Automation design in advanced control rooms of the modernized nuclear power plants

This study evaluated the effects of levels of automation (LOAs) decisions in advanced control rooms of the modernized nuclear power plants. Following advancements in design of digitalized human–system interfaces (HSIs), the roles of human operators have changed significantly. Negative performance and safety consequences may occur as a result of these changes. These problems are viewed as the out-of-the-loop (OOTL) performance problems. This study conducted an experiment to compare the effects of different LOAs under different operating procedures on operating performance. Experimental results indicated that blended decision-making (level 6 LOA) generates the lowest mental workload. Furthermore, the pattern of SA observed in this study is found better SA at intermediate LOA and poorer SA at low level of automation and full automation. Subjective rating results suggest that LOAs distribute the roles of option generation, and selection between human and/or computer servers which significantly impacts automated system performance. This study provides a direction for the HSI designers in nuclear power plants (NPPs). Additionally, based on results obtained by this study, the user interfaces of PCTRAN system and the alarm reset system should be improved to ensure safe operation of NPPs.     

Operators’ signal-detection performance in video display unit monitoring tasks of the main control room

This study evaluated the operators’ signal-detection performance in video display unit (VDU) monitoring tasks of the main control room (MCR). So far the study of the relationship between VDU design strategy and human errors has been superficial. To validate the effect of VDUs design strategies on operating errors in the MCR, this present research adopted a within subject experimental design to develop different experimental treatments based on two types of display modes included consistent mode and mixed mode. A total of 13 undergraduate and graduate students were recruited as participants in the experiment. Dependent variables included situation awareness, reaction time, error frequency, and subjective performance. Some research support was found for the representation principles. The conclusions of this study could not only be implemented by the human-system interface (HSI) designers of a MCR in the advanced nuclear power plant (NPP) but also could be generalized to the extent that other digital workstation similar to the MCR.     

重大毒气泄漏事故应急预警通知接收端优化与实现

从毒气泄漏事故预防和应急处置的国内外现状分析出发,指出了目前我国预警通知方法的不足及发展趋势。论述了毒气泄漏事故中安全疏散的时间构成以及预警通知接收端低功耗模式的种类,从提高预警通知系统响应时间的角度分析了不同的低功耗方案的优劣,并给出了实现方法和适用的条件,不仅实现了不同使用条件下的最佳低功耗模式,还保证了系统有较好的实时响应速度。响应时间的优化有利于提高系统报警通知的效能,在保证较好响应时间的前提下应用低功耗模式则有利于降低成本,同时提高受灾群众安装该预警系统的积极性性,对于报警器在不同地区的推广具有指导意义,从而为对系统的优化与改进提供依据。     

Predicting work performance in nuclear power plants

Diagnosis and monitoring are the major tasks of an operator in main control room of nuclear power plants (NPPs). The operator’s mental workload influences his/her performance, and furthermore, affects the system safety and operations. This study investigated the operator’s mental workload and work performance of the NPP in Taiwan. An experiment including primary and secondary tasks was designed to simulate the reactor shutdown procedure of the fourth nuclear power plant (FNPP). The performance of the secondary tasks (error rate), subjective mental workload (NASA Task Load Index, NASA-TLX) as well as seven physiological indices were assessed and measured. The group method of data handling (GMDH) was applied to integrate these physiological indices to develop a work performance predictive model. The validity of the proposed model is very well with R² = 0.84 and its prediction capability is high (95% confidence interval). The proposed model is expected to provide control room operators a reference value of their work performance by giving physiological indices. Besides NPPs, the proposed model can be applied to many other fields, e.g. aviation, air transportation control, driving and radar vigilance, etc.     

A real-time warning model for teamwork performance and system safety in nuclear power plants

In order to increase system safety and team performance, this study aimed to develop a real-time warning model (RTWM) by assessing team response time, error rates, and mental workload. Toward this goal, the group method of data handling (GMDH) algorithm was applied to physiological indices to predict team performance. Then fuzzy logic, fuzzy inference and linguistic variable sets representing the Team Performance and Safety Index were applied to construct the RTWM. To model the RTWM, experiments were conducted on computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW) in the personal computer transient analyzer (PCTRAN) simulator. The simulator and teamwork are designed to simulate the real tasks of the control room of the Fourth Nuclear Power Plant (FNPP) in Taiwan. In addition, important physiological parameters, the NASA-TLX questionnaire, team response time, and team error rates were collected from 39 participants. The results revealed that there was a significant positive correlation between the error rates of teamwork and the interval of event arrival time. This indicated that a pre-alarm device is necessary because vigilance decreased with time. Moreover, a predictive teamwork performance model applying the GMDH algorithm and the RTWM with a fuzzy inference system was developed in this study. The proposed model can efficiently predict teamwork performance to maintain appropriate mental workload as well as ensure system safety.     

中国石化HSE监督管理系统研究与实现

为使中国石化HSE管理达到具有较强国际竞争力的跨国能源化工公司的水平,在充分吸收国内外先进企业HSE管理经验基础上,结合中国石化业务特点,研究开发了中国石化HSE监督管理系统。系统以风险管理为核心,体现PDCA管理思想,遵循中国石化一致的HSE管理理念,按照＂谁主管、谁负责＂,与HSE管理体系完全吻合等原则进行设计,采用最新云计算模式、多层B/S软件体系结构以及WMFC、XForm、SOAP、XML等相关标准进行开发,实现了分布应用、集中管理的运行模式。通过在中国石化总部、5家试点企业和近100家非试点企业的现场应用,结果表明,该系统满足了中国石化HSE监督管理及绩效评估的需要,实现了HSE管理的标准化、规范化和系统化,为管理决策提供支撑,提高了HSE管理效率,准备在中国石化系统内全面推广应用。     

直线电机轮轨交通系统安全性分析

直线电机轮轨系统采用直线感应电机牵引 ,轮轨系统支承导向 ,是一种在技术、经济、环保方面均具有良好性能的新型城市轨道交通系统。该系统有两种主要技术模式 ,均有良好的安全运营记录。笔者介绍了系统的性能和设计特点 ;从牵引制动系统、控制系统、管理系统、养护维修系统以及防灾系统 5个方面对系统的安全性设计方法进行了总结 ;认为该系统具有良好的安全性能 ,先进的安全管理理念以及健全的安全防护系统 ;特别强调对该系统进行的安全设计研究 ,将为提高我国城市轨道交通系统的安全性提供新的思路     

The research on extracting the information of human errors in the main control room of nuclear power plants by using Performance Evaluation Matrix

Digitalized nuclear instruments and control systems have been the main stream design for the main control room (MCR) of advanced nuclear power plants (NPPs) nowadays. Digitalization of human–system interface (HSI) could improve human performance and, on the other hand, could reduce operators’ situation awareness as well. It might cause that humans make wrong decision during an emergency unintentionally. Besides, digital HSI relies on computers to integrate system information automatically instead of human operation. It has changed the operator’s role from mainly relating operational activity to mainly relating monitoring. However, if the operators omit or misjudge the information on the video display units and wide display panel, the error of omission and error of commission may occur. This study applies Content Category Analysis (CCA) and Performance Evaluation Matrix (PEM) methods to explore the potential problems in the MCR of advanced NPPs which are caused by human errors. The results show that the potential problems that would probably contribute to the human performance of MCR in the advanced NPPs are multiple accidents, pressure level, number of operators, and other factors such as working environmental. The conclusions of this research may be considered to avoid and prevent human errors in the human factor related researches especially in the nuclear safety field.     

机场旅客行李托运差异化安检模式安全性研究*

为减少因违禁物品托运引发的不安全事件,基于原有安检模式,提出行李托运差异化安检模式,结合搜索-决策检查模型,建立系统错误报警及错误通过率公式,得到行李托运安检系统准确度-速度变化规律。结果表明:差异化安检模式一方面提高系统安全性,另一方面提升安检效率,节约安检资源。研究结果可为机场调整安检策略提供参考。     

基于贝叶斯估计的炼化装置动态告警管理方法研究

针对现有告警管理方法无法判断炼化装置运行中的过渡过程,对过渡过程不能进行准确有效地监测和管理,提出 了基于贝叶斯估计的动态告警线计算方法。通过训练历史过渡过程数据得到先验概率,自适应判断过渡过程和估计动态 告警线,解决了传统告警线的斜率不能赋值且只能依靠人为调节的问题,并可通过判断系统状态调节告警管理方式。经 常压塔原油进料流量调整和减压炉干气流量工艺调节的过渡过程现场数据验证,结果表明:与传统告警管理方法相比, 基于贝叶斯估计的动态告警管理方法的误告警总数量减少了87.34%,避免了告警洪水的发生,提高了炼化工艺运行的安 全性和可靠性。     

城市地下交通联系隧道烟气控制探讨

为了给城市地下交通联系隧道(UTLT)防排烟系统设计和人员应急救援提供参考依据,以重庆某UTLT二期工程一段主隧道为例,开展全尺寸火灾试验,探讨了横向排烟方案的烟控效果,并验证了Alpert顶棚最高温升衰减模型。结果表明,UTLT主隧道段采用横向排烟方案,当防烟分区长度为120 m时,采用的排烟量设计方法是合理的。当隧道为上坡时,最有利的烟气控制模式为同时开启着火分区及下游相邻分区的排烟系统和与排烟分区紧邻的上、下游两个分区的补风系统。隧道顶部烟气最高温升衰减规律为:下游距火源无量纲距离r/H0.57及上游部分,呈指数衰减;下游距火源无量纲距离r/H0.57部分,呈幂函数衰减,且衰减程度与排烟方案有关。     

危废焚烧工程火灾危险性分析及消防系统的选择

为更好地指导危废焚烧工程的消防设计,分析了《危险废物集中焚烧处置工程建设技术规范》(HJ/T 176—2005)、《建筑设计防火规范(2018年版)》(GB 50016—2014)、《石油化工企业设计防火标准(2018年版)》(GB 50160—2008)、《火力发电厂与变电站设计防火标准》(GB 50229—2019)、《钢铁冶金企业设计防火标准》(GB 50414—2018)和《火灾自动报警系统设计规范》(GB 50116—2013)的相关条文,明确了危废焚烧工程重点区域的火灾危险性,对各种火灾报警及灭火系统的适用性进行了对比,并对消防系统的选择提出了建议。     

基于DSP虹膜识别防疲劳驾驶报警系统的研究

防止疲劳驾驶以主观监测和客观检测为主,但其在可靠性、成本、检测方法上存在不足,为此,设计了一套基于DSP虹膜识别防止疲劳驾驶报警系统。借鉴国内外学者的研究,遵循实时性、准确性、简洁性及经济性的设计原则,以虹膜识别算法为依据,DSP微处理器控制技术为基础进行了开发,该报警系统可在不干扰驾驶员的情况下,识别驾驶员身份,记录驾驶时间,识别疲劳驾驶并报警。测试结果表明:系统结构简单,实现了模块化。虹膜识别模块、计时模块基本满足了准确性和实时性的要求。     

综合管廊内火灾自动报警探测器实验研究

为了能够有效提升综合管廊内火灾自动报警系统的准确性和可靠性,本文采用火灾实体试验的方法,通过对各类型火灾自动报警探测器响应时间的情况进行分析和比较,研究综合管廊电力舱内常用探测器的性能。研究结果表明:接触式缆式线型感温火灾探测器可以较早的探测到电缆温度异常变化的现象,可用于早期预警。点型感烟探测器对烟粒子浓度较为敏感,可用于综合管廊电力舱室的空间探测。分布式光纤型感温火灾探测器对明火温度的变化较为敏感,作为空间型的火灾探测器比较可靠。     

钱家营煤矿火灾系统报警功能的实现

钱家营煤矿火灾系统报警可视化软件,实现了人机对话,并创造性地实现了监视控信息和通风网络信息在立体示意图上图形和数字动态交互显示,实现了井下火灾发生时的声音报警和图示报警功能。     

超长距离盾构隧道疏散通道加压送风系统研究

为确保隧道火灾时人行疏散通道安全性,通过在人行疏散通道两端设置独立机械加压送风系统,使疏散通道保持正压状态,防止烟气侵入。利用风速法计算疏散通道加压送风量,利用FDS软件模拟计算单侧及双侧2种送风方式下隧道内烟气蔓延范围、疏散口及疏散通道气流速率分布情况。结果表明:对疏散通道加压送风时,应重点分析火源附近150 m范围内疏散口气流速率是否符合规范要求;当开启疏散口数量≤10时,采用单侧或双侧送风方式对疏散通道加压送风,疏散口稳定时气流速率均符合规范要求;采用双侧送风方式疏散口气流速率分布规律较优,确保加压送风系统适用性。     

Human factors applied to alarm panel modernization of nuclear control room

Human factors deal with issues related to humans, their behavior and the physical aspect of the environment in which they work. A control room is a complex system where operators perform plant operation using control systems and carry out monitoring and administrative responsibilities. For safe operation of industrial installation, the performance of the control room crew plays an important role. In this respect, a well designed control room is crucial for safe and efficient operation. The aim of this paper is to propose a methodological framework applied to nuclear control room evaluation, through participatory ergonomics, using operator activity analysis and human factors questionnaire as aid tools. We describe a case study in which the methodology framework was used in the evaluation process of a nuclear control room. The information gathered made possible a series of recommendation for the adequacy of the control room design, assisting in the safety assessment of the nuclear plant operation and justifying the alarm panel modernization.     

火灾自动报警系统可靠性研究

火灾自动报警系统主要包括火灾探测器、火灾报警控制器、减灾装置和灭火装置4部分,从这4部分分析了其工作原理。在此基础上,着重分析了误报、漏报概率较高的火灾探测系统(包括火灾探测器和火灾报警控制器)在使用过程中可能出现的失效状态。其失效的根本原因是在探测器的设计、选型与安装中出现的问题以及各类控制器和控制软件出现的问题。火灾自动报警系统在设计、安装和使用过程中出现的一些问题可能导致整个系统失效,主要包括硬件故障、系统失误和管理缺陷3类。因此,从火灾自动报警系统设计、软硬件产品质量、选型与安装及维护保养等方面给出了提高火灾自动报警系统可靠性的措施。最后应用系统安全及可靠性理论建立了包括电源系统、触发装置、报警控制装置和警报装置4个指标的火灾自动报警系统可靠度计算模型。     

基于单片机甲烷浓度监测的研究

设计了一种基于单片机来实现的甲烷浓度检测和报警功能的系统,该检测系统以AT89S52单片机为核心,包括有电源电路、传感器采集电路、信号放大电路、红外遥控电路、声光报警电路、显示电路等功能模块组成,通过传感器采集电路采集信号,输出与甲烷浓度对应电压信号,把电压信号进行A/D转换后送入单片机,经单片机处理后驱动器显示出被测气体甲烷浓度值,若被测甲烷浓度大于报警电路预设数值,报警电路发出报警,可以及时切断供电系统,防止瓦斯爆炸事故的发生.该系统采用高精度敏感元件,集成运算放大器INA128,ADc0809,以及远距离高可靠性通信芯片,且具有高速的处理能力,是一种电路设计新颖,参数测量准确,操作方便的甲烷浓度报警监控系统,实现了数字瓦斯气体的实时监控.为实现数字化井下测控和可视化综合管理提供了切实可行的方案.     

基于SP12汽车安全胎压监测系统设计与实现

为了降低胎压监测系统的功耗和优化胎压监测系统的显示方式,设计了一种基于SP12传感器的安全胎压监测系统方案。从硬件和软件两方面描述了系统的设计实现方法。在硬件设计上,采用车载电源和充电电池两种方式对主机进行供电,同时,系统应用SP12多功能传感器降低功耗。在软件设计上,着重介绍了轮胎采集模块和中央显示模块的设计。为进一步优化系统的显示方式,中央显示模块采用带触摸屏的LCD显示器作为人机交互接口。实际测试结果表明,该系统可实时监测每个轮胎内部的实际温度、压力和电压,确定故障轮胎并实时报警,有效避免爆胎事故的发生。另外,系统在安全性、低功耗以及可靠性方面具有一定的优势,这也符合智能车辆研究的发展趋势。