基于遥感的石漠化治理下土壤肥力变化特征分析

为揭示生态治理下不同石漠化等级土壤肥力变化特征和规律。采用2009年和2015年治理前后两期遥感影像进行石漠化解译,结合撒拉溪示范区测土配方施肥和定点采样监测测定数据,通过Kriging插值和GIS空间分析,研究土壤肥力变化特征,探讨不同石漠化等级与土壤肥力变化规律。结果表明,(1)从2009-2015年,撒拉溪示范区无石漠化面积增加了258.14hm~2,年动态度为1.91%。潜在、轻度、中度和强度石漠化面积分别减少了119.75、61.66、56.68和20.05 hm~2,石漠化得到明显好转。(2)土壤pH由弱酸向中性变化,速效钾含量有所降低,变异系数均由中等变异向弱变异变化。土壤有机质含量增加了16.13g?kg~(-1),增速最快,碱解氮增速也明显,土壤全氮含量变化不大,但是有效磷含量降低明显且变异最大,有机质、全氮、碱解氮和有效磷变异系数均为中等变异。(3)从潜在石漠化到强度石漠化,土壤pH缓慢升高后降低,全氮的变化趋势与有机质基本一致且均为下降。2009年土壤碱解氮含量变化先上升后下降,而2015年则先下降后升高再下降,呈波浪式变化;有效磷含量2015年逐渐降低,而2009年则先升高后逐渐降低;土壤速效钾含量先升后降。各肥力指标变异系数2009年明显高于2015年。(4)石漠等级变化趋势为强度向中度、中度向轻度、轻度向潜在、潜在向无石漠化方向转移,除pH、有机质和碱解氮朝正向变化外,其余指标均为负变化,其中碱解氮正向变化值最大,速效钾负向变化值最大。通过生态治理,石漠化等级逐渐降低,石漠化趋向良性发展,生态系统逐渐恢复,可在不同石漠化等级土壤中适量补充氮磷钾以保持土壤肥力。     

施用磷肥对南方酸性红壤镉生物有效性及土壤酶活性影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了普钙和钙镁磷肥对油菜生物量和Cd含量、土壤p H值和Cd有效态含量以及土壤酶活性的影响.结果表明,施加普钙和钙镁磷肥后,油菜生物量分别比对照处理增加41.8%—60.5%和90.2%—171.6%,油菜地上部Cd含量分别降低达54.3%—86.7%和74.4%—79.6%,其中当普钙和钙镁磷肥施加量为中高剂量时,油菜地上部Cd含量降低至0.18 mg·kg-1和0.10 mg·kg-1,符合国家食品安全标准《食品中污染物限量》(GB 2762—2012)规定的叶菜蔬菜中Cd的最大限量值.施加普钙和钙镁磷肥均降低了土壤中Cd有效态,与对照相比,土壤中HCl提取态Cd含量分别降低0.9%—21.2%和33.8%—43.9%,CMP处理下TCLP(Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure,TCLP)提取态Cd含量降低33.0%—43.0%.施加高剂量普钙和中剂量钙镁磷肥时,土壤过氧化氢酶活性与对照相比分别增加了202.5%和52.6%,施加不同剂量的普钙均显著降低土壤脲酶活性,降低率达28.2%—65.9%,而添加普钙和钙镁磷肥对蔗糖酶活性均无显著性影响.土壤p H与油菜生物量以及土壤脲酶成极显著正相关关系,与TCLP-Cd成显著负相关关系.油菜生物量与土壤有效态Cd含量和油菜体内Cd含量存在负相关关系,其中与HCl提取态Cd及地上部Cd含量存在显著负相关关系.     

施用化肥对砂姜黑土碳库管理指数的影响

针对安徽省砂姜黑土的不良属性,在安徽蒙城砂姜黑土上进行了4年的施肥定位试验,施肥方式为年施氮量（以 N计）0、360、450、540、630、720 kg·hm-2,玉米季占55%,通过研究连续施肥措施下砂姜黑土耕层土壤活性有机质组分的变化特征,分析了单施化学氮肥对土壤有机质组分及碳库管理指数的影响。结果表明：施用化学氮肥有利于提高土壤总有机质质量分数和活性有机质质量分数,变化幅度分别为17.49~19.46、3.10~3.52 g·kg-1,化肥施用水平之间差异不显著,相比不施肥,施肥土壤的总有机质质量分数增加1.53~3.53 g·kg-1、活性有机质质量分数增加0.10~0.52 g·kg-1、稳定态有机质增加1.02~4.30 g·kg-1。处理间高活性有机质质量分数变化范围为0.46~0.62 g·kg-1,施用化肥后降低,高量氮肥与不施肥处理间差异显著（P＜0.05）;中活性有机质质量分数在2.21~3.25 g·kg-1之间,且与氮肥施用水平有关,年施氮量（以N计）高于540 kg·hm-2时其值增加,但各施用水平间无显著差异（P＞0.05）。施氮对CMI的影响不显著,土壤总有机质增加的有机质组分主要为稳定性有机质。施氮处理的玉米籽粒产量明显高于不施氮处理,年施氮（以N计）720 kg·hm-2的玉米籽粒产量最高,达11137.90 kg·hm-2。相关性分析结果显示,3种活性有机质之间,活性有机质和高活性有机质相关性最高,关系最为密切;碳库管理指数与活性有机质呈极显著正相关,相关系数为0.910;总有机质含量与活性有机质含量显著正相关（P＜0.05）,与碳库管理指数无显著相关性（P＞0.05）;玉米籽粒产量与总有机质、活性有机质极显著正相关（P＜0.01）,与碳库管理指数显著相关（P＜0.05）。由此可知,化学氮肥可促进砂姜黑土耕层土壤总有机质和活性有机质的提高,且二者均能够反映砂姜黑土施用化肥后的肥力变化情况;提高砂姜黑土总有机质的有机质组分主要是稳定态有机质;要提高玉米产量需要较高的氮肥用量。     

镉对北京城郊土壤潜在硝化速率的影响

采集北京城郊5个区县的3种土壤褐土、潮土和山地棕壤,通过急性毒性实验,研究了外源添加镉(Cd)对土壤潜在硝化速率(PNR)的影响。结果表明,5个采样点土壤的PNR分别随土壤中总Cd和有效态Cd含量呈先增后减的趋势。所有处理土壤的有效态Cd含量与PNR的相关关系(R2=0.42,p0.001)优于土壤总Cd含量与PNR的相关关系(R2=0.27,p=0.001)。在土壤总Cd含量和PNR的逐步回归分析中,引入土壤有机质和阳离子交换量(CEC)2个变量可提高其相关性。基于土壤总Cd的EC50(PNR降低至对照50%时的土壤Cd浓度)和有效态Cd的EC50的最大值与最小值之间分别相差2.3倍和3.3倍,而EC10(PNR降低至对照10%的土壤Cd浓度)的最大值与最小值之间分别相差8.5倍和10.8倍。基于总Cd的EC50最低值出现在CEC最小的丰台土壤,而最高值出现在有机质含量最多的灵山土壤,但这2个EC50值未达到显著性差异,表明5个采样点的土壤有机质和CEC虽然在一定程度上影响Cd对PNR的毒性,但不足以引起EC50的显著变化。     

喀斯特山区燃煤型电厂周边农业土壤中重金属的污染特征及评价

以喀斯特山区燃煤型电厂周边不同方向的土壤及农作物为研究对象,探讨了火电厂周边随距电厂水平方向、垂直剖面土壤中8种重金属总量及污染分布特征,并分析了土壤中重金属元素之间及其与p H、有机质的相关性。结果表明,与贵州省土壤背景值相比,土壤样品中除了Cd和Cr之外,其它元素均有不同程度的超标现象,以Hg元素的超标最为严重;土壤中大多数重金属元素主要以残渣态为主,而Cd主要以酸可提取态和可还原态存在,容易发生环境迁移;土壤剖面中重金属含量均表现为20~50 cm土层大于0~20 cm,土壤重金属在次表层出现富集现象。相关分析表明,除了Zn以外,其它元素间的相关关系较高,p H与土壤Hg、As、Cu元素之间存在正相关关系,有机质与As、Ni之间也存在着显著正相关,电厂不同方向上的p H变化与8种重金属含量变化的差异相一致。采用内梅罗综合污染指数法进行环境污染评价,发现电厂周围土壤中的重金属含量具有方向性,不同方向上的污染程度表现为正北西南东北东南西北正东。对比农业土壤采样点,森林土壤中的Hg、Pb和Ni含量明显较低,推测森林植被可能对电厂重金属的沉降有一定的减缓作用;电厂周边研究区内卷心菜的Hg、Pb、Ni元素的超标最为严重,而卷心菜对Cd元素的富集能力明显高于其它重金属。     

长期不同施肥对红壤Cu和Cd含量及活化率的影响

对始于1990年的红壤旱地施肥长期定位试验的6个处理包括对照(不施肥,CK)、施氮(N)、氮磷(NP)、氮磷钾(NPK)、氮磷钾+有机肥(NPKM)和有机肥(M)的历年耕层土壤重金属Cu和Cd全量和有效态含量进行分析,以阐睨长期不同施肥条件下红壤Cu、Cd含量及活化率变化特征.结果表明,16 a连续不施肥或施用化肥(N/NP/NPK)条件下土壤Cu、Cd全量和有效态含量基本保持不变;Cu活化率随施肥时间变化不显著,但Cd的活化率在施肥后期(1996-2006)呈明显上升趋势,在施氮处理上高达95.7%;不施肥和配施化肥下Cd的活化率与土壤pH值呈极显著负相关.化肥配施有机肥(NPKM)和单施有机肥处理(M)的土壤中Cu、Cd全量和有效态含量及其活化率随时间均呈显著上升趋势;土壤Cd含量从1990年的0.12 mg·kg-1 上升为2006年的1.31～1.48 mg·kg-1,平均年上升0.08～0.09 mg·kg-1;土壤有效态Cd含量2006年达到0.53～0.58 mg·kg-1,为1990年的18.0～19.9倍;Cd活化率与土壤有机质含量呈显著正相关.长期施用有机肥红壤Cu、Cd含量超标严重,土壤Cu和Cd全量之间达极显著相关(r=0.887**,n=30),其来源具有一致性,有机肥为环境带来的风险应予以重视.     

有色金属矿区农田土壤-水稻镉积累状况及其响应关系研究

位于西江上游的河池地区被誉为中国的"有色金属之乡",重金属产业经过多年选矿开矿的工业化发展使得当地生态环境受到严重的重金属污染。为评价广西西江流域中上游主要地区矿业活动对土壤和糙米质量安全的影响,采集研究区域内水稻及其对应土壤样本进行分析评价。调查发现,参照《食用农产品产地环境质量评价标准》(HJ332—2006),当p H6.5、6.50≤p H≤7.50、p H7.5时,土壤Cd含量超标率分别达到90.63%、96.97%、98.36%;参照《食品中污染物限量标准》(GB2762—2012),糙米Cd含量的超标率为19.34%。单因子污染评价表明,超过50%的调查样点土壤Cd处于重度污染,仅有10%左右调查样点的土壤Cd属于清洁等级,且上游地区土壤-水稻系统Cd污染较为严重。分别建立了水稻糙米Cd含量、糙米Cd生物富集系数与土壤有效态Cd含量、土壤p H值以及土壤有机质含量的定量关系,模型拟合度均高于50%。预测糙米Cd含量拟合度较好的模型为多元非线性回归模型,预测糙米Cd生物富集系数拟合度较好的为多元线性回归模型。多元回归模型的回代检验和残差分析表明,计算值与实测值的相关性较好,残差值较小且均匀分布,在一定程度上可以用来预测水稻糙米Cd的积累情况。     

不同时间序列林火干扰对兴安落叶松林区土壤性质及温室气体通量的影响

林火是森林生态系统的重要干扰因素之一。在内蒙古大兴安岭兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii)林区,分别选取2014年、2006年、1995年、1986年的火烧区,以临近未过火区作为对照,研究在火烧发生0、8、19、28年后,4个不同时间序列下林火干扰对土壤温室气体通量和土壤性质的影响。结果表明:火烧发生0、8、19、28年后,土壤p H分别较对照增加了7.7%、2.0%、3.4%、4.0%;土壤有机质含量分别较对照降低了63.8%、26.6%、35.3%、11.3%,土壤全氮含量分别较对照降低了53.2%、19.7%、21.7%、16.2%;土壤有效氮含量在火烧发生0年和8年后分别较对照降低了28.1%和9.5%,火烧发生19年后较对照增加了16%;火烧发生28年后土壤有效氮含量与对照无显著差异。CH_4平均吸收通量在火烧发生0、8、19年后,较对照分别下降了51.0%、45.0%、7.1%,火烧发生28年后与对照相比差异不显著。火烧发生当年,CO_2通量较对照增加了64.5%,其他3个时间序列火烧对土壤温室气体通量的影响结果不一。火烧发生当年,N_2O排放通量较对照增加了69.2%,达到最高排放量139.3μg·m-2·h-1。火烧发生8、19、28年后土壤N_2O排放通量分别较对照减少了5.6%、14.6%、37.9%。温室气体通量和土壤性质的灰色关联分析表明,CH_4和CO_2通量与土壤有机质含量关联度最大,N_2O排放通量与土壤全氮含量关联度最大。火灾发生当年土壤CH_4的吸收下降,土壤CO_2和N_2O的排放增加,随着植被的演替和土壤生态系统的逐步恢复,火灾发生区与未过火区之间的土壤性质及温室气体通量的差异逐渐变小。     

广州郊区农业土壤重金属含量与土壤性质的关系

研究了广州郊区农业土壤性质和土壤中的重金属含量,并对2者的相关关系进行了分析。结果表明:广州郊区农业土壤中壤土占样品总数的70.5%,土壤pH值平均为5.93,土壤有机质平均含量为31 7g·kg-1,土壤阳离子交换量不高,且各区之间变幅较大;Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni、Cd、As和Hg有效态含量在3种土壤中顺序为菜园土>水稻土>赤红壤;土壤重金属和土壤理化性质间的关系复杂,如有效态Cu、Zn、Ni与土壤有机质含量呈极显著相关,Cd与土壤有机质含量和土壤粘粒含量呈极显著相关,As除与有机质含量和粘粒含量有关,与pH、阳离子交换量也有极显著相关关系。     

模拟酸雨与重金属复合胁迫对绞股蓝生长及根际微生物的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了不同pH值的模拟酸雨与Zn(30和400 mg.kg-1)、Cd(1和15 mg.kg-1)单独或复合胁迫对绞股蓝(Gynostemma pentaphyllum)药用成分——总皂甙含量以及根际土壤微生物数量和组成的影响。结果表明:不同pH值的模拟酸雨均能抑制细菌、放线菌、氮素生理类群的生长,其数量随酸雨pH值的降低而不断减少;真菌、纤维素分解菌数量随酸雨pH值的降低呈先升高后降低的变化趋势;绞股蓝茎叶总皂甙含量随酸雨pH值的降低而降低。酸雨影响下,单施低浓度的Zn(30 mg.kg-1)或Cd(1 mg.kg-1)时,根际3大类群微生物、氮素生理类群、纤维素分解菌、绞股蓝总皂甙含量均高于无重金属处理;但当Zn(400 mg.kg-1)或Cd(15 mg.kg-1)处于高浓度时,它们又明显低于无重金属处理。酸雨影响下,Zn(30 mg.kg-1)或Cd(1 mg.kg-1)为低浓度水平时,Zn-Cd复合污染对根际3大类群微生物、氮素生理类群、纤维素分解菌、绞股蓝茎叶总皂甙含量影响表现为拮抗效应;Zn(400 mg.kg-1)或Cd(15 mg.kg-1)为高浓度水平时,Zn-Cd复合污染对根...     

Observations on the function of the glands of the foot of the pediveliger of Ostrea edulis during settlement

The use during settlement of secretions of the 9 different types of gland in the foot of the pediveliger of Ostrea edulis L. was examined experimentally. During settlement, there is a progressive decrease in the crawling speed of the larva and a strengthening of its bond with the substratum. Both changes are related to (a) a change from ciliary to muscular pedal locomotion; (b) the increasing acidity and viscosity of the mucoid secretions used; (c) the secretion of a byssus thread by the glands of the byssus duet; (d) changes in the form and composition of this byssus. At the termination of settlement, the entire contents of 2 types of gland are discharged. Their secretions give rise to the cement which permanently fixes the larva to the substratum. The 9 types of gland are utilised sequentially in a manner closely related to the 6 phases recognised in settlement behaviour.     

On the behaviour of the residence time at the bottom of the mixed layer

To understand why the findings of Deleersnijder et al. [(2006), Environ Fluid Mech 6: 25–42]—the residence time in the mixed layer in not necessarily zero at the pycnocline—are consistent with those of Delhez and Deleersnijder [(2006), Ocean Dyn 56:139–150]—the residence time in a control domain vanishes at the open boundaries of this control domain—, it is necessary to consider a control domain that includes part of the pycnocline, in which the eddy diffusivity is assumed to be zero. Then, depending on the behaviour of the eddy diffusivity near the bottom of the mixed layer, the residence time may be seen to exhibit a discontinuity at the interface between the mixed layer and the pycnocline. If such a discontinuity exists, the residence time is non-zero in the former and zero in the latter. This is illustrated by analytical solutions obtained under the assumption that the eddy diffusivity is constant in the mixed layer.     

刍议医院资产管理的现状及其对策

医院的固定资产和流动资产是医院赖以生存和发展的基础,是一项非经营性国有资产．目前公立医院固定资产、流动资产管理现状不容乐观,针对这种状况,首先分析问题形成的原因,然后提出管理的措施或建议,从而使资产管理工作规范化、制度化、科学化,使有限的卫生资源发挥出最大的社会效益和经济效益．参3．     

豪猪消化系统的解剖研究

为了了解豪猪的消化生理,为豪猪的人工饲养技术研究提供基础依据,以达到高效饲养豪猪的目的,笔者对豪猪的消化器官进行了系统解剖研究.结果表明:豪猪的胃为单室胃.盲肠很发达,这与其能够消化植物纤维有关.豪猪肝脏很发达,其重量为402 g,是其体重的4.59%,肝脏分叶多而明显.     

Mining of the forest and the time path of the price of timber

The paper analyzes the effect of transportation (site specific) costs and the effect of mining (depletion) of the forest on the time path of the price and of the net price of timber in two forestry models. The models differ in that one has zero costs and the other has positive costs. The analyses yield the standard mining theory results for certain cases. They also yield extentions of these results for cases with growth of the harvested trees and/or regeneration on the harvested land. The paper concludes, as one would expect, that the theory of the mine is useful in analyzing the time path of the price of timber.     

Adjusting the economy to the new energy realities of the second half of the age of oil

Our research indicates that, due to the depletion of conventional, and hence cheap, crude oil supplies (i.e. peak oil), increasing the supply of oil in the future would require exploiting lower quality resources (i.e. expensive), and thus will most likely occur only at high prices. This situation creates a system of feedbacks where economic growth, which requires more oil, would require high oil prices that will undermine that economic growth. We conclude that the economic growth of the past 40 years is unlikely to continue unless there is some remarkable change in how we manage our economy.     

Splitting the tail of the displacement kernel shows the unimportance of kurtosis

Animals disperse in space through different movement behaviors, resulting in different displacement distances. This is often described with a displacement kernel where the long-distance dispersers are within the tail of the kernel. A displacement with a large proportion of long-distance dispersers may have impact on different aspects of spatial ecology such as invasion speed, population persistence, and distribution. It is, however, unclear whether the kurtosis of the kernel plays a major role since a fatter tail also influences the variance of the kernel. We modeled displacement in landscapes with different amounts and configurations of habitats and handled kurtosis and variance separately to study how these affected population distribution and transition time. We conclude that kurtosis is not important for any of these aspects of spatial ecology. The variance of the kernel, on the other hand, was of great importance to both population distribution and transition time. We argue that separating variance and kurtosis can cast new light on the way in which long-distance dispersers are important in ecological processes. Consequences for empirical studies are discussed.     

Stimulation of fat-body production in the polyps of the coralPocillopora damicornis by the presence of mutualistic crabs of the genusTrapezia

A mutualism exists between the xanthid crabs of the genusTrapezia and their host corals,Pocillopora damicornis. It has previously been established that these obligate coral residents benefit the coral hosts by defending them against echinoderm predators and by increasing the survival of polyps located deep between the coral branches. In turn, the corals apparently benefit the crabs by producing lipid-filled structures on which the trapezid crabs feed; these fat bodies may contain some of the lipid which in previous studies of coral metabolism has been termed excess. It was determined by experiments conducted at the Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology that the presence of crabs in colonies ofP. damicornis stimulates the polyps to produce the lipid-filled fat bodies; removal of crabs causes corals to cease producing fat bodies. A structure very similar to the fat bodies ofP. damicornis has been reported inAcropora durvillei. Both of these coral genera ordinarily possess xanthid-crab mutualists. This association between branching corals and crustaceans may have evolved because corals of these genera provide shelter among their branches and because these shallow-water corals are evidently capable of releasing lipid which is excess to the corals' metabolic needs, but which can be utilized by the crabs.     

三峡库区消落带土壤中铅污染调查

报道了三峡库区长江干流及小江支流消落带土壤中重金属铅含量背景值的调查结果。结果表明，目前土壤未被重金属铅污染。