长江口及邻近海域浮游介形类的分布与季节变化

根据2002～2003年长江口29°00'～32°00'N、122°00'～123°30'E海域4个季节的调查.运用定量、定性方法,探讨了长江口及邻近海域浮游介形类总丰度的平面分布、季节变化、丰度变化与水团的关系,以及优势种的环境适应和优势种丰度对介形类总丰度的贡献;并与东海外海的分布特征进行了比较.结果表明,该海域浮游介形类总丰度具有明显的季节变化,春季最高,夏季次之,秋季最低.四季多样性指数(H')均低于2,其中冬季最高,夏季最低.共出现浮游介形类20种,春季最多(16种),秋季最少(3种).四季皆为优势种的仅有短棒真浮萤(Euconchoecia chierchiae),其它的主要有后圆真浮萤(E.maimai)和针刺真浮萤(E.aculeata)等.春季的后圆真浮萤和冬季的短棒真浮萤对总丰度的贡献最大(β>0.90).短棒真浮萤的分布对总丰度的季节变化有重要影响,由此形成介形类特有的变化特征.图5表3参20     

不同形态铬离子与牛血清白蛋白结合的反应机制

利用亲和毛细管电泳法研究了不同形态铬离子与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)结合的反应机制并进行了比较分析.模拟生理条件下,构建配体Cr(Ⅲ)、Cr(Ⅵ)与受体(BSA)相互作用模型,依据BSA有效淌度的变化,通过非线性模拟方程计算Cr(Ⅲ)-BSA和Cr(Ⅵ)-BSA结合反应的表观结合常数KCr(Ⅲ)-BSA、KCr(Ⅵ)-BSA,定量表征Cr(Ⅲ)、Cr(Ⅵ)与BSA结合反应的差异性.结果表明,Cr(Ⅲ)、Cr(Ⅵ)与BSA的结合反应与金属离子形态之间存在明显的价态相关性,而同一形态金属离子随着Cr(Ⅲ)、Cr(Ⅵ)浓度的变化与BSA均存在量效关系,同时通过解析电泳谱图获得了Cr(Ⅲ)、Cr(Ⅵ)与BSA结合反应均为快平衡体系的结论.     

100年来东湖富营养化发生的沉积学记录

在210Pb计年的基础上,运用水生生物遗存、色素、有机碳同位素和磁化率分析了东湖钻孔沉积物中的生物与环境信息,重建了东湖100多年来湖泊营养与环境演化历史.研究发现东湖100多年来在人类活动不断增强的背景下,指示重金属污染的磁化率和指示湖泊富营养化的色素指标如蓝藻叶黄素(Myx)、颤藻黄素(Osc)快速上升,相应的水生生物如介形虫、腹足类、水生高等植物等表现明显的组合和变化阶段,同时有机碳同位素偏正与湖泊生产力升高和藻类繁盛有关.沉积记录表明东湖生态系统近代发生了深刻变化,湖泊营养演化自早至晚呈现四阶段性:贫营养阶段(1900-1966AD)色素水平低、拥有较丰富的水生高等植物和腹足类;中营养阶段(1966-1983AD)色素含量增高、水生高等植物和腹足类减少;富营养化阶段(1983-1989AD)色素含量快速增高、水生高等植物消失;超富营养化阶段(1989AD－至今)色素含量稳定居高、某些耐污染的介形类较繁盛.结果对于认识湖泊生态环境演化与人类活动的关系、以及如何治理湖泊环境具有现实的意义.     

大气气溶胶研究新动向

本文概述了近年大气气溶胶研究的四个主要方面:大气气溶胶的表征、大气化学过程与气候变化、健康效应等的概况.阐明了当今大气气溶胶研究的趋向,主要着重于PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)细颗粒(可吸入颗粒物或二次颗粒物)的物理化学特性与环境行为、生态效应,更重视气溶胶的非均相化学反应过程;其研究范围,从平流层向对流层发展,并密切结合气候变化、健康影响等有关的一些实际问题,进行深层次的综合性研究.大气气溶胶化学已成为当今大气化学研究最前沿的领域.     

磷酸三酯水解酶空间结构及催化水解机理研究进展

磷酸三酯水解酶(PTH,EC 3.1.8)能够催化水解一类人工合成、高毒的有机磷酸酯类化合物(Or ganophos phate,OP),包括有机磷农药和有机磷神经性毒剂.本文全面系统地综述了一些重要PTHs的分子结构特征和催化机制,包括有机磷水解酶(OPH)、甲基对硫磷水解酶(MPH)、有机磷水解酶C2(OPHC2)、二异丙基氟磷酸酯酶(DFPase)、人血清对氧磷酶(PON1)和有机磷酸酐酶(OPAA).通过对以上不同类别PTHs结构与催化机制的比较与分析,发现其一级结构、空间结构以及催化水解OP的机理存在明显的差异,但也具相似特征,所有PTHs均为金属依赖水解酶,其空间结构活性腔位置均具双金属核活性中心和与底物分子结合的三个疏水性口袋,此特征说明其共同享有PTH活性.目前,针对PTH天然底物的研究还相对不足,多数PTH在生物体内的作用还知之甚少.未来应结合天然底物的结构,进行更为深入的PTH催化水解机制研究.     

背角无齿蚌钙调蛋白基因的克隆及Ca2+和Cd2+对其表达的影响

钙调蛋白(CaM)是Ca2+结合蛋白,参与程序性细胞死亡、自噬、肌肉收缩、炎症和免疫应答等多种生物学过程.为探讨Ca2+和Cd2+对背角无齿蚌(Anodonta woodiana)的生理效应,克隆出AwCaM1全基因序列,分析Ca2+和Cd2+对AwCaM1表达的影响.结果显示,背角无齿蚌AwCAM1 cDNA全长由692个碱基组成,包含一个516 bp开放阅读框编码的172个氨基酸的多肽链,AwCaM1氨基酸序列包含有4个Ca2+结合EF-手形结构域.Ca2+处理后,肝胰脏中AwCaM1表达水平在0.01、0.02、0.04和0.08 mg·L-1处理组呈时间和剂量依赖性方式上调;Cd2+处理后,肝胰脏中AwCaM1表达水平在8 mg·L-1和16 mg·L-1处理组增加了65.04％(P<0.01)以上.与对照组相比,Ca2+处理后鳃中AwCaM1表达水平增加了79.41％(P<0.01)以上,Cd2+处理后AwCaM1表达水平增加了88.23％(P<0.01)以上.与对照组相比,外套膜中AwCaM1表达水平在0.16 mg·L-1的Ca2+处理组增加了1.69倍以上(P<0.01),AwCaM1表达水平在8 mg·L-1和16 mg·L-1的Cd2+处理组增加了1.65倍(P<0.01)以上.以上结果表明,Ca2+和Cd2+处理对背角无齿蚌AwCaM1表达水平具有显著的诱导作用,其原因与钙的吸收和胁迫效应有关.     

东鄱阳湖国家湿地公园越冬水鸟多样性及其年际动态

于2015-2020年每年1月采用样区直数法对东鄱阳湖国家湿地公园18个样区的水鸟进行1次监测,探讨6年间水鸟数量和多样性指数的变化规律.共记录水鸟7目12科47种87 433只.雁形目种类占绝对优势,其个体数占水鸟总数量的75.33%.共记录国家I级重点保护鸟类4种(白鹤Grusleucogeranus、白枕鹤Grusvipio、东方白鹳Ciconiaboyciana和黑鹳Ciconia nigra)以及国家II级重点保护鸟类5种.水鸟数量和物种数主要由雁形目和鸻形目鸟类组成,雁形目水鸟数量呈上升趋势,鸻形目水鸟数量波动大且呈下降趋势.鸬鹚类、鹳类、??类、鸥类的年际变化曲线类似.鹤类和鸻鹬类的数量高峰与低谷正好与上述4种水鸟类群相反.共记录优势种6种,以雁形目鸟类为主,其中豆雁Anser fabalis是连续6年的优势种.研究期间物种数(31-38种)变化不大,数量(7 313-21 883只)变化明显. 2020年多样性指数和均匀度指数均为6年中最低,主要因为豆雁占绝对优势(44.38%).上述结果表明东鄱阳湖国家湿地公园的水鸟资源丰富,在鄱阳湖濒危水鸟和水鸟多样性的保护与维持上发挥着重要作用;鸻鹬类较雁鸭类更难适应水位的变化;鸬鹚类、鹳类、??类、鸥类的生态需求类似,与鹤类和鸻鹬类的生态需求存在较大差异;湖区多样的微生境才能维持较高的水鸟多样性.(图2表3参34)     

溪流底栖动物定量与半定量采样法比较研究

溪流底栖动物定量和半定量采样法在个体数、物种数、物种相似性及生物指数方面的比较研究表明:(1)急流生境中,半定量样(踢网)的个体和物种数高于定量样(索伯网);静水-缓流生境中,半定量样(D形网)的个体和物种数一般高于定量样,且物种数有显著差异(z=-2.032,P<0.05).(2)同一样点半定量样(踢网加D形网)与定量样之间的物种相似性(平均为0.68)高于急流生境(0.56)和静水-缓流生境(0.45).(3)同一样点半定量样和定量样单独计算的生物指数值之间无显著差异.建议在应用溪流底栖动物开展水质生物评价时,可用半定量采样法完成野外采样.图4表1参8     

腐殖酸与Cd~(2+)的结合特性及其影响因素

利用纳米粒度及Zeta电位仪、离子选择电极法等,研究腐殖酸与Cd~(2+)结合的荷电特性、聚集特性和结合能力,探讨pH值、离子强度和温度对腐殖酸与Cd~(2+)结合的影响规律及机制.结果表明,pH值从5.0升高到6.0时,腐殖酸与Cd~(2+)结合的Zeta电位绝对值增大,其结合的条件稳定常数和表观结合容量增大.离子强度从0.01 mol·L~(-1)增大到0.1 mol·L~(-1)时,腐殖酸与Cd~(2+)作用后Zeta电位绝对值减小而聚集性增大,导致其结合的表观结合容量减小.温度从20℃升到50℃时,腐殖酸与Cd~(2+)结合稳定性减弱,其结合的条件稳定常数减小,而表观结合容量增大.在pH为6.0、离子强度为0.01 mol·L~(-1)、温度为20℃条件下,商品腐殖酸和天然腐殖酸与Cd~(2+)结合的条件稳定常数(lg K)分别为6.34和6.31,表观结合容量分别为1.15 mmol·g~(-1)和0.94 mmol·g~(-1).     

现有建筑物的环境评价工具

许多国家已经采用了在建筑物管理中可以支持决策的环境评价方法.建筑和建造研究与革新国际理事会100工作小组(GIB W100)一直在考察几种这样的环境评价方法的实施.本文介绍的澳大利亚、瑞典、挪威与加拿大的评价工具是为评定现有建筑物设计的.法国与日本的做法也包括了现有建筑物的评价工具.本文简要地讨信纸了每种方法的优缺点.大多数评价方法是把自我评价与一些外部证明(通常与认证有关)结合起来,这就允许各方更加接近址接与评价方法有关的工作并同时确保评价的质量.越来越多的国家正在发展与实施建筑物环境评价方法和评价工具.最近的方法强调了环境问题,不仅是在各种设计阶段的环境问题,而且还有建筑施工期间的环境问题.     

Experimental investigation of meandering jets in shallow reservoirs

Meandering flows in rectangular shallow reservoirs were experimentally investigated. The characteristic frequency, the longitudinal wave length and the mean lateral extension of the meandering jet were extracted from the first paired modes, obtained by a proper orthogonal decomposition of the surface velocity field measured by large scale PIV. The depth-normalised characteristic lengths and the Strouhal number were then compared to the main dimensionless numbers characterizing the experiments: Froude number, friction number and reservoir shape factor. The normalised wave length and mean lateral extension of the meandering jet are neither correlated with the Froude number nor with the reservoir shape factor; but a clear relationship is found with the friction number. Similarly, the Strouhal number is found proportional to a negative power of the friction number. In contrast, the Froude number and the reservoir shape factor enable to predict the occurrence of a meandering flow pattern: meandering jets occur for Froude number greater than 0.21 and for a shape factor smaller than 6.2.     

缓释肥料对烤烟旺长期解磷细菌的影响

研究了缓释肥料对烤烟旺长期解磷细菌的数量以及磷细菌的溶磷能力的影响．结果表明,施用缓释肥料提高土壤中解磷细菌的数量和磷细菌的溶磷能力．施用缓释肥料和普通肥料的土壤中磷细菌总量为分别为7．6×10^6个／g干土和2．3×10^5个／g干土,且磷细菌的总量都高于不施肥的处理．图2,表4,参11．     

Efficient thinning regimes for Eucalyptus fastigata: Multi-objective stand-level optimisation using the island model genetic algorithm

A stand-level optimisation problem formulated to determine a set of efficient thinning regimes satisfying two objectives, i.e. value production for sawlog harvesting and volume production for a pulpwood market, was demonstrated for a Eucalyptus fastigata trial in Kaingaroa Forest, New Zealand. Genetic algorithms were used to estimate the set of efficient thinning regimes (i.e. regimes that occur when it is not possible to increase the achievement of one objective without reducing another) known as a Pareto frontier. Each thinning regime specified a unique combination of initial planting density; frequency, timing and intensity of thinning; final crop number; and rotation length. Specifications for the “best” regime in the Pareto set (i.e. the one that satisfied a balanced trade-off between value and volume production) were similar to those recommended through professional judgment based on pooled long-term field observations from different eucalypt species grown throughout New Zealand. The advantage of Pareto optimality was the ability of not only identifying a unique thinning regime, but equally efficient regimes each providing a different combination of value and volume production. Research on this approach has the potential of being applied to other forest sites, providing there is sufficient re-measurement data to reflect stand growth dynamics.     

Measuring biological diversity

The diversity of a set of species refers to the joint dissimilarity of the species in the set. This paper discusses the measurement of diversity from the set of pairwise distances between the species in the set. A measure called the effective number of species is developed from a non-parametric probability inequality and is shown to have a simple interpretation in terms of comparing linear experiments.     

The role of size inequality in self-thinning: A pattern-oriented simulation model for arid savannas

The self-thinning line is a very robust pattern, which can be obtained in modeling studies by a variety of different mechanistic assumptions. Our opinion is that we can only advance in our understanding of mechanisms leading to the self-thinning relationship if we demand that the model also reproduces several other characteristic features (patterns) of the self-thinning process such as the degree of size inequality and the average size. We use a pattern-oriented modeling approach to develop a model of self-thinning under size inequality in overcrowded, even-aged stands, which reproduces these three patterns simultaneously. Our approach is to first develop an initial model based on our current ecological knowledge and then to refine the model by modifying the initial model to derive the model that reproduces all patterns of interest.The initial model is as simple as possible while avoiding incidental, ecologically unjustified, assumptions. It is a further development of zone of influence-simulation models: each plant is described by two circles, one describing a minimum-domain-area and one describing the zone of influence. In the initial model, mortality is “death-by-contact” of minimum-domain-areas and growth is a function of inter-tree competition, i.e. overlapping zones of influence. Model parameterization is based on field data on Acacia reficiens in southern Africa. Simulations follow patches of initially small trees through time for up to 1000 years with five parameters, three describing growth and two describing inter-tree competition. A sensitivity analysis shows that all parameters of the initial model contribute significantly to the number and size of plants through time. The two competition parameters, which describe competitive asymmetry and the size of the zone of influence relative to canopy size, are both important for generating size inequality. Thus, both competitive asymmetry and spatial pattern contribute to size inequality, and their relative importance may vary greatly.The sensitivity analysis suggests that all processes included in the initial model are essential to the evolution of size inequality. However, size inequality under the initial model is below field values, meaning that additional, as yet unconsidered processes, contribute to size inequality. Our best-fit model additionally contains details on growth stochasticity.This study establishes the often-proposed direct link between mortality driven by local competition and self-thinning and highlights the importance of stochasticity in ecological processes.     

Morphological variation of dinoflagellate Prorocentrum lima (Ehrenberg) Dodge with geographical difference

Prorocentrum lima (Ehrenberg) Dodge, one of the cosmopolitan dinoflagellates, is basically benthic and is found on the surface of macroalgae and detritus. The identification of this species requires detailed morphological observation because of its close similarity to other benthic Prorocentrum species. The purpose of this study is to detect the morphological variability of P. lima using culture clones collected from several areas to find an adequate way of subdividing the species. In this study, 33 clones of P. lima were collected from Saipan, Tahiti, Indonesia, Japan and Bermuda, and their thecal valves and periflagellar area were observed by means of light microscopy with differential interference contrast optics and scanning electron microscopy. In general cells have two centrally located pyrenoids and a posterior nucleus. The surface of both valves has many valve pores except the center. Evenly spaced marginal pores are located along the edge of the valves. P. lima samples studied herein were subdivided into four major types (ellipsoidal, general, short, and elongate ovoid) according to their shapes, length-to-width ratio and number of valve pores. The length-to-width ratios of ellipsoidal, general, short, and elongate ovoid types were 1.32, 1.33-1.43, 1.20-1.27, and 1.53-1.60 microm respectively. Also there were slight differences in the number of valve pores. The number of valve pores examined in this study ranges from 40 to 97: ellipsoidal, general, and short ovoid types range from 40 to 91, while an elongate ovoid type ranges from 80 to 97. The combination of valve shape, number of valve pores and length-to-width ratio provides useful information on the morphological variation of P. lima.     

Body shape and burial behavior of the sand crab Emerita analoga (Stimpson 1857) in a reflective to intermediate morphodynamic range of sandy beaches

Sand crabs belonging to the genus Emerita are the dominant species on sandy beaches of the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of America. The success of this genus has been attributed to the great phenotypic plasticity of life history traits that enables them to cope with swash climate variability from beach to beach. The burrowing rate and variation in carapace shape of Emerita analoga from south-central Chile were studied on a series of five sandy beaches with contrasting reflective-intermediate swash conditions (harsher swash to benign swash). Environmental sampling was carried out monthly from September 2009 to November 2010, while biological experiments were conducted in September and October 2010. A combination of field experiments, geometric morphometric tools and multivariate analysis was used to assess the relationship between burrowing behavior and carapace shape with variables of swash climate. Our results showed that (1) body shape of E. analoga is directly affected by the frequency of effluent line crossing, (2) burrowing rate of E. analoga is affected directly by shape variability, (3) burrowing rate is affected directly and indirectly by the swash climate variables: frequency of effluent line crossing and mean grain size of sediment. Thus, the physical conditions in the intertidal zone may be the main environmental constraints determining cephalothorax shape, with a wider cephalothorax on beaches with finer sand and more benign physical dynamics, and a narrower shape on beaches with coarser sand and harsher physical dynamics. The latter phenotype (narrower shape) probably allows compensating the high difficulty of burying in coarser sediments.     

铅锌尾矿废水处理系统中PFU原生动物群落变化特征及其与水质净化的关系

应用国家标准《水质—微型生物群落监测—ＰＦＵ法》对位于广东省韶关的凡口铅锌尾矿废水处理系统中的原生动物群落进行了研究．分析了在该处理系统中原生动物群落的结构和群集过程的特征,并结合水质的理化参数对该处理系统的效能进行了评价．结果表明：在该处理系统中,以动物性鞭毛虫和腐生性纤毛虫为原生动物群落的主要组成部分;随着采样点距排污口的距离延长,原生动物群落的种类数和密度明显增加;群落多样性指数也随之上升．通过对原生动物群落组成与污染物浓度的统计学处理,显示出群落的种类数与各污染物的浓度间存在着显著的负线性相关．各采样点ＰＦＵ原生动物群落群集过程也可以反映出各样点环境间的差异．各采样点数据间的差异说明由于该处理系统中香蒲植物的作用,使得废水中大量的颗粒性悬浮物得到沉降,重金属浓度也明显降低,从而促进了原生动物群落在一定程度上的恢复     

Numerical modeling of minor gas constituents and aerosols in the atmosphere

In this paper, the structure of meso- and regional-scale atmospheric models is briefly described. The models incorporate transport of multicomponent pollutant transport/transformation and aerosol formation through nucleation, condensation–evaporation, and coagulation mechanisms. Also, an optimization problem is considered aimed at minimizing the emission source magnitudes. The results of numerical experiments are presented for a number of applications to demonstrate the model capabilities in solving environmental problems for different areas. Analysis of the numerical results shows that the models developed can be successfully used for solving regional environmental problems.     

Assessing the Leakage Rates from Punctured Submerged Vessels

The leakage of fluid leaving a puncture in a pressurized vessel immersed in a quiescent, miscible medium is studied under steady flow conditions. This problem has engineering applications in submerged pipelines and hazardous gas lines. The leakage rate for the puncture is characterized as functions of various hydrodynamic and geometric conditions. Dimensional analysis shows that the leakage percent, Q*, is a function of the Reynolds number, the pressure ratio between the center of the tube and the external hydrostatic pressure, P^*, and the hole-to-main tube diameter ratio, D^*. The effect of puncture shape is also examined, rectangular and circular. A 3-D finite volume computational model is constructed for laminar flow of a Newtonian fluid under steady conditions and validated with supporting experiments. The results show that the fractional leakage rate Q* increases with P^* and approaches a constant value at high P^* for a fixed Reynolds number. In addition, it is found that the leakage rate increases with decreasing Reynolds number at a fixed pressure ratio. The geometric effect of the diameter ratio is shown to have a more pronounced effect near a pressure ratio of two with more fluid exiting the puncture for larger diameter ratios. The results of the shape analysis show that the circular puncture has the largest fractional leakage when compared to a rectangle with an equivalent cross-sectional area.