矿区耕地土壤重金属污染评价模型与实例研究

为对湘南某矿区耕地土壤重金属污染情况作出客观实际的评价,将层次分析理论用于环境评价领域,引入重金属毒性响应系数和重金属在粮食中限量值双重准则,以确定重金属元素之间的权重,并结合加权平均法建立综合评价模型.同时,结合GIS对耕地土壤重金属空间分布、重金属富集特征及综合污染情况进行分析.对该矿区4种重金属Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn的综合污染评价结果表明,该矿区耕地土壤重金属综合污染情况严重,综合污染指数变化范围为1.25～427,属重度污染.因子分析结果表明,4种重金属的来源具有一定相似性,主要来源于矿区有色金属采选冶炼活动.空间分析表明,4种重金属的含量及综合污染的空间分布特征呈明显富集.该评价模型可用于对矿区耕地土壤重金属污染评价的研究,为土壤重金属污染评价提供了新的思路.     

Climate change and mining in Canada

Climate is an important component of the operating environment for the Canadian mining sector. However, in recent years mines across Canada have been affected by significant climatic hazards, several which are regarded to be symptomatic of climate change. For the mining sector, climate change is a pressing environmental threat and a significant business risk. The extent to which the mining sector is able to mitigate its own impact and adapt to climate change will affect its long-term success and prosperity, and have profound economic consequences for host communities. This paper draws upon case studies conducted with mining operations in Canada involving in-depth interviews with mining professionals and analysis of secondary sources to characterize the vulnerability of the Canadian mining industry to climate change. Five key findings are discussed: i) mines in the case studies are affected by climate events that are indicative of climate change, with examples of negative impacts over the past decade; ii) most mine infrastructure has been designed assuming that the climate is not changing; iii) most industry stakeholders interviewed view climate change as a minor concern; iv) limited adaption planning for future climate change is underway; v) significant vulnerabilities exist in the post-operational phase of mines. This paper argues for greater collaboration among mining companies, regulators, scientists and other industry stakeholders to develop practical adaptation strategies that can be integrated into existing and new mine operations, including in the post-operational phase.     

煤矿城市大气质量评价的变权识别模型的建立及应用研究

利用煤矿城市各评价单元中大气评价因子的污染贡献率确定相应各个因子在各评价单元中的权重,充分体现不同单元内部相同因子之间的客观各异性;实现对属性识别理论模型的改进,建立变权识别模型;建立在有序分割和属性识别准则的功能基础之上的变权识别理论模型信息利用率高,能进行点位排序,划分出更细微的污染程度差别.最后对辽宁阜新矿业城市进行大气质量评价,将所得结果与综合指数法计算结果进行比较分析,给出变权识别模型的适用度,效果良好.     

Gold mining in Australia: linking historical trends and environmental and resource sustainability

The mining of gold has been and continues to be an important aspect of Australian industry. Gold mining moved quickly from fossicking and alluvial sources in the 1850's to hard rock mining. This paper presents, arguably for the first time, a detailed historical compilation of Australian gold mining production data. This data is then analysed in the context of sustainability, focussing particularly on mineral resource sustainability and the broader aspects of environmental impacts now commonly reported by some mining companies in annual sustainability performance reports. The key trends which are demonstrated by the data include a long-term decline in ore grade, increased open cut mining, substantive increases in tailings and waste rock production, as well as showing the impact of new technologies and economics on available gold resources. The available environmental data on material and energy inputs to and pollutant emissions from gold production is also presented, showing a clear sensitivity to ore grade. In terms of sustainability, these relationships raise significant issues such as increasing greenhouse footprint per unit gold produced, potential impacts on energy and water consumption, as well as overall gold resource sustainability. The paper presents a unique case study of the resource and environmental sustainability of the Australian gold mining sector with major implications for sustainability policy and reporting.     

An overview of environmental valuation methods for the mining industry

During recent decades, public concern about the protection, preservation and restoration of the environment has increased. Towards this direction, legislative action on environmental issues that affect the mining industry has been taken worldwide. Within this new framework, two issues are of critical importance to the sector – namely, project appraisal by means of social cost–benefit analysis (SCBA), and natural resource damage assessments. In a vast majority of cases, both issues require analysis to be carried out in a way that the loss of natural resources and the effects of environmental degradation on human health and well-being are assessed in monetary terms. This paper focuses on the application of environmental valuation methods in mining. Principal legislative requirements are briefly described, some critical points of the most important valuation methods are outlined, and demonstrative examples are presented.     

探讨绿色开采技术保护矿区生态环境

在分析煤矿开采造成矿区土地资源浪费、水资源破坏和大气污染现状的基础上，根据可持续发展和“绿色开采系统”思想，提出了保水采煤、改革巷道布置和采煤方法减少岩石巷道掘进量、采空区充填新技术。煤和瓦斯共采、矿区的土地复垦和生态重建等开采技术措施。     

通用Web日志挖掘系统(CWLMS)设计实现

本文介绍了通用Web日志挖掘系统(CWLMS)的设计与实现。将网站的结构和日志文件格式定义引入Web日志挖掘预处理过程以提高预处理的通用性和准确性;在模式挖掘方面,集成了目前有效的最大向前路径挖掘算法和频繁遍历路径挖掘算法,并且将孤立点分析方法引入日志挖掘中。     

矿业废弃地重金属形态分布特征与迁移转化影响机制分析

为探究矿业废弃地重金属形态分布特征和迁移转化的影响机制,在广东大宝山矿区矿业废弃地采集土壤和尾砂样品,分析重金属形态特征;采用Pb稳定同位素分析进行矿区污染源解析,并结合矿区典型矿物的X射线衍射分析(XRD)、透射电镜-能谱分析(TEM-EDS)和拉曼分析,以及室内模拟浸出实验,阐明矿区重金属迁移转化的特征和影响因素.结果表明,矿区土壤和沉积物样品中Cd、 Pb和As的赋存形态以残渣态为主,占总量的比例范围为85%～95%;其次为铁锰氧化物结合态(1%～15%).矿区土壤和尾砂中的主要矿物类型为黄铁矿(FeS₂)、黄铜矿(CuFeS₂)和金属氧化物,同时也存在少量的闪锌矿(ZnS)和方铅矿(PbS).酸性条件(pH=3.0)有利于Cd和Pb从土壤、尾砂和矿物(黄铁矿和黄铜矿)中释放迁移,并从残渣态向非残渣态转化.铅同位素分析显示土壤和尾砂中的重金属(Pb)主要来自采矿区金属矿物的释放,矿区柴油的贡献率在30%以内.多元统计分析表明矿区土壤和尾砂重金属主要来源于3种类型的矿物污染源,即黄铁矿、黄铜矿和闪锌矿+金属氧化物,其中Cd、 As和Pb主...     

矿区建设对景观性环境影响评价方法的研究

在矿区开发过程中对景观性环境影响十分突出 ,应当引起重视。本研究从矿区建设对景观环境影响的因素进行了分析 ,并以对人类视觉影响的角度为基准 ,采用协调度分析法进行评价 ,其内容有助于矿区景观环境保护与建设     

矿山企业在资源开发中对环境的影响及保护对策研究

从矿山企业微观管理和政府宏观管理的不同角度,就如何实现矿山企业资源开发与环境保护以及矿业与区域经济的协调发展等方面作出初步分析与研究.     

影子工程法计算矿山生态经济损失

矿山开采生产主要的环境影响是生态影响,以抚顺新宾榆树铁矿为例,利用影子工程法对矿山开采进行环境经济损失分析,包括生态资源的经济损失和生态系统功能受到影响的经济损失,可用于矿区环境经济损益分析并作为相关建设项目的借鉴。     

Analysis of the benefits and challenges of implementing environmental regulatory programmes for mining: Tanzania case study

All mining activities in Tanzania are regulated according to the Mining Act, 1998, and associated regulations. The enactment of the 1998 mining legislation and thus the repeal of the 1979 Act was a result of the overall restructuring of the country's economy. In order to encourage the private sector to take a leading role in economic development, the Government identified priority segments of the economy, which included the mining sector. With the mining sector identified as one of the priority sectors, it was thought imperative to put in place a transparent and competitive legal and regulatory framework, an effective and conducive fiscal regime, and an environmental framework. A new Mining Act, which incorporated the mining legal and regulatory, fiscal and environmental frameworks, was enacted in August 1998. The Act was then equipped with the regulations which provide clear guidance for administration and enforcement.Since the enactment of Tanzania's new mining legislation, the mineral sector has been the fastest growing sector of the economy, which has posed numerous managerial challenges. This paper discusses the benefits of the current environmental legislation and the challenges facing the Government in meeting the demands of a rapidly expanding mining sector. The paper examines the institutional set-up, its capacity to execute tasks (financial, technical, working facilities, etc.), the roles played by related institutions in managing the mining sector, and the interaction between mining and other sectors of the economy.     

新汶矿区循环经济发展模式浅析

对于资源趋于枯竭、生产成本渐高、生态环境恶化的矿区来讲,发展循环经济、打造资源节约型矿区是解决这些问题的有效手段。通过对新矿集团发展循环经济的理念、实践、总结和展望的分析研究,总结了新矿集团循环经济发展模式,对于煤炭企业发展循环经济提供借鉴,为全力打造资源节约型矿区提供参考。     

Mining and poverty reduction: Transforming rhetoric into reality

This article critically evaluates the contribution that mining has made to poverty reduction, and assesses the prospects for better performance in the future. The article starts from the two assumptions that mineral resources are a potentially great source of wealth for poor countries, and that the various ill-effects associated with the “resource curse” are not inevitable. It then directs its attention toward the World Bank, a leading advocate of mining-led development and an institution with a core mandate to reduce poverty. Employing the World Bank's own conceptualization of poverty as an analytical framework, the article demonstrates that mining has a dismal empirical track record to date in poverty reduction. While the theoretical reasons to believe that mining can contribute to poverty alleviation are perhaps sound, the reality of mineral-led development has not lived up to its rhetorical promise. The article elucidates problems with existing approaches and evaluates the World Bank's recently concluded Extractive Industries Review as a dramatic new paradigm shift in thinking on mining and poverty reduction. It concludes that mining can positively contribute toward poverty alleviation, but only if a variety of demanding preconditions are met.     

石材开采与加工对周围环境的影响分析

改革开放三十年来,中国石材工业取得了令世界瞩目的成就,但一系列环境问题接踵而来。通过分析石材在开采、加工过程中产生的废水、粉尘、噪音和废渣对周围环境的影响,提出相应的防治对策,以期对促进石材工业的可持续发展,改善环境有所裨益。     

临沧市矿产业开发中存在的环境问题及保护对策建议

分析了临沧市矿产资源储量、开发现状及发展趋势,找出了矿产业开发中存在的土地压力增加、地质灾害及生态环境破坏突出等环境问题,提出临沧市矿产业开发环境保护对策建议。     

Policies and regulations for Brazil’s artisanal gold mining sector: analysis and recommendations

In Brazil, artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) produces in the range of 6 tonnes of gold (Au) per annum, and employs approximately 200,000 people. Most of this mining activity is in the Amazon region, where miners have been extracting gold for more than 40 years. In the Tapajos River Basin, assessments indicate that around 99% of miners operate without the environmental and mining permits required by law. This is a result of a combination of unrealistic or lack of proper policies and regulations, lack of political will, lack of infra-structure to enforce the existing regulations and lack of incentives to miners to comply with legal requirements.In this article, we analyze a group of 20 laws, decrees and resolutions in Brazil, focusing on how idiosyncrasies in these regulations reveal gaps between policy and reality in ASGM areas. Artisanal miners operate in vast and remote areas and the government lacks the resources (personnel, vehicles, information and materials) to enforce the laws. Our analysis emphasizes the need for creating new government commitments and identifying priority areas where government agents can focus their efforts.There is no single solution for the environmental, health, technical and socio-economic problems associated with ASGM. However, a realistic approach should consider improving the level of education of miners, creating government programs to provide technical assistance in the field, simplifying administrative procedures and ensuring adequate measures for enforcement.     

煤炭开采地表沉陷环境影响评价分析

煤炭开采形成的地表沉陷是煤矿区主要的环境地质灾害问题。以新疆奇台县某煤矿为研究对象,在综合分析矿区生态环境的基础上,运用概率积分法对其地表沉陷进行预测,划定沉陷范围,并对其可能产生的生态影响进行分析,提出了减少煤炭开采对生态环境影响的措施,为矿井后续开发建设提供环境保护依据。     

基于[火用]分析法的矿区工业生态链物质能量流动研究

从工业生态学角度研究矿区工业生态系统的工业代谢和工业生态链，建立矿区物质循环与能量流动[火用]分析和[火用]效率模型。根据生态效率的理念，矿区发展需要五项关键支撑技术，为合理选择煤炭的产业链延伸途径打下理论基础，促进矿区可持续发展。     

基于(火用)分析法的矿区工业生态链物质能量流动研究

从工业生态学角度研究矿区工业生态系统的工业代谢和工业生态链,建立矿区物质循环与能量流动(火用)分析和(火用)效率模型.根据生态效率的理念,矿区发展需要五项关键支撑技术,为合理选择煤炭的产业链延伸途径打下理论基础,促进矿区可持续发展.