医用多功能防护服研究与发展

简要回顾了医用防护服的起源和发展历史,分析了国内外医用防护服的现状,论述了医用防护服的发展趋势。笔者通过大量调研和分析认为:对纺织材料、功能整理、织物复合和服装结构工艺进行系统研究设计,选用聚四氟乙烯复合膜和超微细熔喷材料作为隔离层,在保证隔离病毒的前提下,能有效排汗透湿,改善了医用防护服的舒适性;对涤纶织物进行拒水、抗静电、抗菌、阻燃等功能整理,解决了面料的协同增效和耐久性难题;根据抗“非典”防护服的要求,采用高性能隔离层材料,应用科学的合理工艺手段可以达到医用多功能防护服的要求。总后军需装备研究所,采用了一种新型独特的复合方法制成的PTFE复合膜层压织物,其具有集隔离病毒、透湿、拒水、抑菌、抗静电、阻燃、防血液渗透等多种功能于一体的特点,PTFE复合膜防护服可经多次机洗和消毒,能够适应不同寒、热环境使用。     

突发公共事件与个体防护装备

作者论述了个体防护装备的作用、种类和发展 ;从军事斗争、劳动防护和社会公众防护等方面论述了个体防护装备的重要性 ,指出突发公共事件正在呼唤个体防护装备 ;对我国个体防护装备的发展和应用提出了意见和建议     

突发公共事件与个体防护装备

本文论述了个体防护装备的作用、种类和发展;从军事斗争、劳动防护和社会公众防护等方面论述了个体防护装备的重要性,指出突发公共事件正在呼唤个体防护装备;对我国个体防护装备的发展和应用提出了意见和建议。     

试论高压水射流清洗系统的合理匹配

随着高压水射流清洗的应用领域日益广泛， 高压水射流清洗系统的合理匹配已成为急待解决的问题。因为只有高压水射流清洗系统的合理匹配，才能充分发挥高压水射流的高效、高质量清洗及节能、污染小的特点。笔者利用系统分析的方法，从实际应用角度出发，结合理论与实验，从高压泵技术指标的选择、清洗设备的选择及参数简析、清洗压力的选择等几个方面，分析了合理匹配高压水射流清洗系统主要参数的一般方法和原则，并将其应用于铁路罐车的高压水射流清洗系统的匹配。实际应用结果表明，这种方法是行之有效的     

听力防护装备为健康筑起安全防线

随着我国工业的发展,噪声危害的分布范围越来越广,人们接触噪声的机会日益增多。长期接触噪声会对人体多个系统产生不良影响,其中尤以对听觉器官的损害最为突出。本文针对噪声的概念及噪声作业听力防护,分析了噪声对人体健康的影响因素及其主要损害,阐述了预防和控制噪声的个体防护装备,提出了噪声性听力损伤的自身防护早发现早防治措施。     

扁袋除尘器在木工车间通风除尘中的应用

介绍了模块式扁袋除尘器的工作原理及技术特点.通过某木工制造厂木工车间通风除尘工程应用实践,证明该除尘器能满足木工车间通风除尘、劳动保护和环境保护的需要,并能取得良好的治理效果.     

Health impact and noise exposure assessment in the cricket bat industry of Kashmir,India

Aim. The aim of the present study was to identify and evaluate predominant noise sources in the cricket bat industry of Kashmir, India. Methods. Sound levels were measured at operator’s ear level in the working zone of the workers of seven cricket bat factories. The impact assessment was made through personal interviews with each worker separately during their period of rest. Results. On average, 62.5% of the workers reported difficulty in hearing and 24.1% of the workers have become patients for hypertension. Only 58.1% of the workers complained of headache due to high noise level. Conclusions. The workers engaged in the cricket bat industry of Kashmir are exposed to high noise levels. It is suggested that personal protective equipment like ear plugs and ear muffs be used by these workers as a protection against this hazard.     

美军核生化个体防护装备发展现状与趋势

美军认为,在核生化污染区域采取行动中,个体防护装备性能的高低和救治程序是否得当,直接关系到作战行动的成败。经过多年的不断发展,目前,美军士兵已配备了从防护面具到防护靴的全套防护装备,能够为士兵在核生化沾染区域作战提供全身有效防护,可有效防止士兵受到核生化战剂的侵害,从而保证了部队的战斗力。目前已呈现出了标准化、系列化程度高,防护性能好,生理负担低,舒适性高等发展特点。深入研究美军个体防护装备的发展现状与趋势,对于今后我军个体防护装备的发展具有十分重要的启示和借鉴意义。     

煤炭漏电保护装置安装和动作原因分析

论述煤矿井下漏电保护装置的工作原理及动作值的确定;提出漏电保护装置正确安装的5原则;从安全性和可靠性角度,分析漏电保护装置的接线问题并提出安装建议。详细分析在生产实际中可能造成漏电保护装置误动作、拒动作的各类原因,并总结了针对性的预防措施。根据现场运行经验及《剩余电流保护器的运行规程》,提出了煤炭漏电保护装置在运行管理上应遵循的原则。     

特殊职业人员眼睛的安全与防护

本文主要介绍了特殊职业人员眼睛安全与防护的重要意义,特别强调了针对视觉暴露带来的传染风险控制以及眼睛防护装备的选择和使用。同时还提出了降低眼睛伤害的预防措施,以便为我国特殊职业人员眼睛的安全与防护提供指导。     

消防服用织物热防护性能测试分析与研究

热防护性能(Thermal protective performance—TPP)是阻燃型服装或织物隔热防护性能重要指标。本文在已研制的一种模拟人体皮肤及体形的高温"圆筒仪"上进行了改进,并用其测试阻燃服装织物的热防护性能。用膜电偶测量模拟皮肤器表面温升率,并结合烧伤积分模型的评价方法来计算达到二级烧伤的防热时间。与其它一维平面测试装置相比,本装置可较为准确评估实际服装热收缩特征对服装热防护性能的影响。     

中国劳动防护用品经销企业现状与发展建议

通过对全国范围内对劳动防护用品经销企业进行摸底调查,并对企业的成立时间、人员数量、2009年的经销总额以及毛利润等进行统计与分析,提出了规范劳动防护用品经销企业的建议,以促进劳动防护行业健康有序的发展,增强劳动防护对安全生产的保障能力。     

Comparing the flammability of fabrics in accordance with EN 531 and ENV 50354.

The purpose of protective clothing and other personal protective equipment (PPE) is to provide escape time, to reduce the burn injury level, and to prevent aggravation of the consequences to workers during exposure to an electric arc. In this study the flammability properties of 12 different types of flame-retardant fabrics were compared with the normally used flame spread test method (EN 532:1994) and electric arc test method (ENV 50354:2001). In the arc test at the lower testing current level of 4 kA, the requirement was passed by materials which did not pass the flame spread test. These materials contained a large amount of melting fibres, and therefore tended to shrink or melt. In order to meet the current level of 7 kA, a rather thick and heavy flame-retardant fabric is needed to pass the requirement. Lighter fabrics tended to break open in the tests. The flame retardancy of the under layer fabric is therefore important to ensure the needed protection.     

Comparative assessment of respiratory and other occupational health effects among elementary workers

Objective. This study was conducted to assess hazards faced by elementary workers. Methods. A questionnaire survey and a respiratory function test (spirometry) were carried out on 150 respondents. Results. Major hazards identified related to sharp objects, heavy weight lifting, thermally harsh conditions, working at height, whole body vibration, chemicals, pathogens, increased noise levels and confined space entry. Workers suffered from upper and lower respiratory disorder symptoms, digestive problems, optical and musculoskeletal issues, etc. Spirometric measurement showed obstructive lung disorders to be highest among construction workers (CW) (48%) followed by sanitation workers (SW) (32%) and solid waste pickers (SWP) (28%). Restrictive lung pattern was dominant among SW (56%) followed by SWP (46%) and CW (42%). The observed FEV₁/FVC in diseased SWP, SW and CW ranged from 51 to 96%, from 52 to 98% and from 31 to 99% respectively while observed mean FEV₁ was 2.15, 1.79 and 1.70 L, respectively. Conclusion. The study findings show that occupational exposure can significantly influence respiratory system impairment and contribute to other ailments among elementary workers. The study recommends use of appropriate protective equipment and regular medical examination for early recognition of any health risk so that timely interventions for effective management may be undertaken.     

欧美、日本与中国个体防护标准比对

个体防护装备,以往称劳动防护用品,是以保护劳动者安全和健康为目的,并且直接与人体接触的装备或者用品。从某种意义上讲,它是保障劳动者安全和健康的最后一道防线,在保护劳动者和确保安全生产方面有着重要意义。经过多年努力,我国在个体防护装备的技术标准方面制定并颁布了一系列国家标准和行业标准,并形成了初步的标准体系,本文研究了ISO、CEN、JIS的个体防护标准体系,并着重对其体系和有代表性的标准进行比对分析,从而归纳出我国个体防护及检测技术标准存在的问题,对制定和提高我国个体防护装备的体系建设具有一定的参考意义,并为个体防护及检测领域的相关国际标准的研制工作提出一些建议。     

安全带整体静负荷试验机的研制及应用

安全带是有效地预防高处作业人员因意外坠落而受到身体伤害的必要防护装备。本文根据GB6095—2009《安全带》、GB／T6096—2009《安全带测试方法》标准中安全带整体静态负荷试验的要求,对安全带整体静负荷试验机的研制与应用开展一些调研和探讨,希望对从事安全带检验的机构和安全带生产的企业中的科研、检验人员提供一些感性的认知和帮助。     

煤层群下保护层开采保护范围的数值模拟

为确定煤层群下保护层开采上部被保护煤层的保护范围,结合金佳矿一采煤工作面保护层顶底板煤岩层的物理力学参数和地质特征,采用FLAC3D软件模拟下保护层开采中被保护层的应力场及变形场的变化过程,得出保护层的保护效果;并根据保护层开采的应力卸压保护准则和变形保护准则,确定保护层沿倾向和走向的保护范围。结果表明,由于岩性及岩层结构的影响,通过数值模拟确定的各被保护层的保护范围与按照卸压角确定的保护范围有一定差异;分别用现场考察与数值模拟这2种方法所确定的下保护层保护范围基本一致。     

有毒化学品泄漏事故应急防护行动决策探讨

当发生有毒化学品泄漏事故时,为保护公众和工人的安全和健康,需要快速地选择合适的应急防护行动.通常采用的应急防护行动有疏散、隐蔽、使用个人防护装备和服用解毒剂等.决策者必须权衡大量影响因素间的相互作用,如化学品的释放特征、事故现场的气象条件及影响范围内的人群分布等来进行应急防护行动决策.本文在分析应急防护行动决策过程关键要素的基础上,详细总结了影响应急防护行动决策的因素,介绍了应急决策常用的方法,以便在有毒化学品泄漏事故的应急过程中有效决策,最大限度地减少人员伤亡.     

API standard 521 guidance on mixing of hot/cold liquids and prevention of superheat limit explosions

American Petroleum Institute (API) standards and recommended practices have identified inadvertent mixing of hot and cold liquids as a potential cause for equipment overpressure since 1955. The limited guidance has been informative but provides minimal if any details on conditions that could cause an overpressure and its potential severity. Therefore, the user must interpret how and when to prevent and/or mitigate the scenario. This guidance has changed little over the years. In June 2020, API published the 7th Edition of API Standard 521 which now provides specific guidance as to conditions whereby pressure relief devices can be considered for protection and conditions where prevention remains as the only recourse. This paper discusses the basis for the revised guidance in API Standard 521 and includes supplemental guidance.