高频焊接场所电磁辐射屏蔽与防护研究

焊接过程产生的电磁场对操作人员健康的影响已得到日益广泛的关注,对高频的防护问题,已成为改善劳动条件、保护劳动力的重要课题.在研究焊接生产电磁辐射环境、劳动者健康与安全现状的基础上,通过试验分析了电磁辐射屏蔽效率及导致屏蔽效率差异的因素.通过对不同部门制定的安全限值的比较分析,提出高频焊机安全使用建议.对控制高频焊接场所电磁辐射,尽可能降低从业人员电磁暴露的影响具有重要意义.     

中子辐射防护服的设计、结构与效果

系统地阐述了中子辐射防护服的设计依据、结构、式样及使用效果。表明这是一种能有效地屏蔽热中子和中能中子的防护器具,可用于许多场所。     

Guidance note: risk management of workers with medical electronic devices and metallic implants in electromagnetic fields.

Medical electronic devices and metallic implants are found in an increasing number of workers. Industrial applications requiring intense electromagnetic fields (EMF) are growing and the potential risk of injurious interactions arising from EMF affecting devices or implants needs to be managed. Potential interactions include electromagnetic interference, displacement, and electrostimulation or heating of adjacent tissue, depending on the device or implant and the frequency of the fields. A guidance note, which uses a risk management framework, has been developed to give generic advice in (a) risk identification--implementing procedures to identify workers with implants and to characterise EMF exposure within a workplace; (b) risk assessment--integrating the characteristics of devices, the anatomical localisation of implants, occupational hygiene data, and application of basic physics principles; and (c) risk control--advising the worker and employer regarding safety and any necessary changes to work practices, while observing privacy.     

Occupational exposure to electric and magnetic fields during tasks at ground or floor level at 110 kV substations in Finland

The aim was to investigate occupational exposure to electric and magnetic fields during tasks at ground or floor level at 110?kV substations in Finland and to compare the measured values to Directive 2013/35/EU. Altogether, 347 electric field measurements and 100 magnetic field measurements were performed. The average value of all electric fields was 2.3?kV/m (maximum 6.4?kV/m) and that of magnetic fields was 5.8?µT (maximum 51.0?µT). It can be concluded that the electric and magnetic field exposure at ground or floor level is typically below the low action levels of Directive 2013/35/EU. The transposition of the directive will not create new needs to modify the work practice of the evaluated tasks, which can continue to be performed as before. However, for workers with medical implants, the exposure may be high enough to cause interference.     

Thermal shielding by water spray curtain

The mitigation of the consequences of storage-tank fire is a great safety concern in petro-chemical and gas industries. A technique to protect the integrity of neighbouring structures is the water spray curtain. It can be operating downward in front of or oriented to the surface to be shielded. Simple modelling, laboratory experiments and field tests for these two types of thermal shielding are presented.

Attenuation factor of 50–75% can be expected with the vertical curtain while 90% can be reached with the impinging curtain if spray overlapping is achieved.     

Application of EMF emission measurement techniques to wireless communications systems for compliance with directive 2004/40/EC.

Europe is the only region in the world with common legislative acts regulating exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) for both the general public and workers. Council Recommendation 1999/519/EC deals with the limitation of exposure of the general public to EMF (0 Hz-300 GHz). Directive 2004/40/EC regulates the minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to the risks arising from EMF. This paper discusses the general application of existing standards and recommendations in measurement techniques for determining compliance of measured exposure limit values and action values with those defined in 2004/40/EC.     

发电与高压输变电工程的工频电磁场现状及防护

通过对典型发电与高压输变电工程工频电磁场的现场检测,阐明了发电与高压输变电工程的工频电磁场现状.在此基础上,根据科学界关于极低频电磁场对人体短期和长期效应研究的明确结论,介绍了发电与高压输变电工程的工频电磁场暴露对人体健康的影响.同时,从卫生安全的角度提出了防止和减少工频电磁场影响的综合防护措施,其中包括:慎重选址,合理设计,适当个体防护和必要的警示标识.另外,扼要地介绍了工频电磁场的有关卫生标准和测量方法.     

Electromagnetic fields in offices.

With the increased use of electric and electronic equipment in our offices, our daily exposure to electromagnetic fields has become increasingly complex due to the great variety of the frequency content of the fields. Today focus has shifted from monitors as the dominating sources of electromagnetic fields to other electronic equipment, cabling, nearby substations, power lines and stray currents in buildings. In the last 5 years wireless communication has become common in our offices. These devices use radio frequency waves to communicate and are therefore sources of radio frequency fields in our offices. To a certain degree, they all add to the complicated issue of the extensive field frequencies found in offices. The exposure of office workers is generally considered to be low and not in conflict with the existing guidelines, but if a precaution approach is applied there are a number of measures that can be taken to reduce the electromagnetic fields in offices in order to obtain a good electrical environment.     

石油测井用中子源辐射屏蔽研究

放射源测井技术是当今石油勘探和开发中必不可少的手段，开展对测井人员的屏蔽防护研究十分必要。将聚乙（丙）烯与碳化硼和氧化铝等以不同比例混合后制成的板材和织物具有良好的热中子、中能中子和快中子屏蔽效果，加工成屏蔽装置后，可使镅－铍源中子的屏蔽率达到６２．０６％，γ射线屏蔽率达到３２．４３％，结合中子辐射防护服和防护围裙等的使用，可较好地解决测井人员的辐射防护问题。     

电磁屏蔽针织服装屏蔽作用的影响因素及机理

本文简述了电磁辐射的危害,论述了电磁屏蔽服装的一般原理。结合前人的研究,针对针织服装特点详细分析了织物厚度、线圈长度、针织组织、服装结构设计等对屏蔽作用的影响规律及机理。最后,提出织物组织结构参数与屏蔽纤维含量、屏蔽纤维之间孔隙的关系,屏蔽纤维含量与屏蔽纤维之间孔隙的合理配置是针织物电磁屏蔽效能研究的关键。同时,进行电磁屏蔽针织服装研究时可以结合人体模型并增加服装结构研究的切入点。     

防辐射有机玻璃板材的抗辐射性能

系统研究了含铅有机玻璃、含钡有机玻璃、含硼有机玻璃和普通有机玻璃的ｘ、γ射线和中子射线防护性能及其耐６０Ｃγ射线辐照稳定性。结果表明，含铅有机玻璃板材具有良好的ｘ射线、反应堆热柱γ射线屏蔽性能；合硼有机玻璃板材具有良好的热中子屏蔽性能；含钡有机玻璃板材的褪化裂变谱中子辐射屏蔽性能良好；含钡有机玻璃和普通有机玻璃可耐１０５～１０６Ｇｙ的６０Ｃｏｙ射线辐照；含铅有机玻璃板材耐６０Ｃｏｙ射线照射能力小于１０５Ｇｙ。     

服装电磁防护性能的测试分析

本文针对电磁防护服装的性能要求,对电磁防护服装的特点及其防护性能的测试指标进行了分析。在此基础上,根据GB/T23463-2009标准和相关文献确定了服装屏蔽效能测试的试验方法和具体实验条件,并且搭建实验对不同面料的两件无袖电磁防护女上衣进行了屏蔽效能的测试。并分析比较了服装与其所使用织物的电磁屏蔽效能值,说明织物屏蔽效能的测试数据不能代替服装的屏蔽效能。关于服装电磁防护性能的测试分析既满足了电磁防护服装的发展要求,也为进一步制定电磁防护服装的测试及相关标准提供了依据。     

Occupational exposure to power frequency fields in some electrical transformation stations in Romania.

The aim of this study is to investigate the levels of electric and magnetic power frequency fields at 8 electrical transformation stations in the North-East counties of Romania and to check their compliance with standards. Spot measurements were carried out on both electric and magnetic fields under overhead conductors of 110-, 220- and 380-kV installations. The magnetic field levels were several orders of magnitude below the reference level for occupational exposure set by ICNIRP (International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation) or by Romanian regulations. In contrast, the electric field levels were about the same order of magnitude as the reference levels. In 2 electrical stations the reference level of 10 kV/m was exceeded at specific locations within the outdoor installations area. However, the additional reference level for short-time exposure included in Romanian regulations, 30 kV/m, was not exceeded.     

Occupational exposure assessment on an FM mast: electric field and SAR values

Electric field strengths normally exceed the reference levels for occupational exposure in close vicinity to large frequency modulation (FM) transmitters. Thus, a detailed investigation on compliance with basic restrictions is needed before any administrative protection measures are applied. We prepared a detailed numerical model of a 20-kW FM transmitter on a 32-m mast. An electrically isolated anatomical human model was placed in 3 different positions inside the mast in the region where the values of the electric field were highest. The electric field strengths in this region were up to 700 V/m. The highest calculated whole-body specific absorption rate (SAR) was 0.48 W/kg, whereas the maximum 10-g average SAR in the head and trunk was 1.66 W/kg. The results show that the reference levels in the FM frequency range are very conservative for near field exposure. SAR values are not exceeded even for fields 10 times stronger than the reference levels.     

突发有毒气体泄漏事故应急模型开发

针对突发有毒气体泄漏事故,基于环境毒理学、GIS以及运筹学等基本方法和研究成果,探讨应急模型的建模方法和开发过程。使用高斯烟羽模型预测泄漏气体的扩散;基于毒气负载和AEGL标准评估事故危害,并开发以建筑物吸引率为核心的影响居民估算方法;基于最小伤害准则计算最佳应急疏散路线,并使用Logit模型进行疏散暴露评估;以最短救援时间为目标构建医疗资源的配置模型。将应急模型应用于模拟的气体泄漏场景,结果表明,模型开发方法有效,应急模型具有实用性,能够为应急决策提供重要的参考。     

电磁辐射防护服装研究进展探讨

为了防护人体免遭电磁辐射的危害,电磁辐射防护服装的应用及相关研究受到广泛关注。本文从电磁辐射防护的背景入手,阐述了电磁辐射防护服的防护原理研究进展,介绍了电磁辐射防护服装的应用以及屏蔽效能测试与评价的研究现状,并对电磁辐射防护服装今后研究提出了相应的建议与展望。     

安全心理学基础原理及其体系研究

心理学与安全生产有重要的关联性。基于安全科学原理体系现有研究成果及安全心理学研究背景,定义了安全心理学原理,并阐述了安全心理学原理的特征及其研究内容;归纳了安全心理学原理下属的6条基础原理——事故频发倾向原理、安全心理激励原理、心理阈值有限原理、安全认知原理、安全个性心理原理和安全生理心理原理,并论述了这6条原理的内涵及机理,对于部分原理进一步给出了其下属原理的研究思路;在构建安全心理学原理枝叶形体系的基础上,整理了安全心理学原理体系的应用机理,以及这6条原理在体系中各自的功能和地位;最后论述了这6条原理在安全工程实践中的意义。研究表明,该安全心理学原理体系对人员部署、制度规划、安全管理等安全生产层面有积极的影响。     

驾驶舱屏蔽系统预先危险性分析

挖掘机驾驶舱屏蔽系统是确保挖掘机能够于放射性环境下作业的特殊构造,是作业人员安全防护的关键措施。首先对驾驶舱屏蔽系统进行介绍;其次基于能量释放理论将驾驶舱屏蔽系统事故分为座椅振动、舱内噪声、机械事故、辐射事故四大类,并做出驾驶舱屏蔽系统能量释放图;继而提出九因素综合调研统计方法,并将其运用至驾驶舱屏蔽系统核辐射事故预先危险性分析(PHA)中;最后,制出驾驶舱屏蔽系统综合PHA分析表,旨在通过PHA分析结果提升驾驶舱屏蔽系统安全性能。     

煤炭漏电保护装置安装和动作原因分析

论述煤矿井下漏电保护装置的工作原理及动作值的确定;提出漏电保护装置正确安装的5原则;从安全性和可靠性角度,分析漏电保护装置的接线问题并提出安装建议。详细分析在生产实际中可能造成漏电保护装置误动作、拒动作的各类原因,并总结了针对性的预防措施。根据现场运行经验及《剩余电流保护器的运行规程》,提出了煤炭漏电保护装置在运行管理上应遵循的原则。     

电磁屏蔽织物孔洞区域金属纤维排列特征分析

本文介绍了电磁屏蔽织物孔洞区域金属纤维排列对屏蔽效能的影响,通过提取孔洞区域金属纤维,并与正常织物中金属纤维的排列进行对比,给出了定量表述金属纤维特征的参数,如密度、取向度和整齐度等,描述了孔洞区域金属纤维的排列特征。根据定量表述参数,结合织物样品屏蔽效能测试结果,对比金属纤维参数不同的织物样品屏蔽效能测试结果,得出孔洞区域金属纤维的密度、取向度和整齐度不同,有孔洞织物屏蔽效能也不同的结论。