科技进步在农业自然资源利用中的作用——以鄱阳湖区为例

以建国后鄱阳湖区农业自然资源利用的演变过程为对象,阐述了传统计划经济体制下的鄱阳湖区农业科技应用,分析了农业科技在以市场改革为导向的湖区农业自然资源利用中的作用。在此基础上,应用索洛余值法对湖区不同历史阶段的农业技术进步贡献率进行了评估,结论表明以市场改革为导向的制度创新是科技进步发挥作用的关键性因素。     

洞庭湖区农业开发战略研究

本文论述了洞庭湖区资源环境特征，分析了与农业开发有关的区域生态经济问题，推出了农业综合开发的战略与途径。     

湖泊功能调查及其水源综合评价方法的探讨

我国现有大小湖泊2.488万个,面积共达8.34万km~2,约占国土面积的0.8％;其中面积在1km~2以上的湖泊有2848个,占湖泊总面积的96.7％,分布在五大湖区内(东北湖区、蒙新湖区、青藏湖区、东部湖区和云贵湖区)。在湖泊总面积中,淡水湖泊面积3.6万km~2,主要分布在青藏高原、东部平原及云贵高原三大湖区内,其蓄水量高达1970亿m~3,占湖泊淡水总蓄积量的90.4％。一般讲,湖泊具有多种功能,孕育着丰富的水利资源、矿产资源和生物资源,是一种不     

青海湖主要旅游景区的污染控制问题

文章在认真调研的基础上，重点分析了湖区周边及景区的污染现状，提出了保护措施和对策。     

瓦埠湖保护成绩背后的隐忧

正瓦埠湖是安徽省五大淡水湖之一,位于淮河南岸,是淮河中游最大的天然淡水湖泊。它流经六安市寿县、合肥市长丰县及淮南市,流域总面积为4200平方公里,其中寿县占六成以上。寿县是国家级贫困县,属于农业大县,瓦埠湖区很少受工业企业污染,瓦埠湖一直是安徽省较为健康的湖泊之一。     

建立达里诺尔丹顶鹤、天鹅保护区的建议

作者在文章申介绍了内蒙古克什克腾旗境内达里诺尔湖区的自然生态环境。文章说:这个湖区生存和栖息     

综合开发洪泽湖成效显著

洪泽湖是我国五大淡水湖之一,水位12.5m 时,水域面积2059km~2,湖区资源丰富,蕴藏着巨大的开发潜力。“七五”期间,国家和省投资2822万元综合开发洪泽湖。经过5年的开发实施,开发性生产卓有成效,提前完成了规划指标,湖区面貌发生了巨大变化,主要表现在:①建成了一批以渔为主的综合商品生产基地。自开发以来,湖区共新建、改造渔场150个,总面积3320ha,其中新建渔场86个,面积1866.66ha,湖区60.6ha 连     

黄河源头鄂陵湖区水环境现状评价

鄂陵湖区是国家第一批重点湿地保护区之一,人类活动较少,湖区水环境尚未受到污染。但由于黄河源头高寒、缺氧,环境十分脆弱,一旦遭到破坏将很难恢复。所以应防患于未然,在湖区的水体未受人为污染时,就应加强研究,制定保护措施。本文针对鄂陵湖的水环境现状进行评价,以求对今后的黄河源头保护提供科学依据。     

兴隆湖水生态修复工程对水质影响的研究

近年来，以生物方法为核的水生态修复技术已经越来越多的被应用到城市湖泊治理工作之中。为了评价兴隆湖水生态综合提升工程对湖区水体水质的修复治理效果，本研究对湖区3个点位开展了持续的水质监测，分析工程实施前后水体中总氮、总磷等指标浓度变化情况，采用富营养化状态指数法对比分析湖区富营养化程度变化情况，并对采样点位和水质指标间的关系开展相关性分析。结果如下：相比于治理前，治理后1号点和3号点的TP、NH₃-N、COD浓度值均降至Ⅰ类标准，TN浓度值从Ⅲ类标准降至Ⅱ类，治理效果显著。营养状态评价结果表明，治理后三个点位的营养化等级仍处于“中营养”水平，营养指数变化率分别为15.5%、12.53%、17.01%。相关性分析结果表明，各点位间的水质指标表现出一定的相似性。根据数据分析结果，本工程的实施可显著改善水体水质，治理后的水质指标较治理前基本上都得到了较大的提升，为大型城市人工湖全湖开展水生态修复建立了工程示范，并为日后相关工程的建设提供了经验参考。     

数字

1000平方公里随着长江拉空效应增强,我国最大淡水湖鄱阳湖水位迅速下降。截至9月16日8时,鄱阳湖水位一个月时间直落4米以上,湖区水体面积缩减超过1000平方公里。8月16日,鄱阳湖星子站水位达到了两年来的最高,水位为19.65米,相应的湖区水体面积为3990平方公里。一个月后的9月16日8时,鄱阳湖星子站水位下降到15.63米,相应的湖区水体面积为2740平方公里。     

BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ESTUARINE/COASTAL POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities.     

Hydrological,Physical, and Chemical Functions and Connectivity of Non‐Floodplain Wetlands to Downstream Waters: A Review

We reviewed the scientific literature on non‐floodplain wetlands (NFWs), freshwater wetlands typically located distal to riparian and floodplain systems, to determine hydrological, physical, and chemical functioning and stream and river network connectivity. We assayed the literature for source, sink, lag, and transformation functions, as well as factors affecting connectivity. We determined NFWs are important landscape components, hydrologically, physically, and chemically affecting downstream aquatic systems. NFWs are hydrologic and chemical sources for other waters, hydrologically connecting across long distances and contributing compounds such as methylated mercury and dissolved organic matter. NFWs reduced flood peaks and maintained baseflows in stream and river networks through hydrologic lag and sink functions, and sequestered or assimilated substantial nutrient inputs through chemical sink and transformative functions. Landscape‐scale connectivity of NFWs affects water and material fluxes to downstream river networks, substantially modifying the characteristics and function of downstream waters. Many factors determine the effects of NFW hydrological, physical, and chemical functions on downstream systems, and additional research quantifying these factors and impacts is warranted. We conclude NFWs are hydrologically, chemically, and physically interconnected with stream and river networks though this connectivity varies in frequency, duration, magnitude, and timing.     

Ethical Issues Related to Food Sector Evolution in Developing Countries: About Sustainability and Equity

After a century of major technicaladvance, essentially achieved by and for theindustrialized countries, the evolution of thefood sector in southern countries should nolonger be thought of in terms of a ``headlongpursuit.'' In the present context of demographicgrowth, urbanization, poverty and disparities,environmental degradation, and globalization oftrade, new priorities have emerged, and newethical questions have been raised, mainlyrelated to sustainability and equity. Thispaper analyses these ethical concerns in thefollowing terms: can the model of food sectordevelopment initiated by the industrializedcountries be applied to the entire world on asustainable and equitable basis, given theeffects of this development with regard to theenergy consumed, the changes in dietarybehavior and related nutritional problems, thenew demands in terms of food safety, thequestions of biodiversity, ownership ofknowledge, cultural identities, gender issues,and Man's relationship to food and Nature?     

Women and natural resource management: Illustrations from India and Nepal

This article attempts to delineate women's roles in natural resource management by highlighting their roles in management of water, agriculture, livestock, forestry and fishery. The article is based on the findings of case studies in rural areas of India and Nepal done during 2003 and 2004 by the author as well as by other researchers. Taking women as primary respondents, empirical work used participatory techniques, such as in‐depth surveys, focus group discussions and participant observation. Findings suggest that women clearly outdo men in terms of their involvement in use and management of all the studied sectors, i.e., water, agriculture, livestock, forestry and fishery. Yet, they face categorical exclusion and denial of equal sharing of benefits from natural resources. In order to ensure sustainable use of these resources, the article recommends that policy makers, planners and development workers must have a better understanding of the relative and often shifting roles of men and women in natural resource management, including division of labour, access to resources, decision‐making and traditional knowledge and practices. The article concludes with sector‐specific recommendations.     

A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR EVALUATING AGRICULTURAL WATER CONSERVATION POTENTIALS1

ABSTRACT: This paper defines types of water losses in irrigated agriculture and outlines potentials for water conservation. Recoverable water “losses” (seepage, leakage, and spillage during storage and conveyance, and surface runoff and deep percolation during irrigation) and irrecoverable losses (evaporation from water and soil surfaces and transpiration from plants) are described and illustrated. Some conservation terms are defined, particularly the distinction between on-farm irrigation efficiency and areawide efficiency. Briefly reviewed are agricultural water conservation technologies and their applicability. The biggest untapped potential for water conservation may be a reduction in irrecoverable losses, especially evapotranspiration. The advantages and disadvantages of reducing recoverable and irrecoverable water losses are described, including possible effects on ground water, energy, salinity, crops, wildlife, and in-stream uses. Such information may be useful in several policy and management issues, e.g., ground water overdraft and possible constraints on crops and sites to be irrigated.     

Control of Tamarix in the Western United States: Implications for Water Salvage, Wildlife Use, and Riparian Restoration

Non-native shrub species in the genus Tamarix (saltcedar, tamarisk) have colonized hundreds of thousands of hectares of floodplains, reservoir margins, and other wetlands in western North America. Many resource managers seek to reduce saltcedar abundance and control its spread to increase the flow of water in streams that might otherwise be lost to evapotranspiration, to restore native riparian (streamside) vegetation, and to improve wildlife habitat. However, increased water yield might not always occur and has been substantially lower than expected in water salvage experiments, the potential for successful revegetation is variable, and not all wildlife taxa clearly prefer native plant habitats over saltcedar. As a result, there is considerable debate surrounding saltcedar control efforts. We review the literature on saltcedar control, water use, wildlife use, and riparian restoration to provide resource managers, researchers, and policy-makers with a balanced summary of the state of the science. To best ensure that the desired outcomes of removal programs are met, scientists and resource managers should use existing information and methodologies to carefully select and prioritize sites for removal, apply the most appropriate and cost-effective control methods, and then rigorously monitor control efficacy, revegetation success, water yield changes, and wildlife use.     

ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT AND THE CONSERVATION OF AQUATIC BIODWERSITY AND ECOLOGICAL INTEGRITY1

ABSTRACT: Ecologically effective ecosystem management will require the development of a robust logic, rationale, and framework for addressing the inherent limitations of scientific understanding. It must incorporate a strategy for avoiding irreversible or large-scale environmental mistakes that arise from social and political forces that tend to promote fragmented, uncritical, short-sighted, inflexible, and overly optimistic assessments of resource status, management capabilities, and the consequences of decisions and policies. Aquatic resources are vulnerable to the effects of human activities catchment-wide, and many of the landscape changes humans routinely induce cause irreversible damage (e.g., some species introductions, extinctions of ecotypes and species) or give rise to cumulative, long-term, large-scale biological and cultural consequences (e.g., accelerated erosion and sedimentation, deforestation, toxic contamination of sediments). In aquatic ecosystems, biotic impoverishment and environmental disruption caused by past management and natural events profoundly constrain the ability of future management to maintain biodiversity and restore historical ecosystem functions and values. To provide for rational, adaptive progress in ecosystem management and to reduce the risk of irreversible and unanticipated consequences, managers and scientists must identify catchments and aquatic networks where ecological integrity has been least damaged by prior management, and jointly develop means to ensure their protection as reservoirs of natural biodiversity, keystones for regional restoration, management models, monitoring benchmarks, and resources for ecological research.     

Use of off-road vehicles and mitigation of effects in Alaska permafrost environments: A review

Use of off-road vehicles (ORVs) in permafrost-affected terrain of Alaska has increased sharply over the past two decades. Until the early 1960s, most ORV use was by industry or government, which employed heavy vehicles such as industrial tractors and tracked carriers. Smaller, commercial ORVs became available in the 1960s, with the variety and number in use rapidly increasing. Wheeled and tracked ORVs, many used exclusively for recreation or subsistence harvesting by individuals, are now ubiquitous in Alaska. This increased use has led to concern over the cumulative effects of such vehicles on vegetation, soils, and environmental variables including off-site values. Factors affecting impact and subsequent restoration include specific environmental setting; vegetation; presence and ice content of permafrost; microtopography; vehicle design, weight, and ground pressure; traffic frequency; season of traffic; and individual operator practices. Approaches for mitigating adverse effects of ORVs include regulation and zoning, terrain analysis and sensitivity mapping, route selection, surface protection, and operator training. We regret the untimely death of Gunars Abele on August 27, 1989; he was a valued colleague and good friend.     

Study of the saltwater pond at Capoterra,southern Sardinia: General characteristics

Capoterra Pond in southern Sardinia is described and analyzed with respect to its morphological, meteorological, physical and chemical characteristics, and its zoobenthic, zooplankton, and phytoplankton biocenoses. The birdlife, flora, and riparian associations of vegetation are studied in order to draw international attention to the importance of this lagoon, the precariousness of its ecosystem, the seriousness of current attempts to destabilize it, and the need to encourage the Sardinian authorities to initiate conservation measures, especially as rare birds have found their niches there.     

Regulation for environmental protection: The Nanticoke industrial complex,Ontario, Canada

This assessment of the environmental protection regulatory system for the $2.2 billion iron and steel plant, oil refinery, and thermal generating station composing the core of the greenfield Nanticoke industrial complex is based upon: the use of governmental and industrial research in project management; technology and institutional arrangements for environmental protection; evidence of environmental changes to date; analysis of government and industrial approval files; and interviews with government, industry, and interest group representatives. Planning, regulation, and management have been reasonably efficient and effective to the beginning of the operational stage for all three major industries as of spring 1980. Of major future concern, however, is management of the cumulative and synergistic impacts of the industries and associated development on air quality as well as the lands, waters, and sensitive ecosystems of the nearby Lake Erie coast. Continuous monitoring, more comprehensive research, and better overall coordination of government, industrial, and public interests are required if Nanticoke benefits are to be achieved without undue cost to pre-project resource users within and outside the Haldimand-Norfolk region.