paper shows that ergonomics problems in terms of adverse work environmental conditions, in appropriate design of technology, and an unsuitable org an izatio n are important causes of quality deficiencies. Problem solving aimed at improving ergonomics, quality, and productivity simultaneously is likely to obtain sup po rt from most of the interest parties of the company, and may also enhance participation. Ergonomics has the potential of becoming a driving force for the development of new quality management strategies.     

Myoelectric manifestation of muscle fatigue in repetitive work detected by means of miniaturized sEMG sensors

Upper limb work-related musculoskeletal disorders have a 12-month prevalence ranging from 12 to 41% worldwide and can be partly caused by handling low loads at high frequency. The association between the myoelectric manifestation of elbow flexor muscle fatigue and occupational physical demand has never been investigated. It was hypothesized that an elbow flexor muscle fatigue index could be a valid risk indicator in handling low loads at high frequency. This study aims to measure the myoelectric manifestation of muscle fatigue of the three elbow flexor muscles during the execution of the work tasks in different risk conditions. Fifteen right-handed healthy adults were screened using a movement analysis laboratory consisting of optoelectronic, dynamometer and surface electromyographic systems. The main result indicates that the fatigue index calculated from the brachioradialis is sensitive to the interaction among risk classes, session and gender, and above all it is sensitive to the risk classes.     

Occupationally Oriented Medical Rehabilitation and Hairdressers’ Work Techniques–A one-and-a-half-year follow-up

This study examined changes in work techniques and musculoskeletal symptoms after occupationally oriented medical rehabilitation arranged for 21 hairdressers who were experiencing neck-shoulder or back pain but were still able to work. OWAS (Ovako Working Posture Analysing System) analyses of working postures and questionnaire data were obtained at the beginning of the courses and one and a half years later. The participants worked with their back bent and twisted or their arms at or over shoulder level more seldom (p < .0001) at the end of the follow-up than at the beginning of the rehabilitation. Subjective work-related physical and mental strain had decreased by 45.4% (p < .001) and 27.1% (p < .05), respectively, and subjective neck and back pain by 40.0% (p < .0 1 ) and 45.3% (p < .01). respectively. This’study suggests that occupationally oriented medical rehabilitation can have significant and long-lasting effects on the rehabilitee’s work techniques and subjective well-being.