Removal of Mercury from Polluted Waters by the Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)

The uptake of mercury by water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) was studied in an outdoor experiment for 25 days at different metal concentrations. the removal of mercury from the water and uptake by plants was very effective during the first hours and decreased rapidly thereafter. the uptake of mercury was directly proportional to the initial concentration in the water. the highest concentrations were found in plant roots. According to the results, water hyacinth could be used for treatment of mercurial waste waters.     

Modelling the kinetics and equilibrium properties of cadmium biosorption by river green alga and water hyacinth weed

Cadmium biosorption properties of non-living, dried river green alga from a river source, and water hyacinth weed, Eichhornia crassipes from a lake in Zimbabwe have been investigated. The cadmium uptake was found to depend on initial pH, uptake being apparently minimal at low pH values and increasing with an increase in pH. Cadmium biosorption kinetics by both samples is fast, with 80% of total uptake occurring within 60?min. The effect of initial solution pH and initial cadmium concentration on cadmium biosorption from a cadmium solution has been studied. The data for algal biomass fitted the Langmuir monolayer adsorption isotherm, while the biosorption of the metal by water hyacinth weed fitted the Freundlich adsorption isotherm with 1/n values all less than 1. Maximum metal uptake capacities were recorded using 0.35?g of biomass and a 250?mg?L^?1 cadmium solution at pH 6.5 and at 25°C and these were about 85 and 50?mg?L^?1 for water hyacinth weed and green alga, respectively, showing that water hyacinth weed offered a greater potential for cadmium uptake. The absorption was described by pseudo-second order rate model and the rate constant and equilibrium sorption capacity are reported.     

不同盖度凤眼莲对2种水流模式下水体净化效果比较

研究凤眼莲（Eichhornia crassipes）盖度对不同水流模式下的净化效果,分别对生长有凤眼莲的流动和静止水体进行长期监测,结果表明：流动水体中,随凤眼莲盖度增加,水体TN、TP、BOD5去除率均有提高,其中以盖度〉80%最为显著,去除率分别为44.35%、45.46%、56.98%。静止水体中,随凤眼莲盖度增加,水体DO显著降低;凤眼莲对TN、NH4＋-N、NO3-N、NO2-N有显著吸收作用,尤其以盖度〈50%时效果较好,较对照水体分别低出36.60%、88.84%、36.74%、79.39%,远高于其他盖度时期;当盖度〉50%时,虽有一定的吸收作用,但吸收率较低;有凤眼莲水体TP含量显著上升,而PO43--P含量有所降低,尤其当盖度低于95%时,凤眼莲对水体PO43-P吸收显著,一旦盖度达100%,凤眼莲对PO43--P吸收作用减弱。故利用凤眼莲对污染水体进行生态修复时,要区别水体性质,控制其盖度。     

3种水生植物对锰污染水体修复作用的研究

通过静态水培试验,研究了3种水生植物水葫芦（Eichhornia crassipes（Mart.）Solms）、水浮莲（Pistia stratiotes L.）、水花生（Atlernanthera philoxeroides）在55、155mg L-1锰（Mn）质量浓度下的生物量、Mn质量分数、富集系数、转运系数,以及对2种Mn质量浓度水体的修复作用。结果表明,水浮莲的鲜质量、干质量、相对生长率、Mn质量分数、富集系数随着取样时间的延长而显著增加（P〈0.05）。2种Mn质量浓度下,水葫芦与水浮莲的鲜质量与相对生长率显著高于水花生。植物茎叶的Mn质量分数依次为水浮莲〉水葫芦〉水花生（P〈0.05）,其中155mg L-1Mn处理水浮莲与水葫芦茎叶Mn质量分数均高于10000mg kg-1,分别为12431.05mg kg-1、11238.28mg kg-1。3种植物茎叶、根的富集指数均显著大于1,且茎叶的富集系数依次为水浮莲〉水葫芦〉水花生（P〈0.05）,根富集指数依次为水浮莲≈水葫芦〉水花生（P〈0.05）。在10,21d这2个取样时期,水浮莲的转运系数要高于其它植物,其中在155mg L-1处理下,水浮莲的转运系数要高于1,分别为1.04、1.01。种植3种水生植物后,2种Mn处理水体的Mn质量浓度随着取样时间的延长而降低。水葫芦、水浮莲、水花生收获时,55mg L-1Mn处理的水体Mn质量浓度分别降低了31.84%、31.44%、18.47%;155mg L-1Mn处理则降低了12.02%、18.53%、7.57%。可见,水浮莲符合超积累植物对Mn质量分数、富集系数、转运系数的要求,其在Mn污染水体修复方面有很好的应用前景。     

Assessment of heavy metals in water,sediment, Anabas testudineus and Eichhornia crassipes in a former mining pond in Perak,Malaysia

The concentrations of Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn and Zn were analysed in water, sediment, muscle of climbing perch fish (Anabas testudineus), and tissue of water hyacinth plants (Eichhornia crassipes) collected from a former tin-mining pond in Perak, Malaysia. The monitoring was performed during the minimum and maximum rainfall periods. The concentrations of As, Cr, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn in water exceeded the permissible limits set by the Interim National Water Quality Standards for Malaysia (INWQS). The risk index (RI) values determined for As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn in sediment presented a low degree of ecological risk. The order of the top three heavy metals measured in fish muscle was Zn?>?Fe?>?Al. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of As and Cr exceeded the allowable limits in both rainfall periods. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) and translocation factor (TF) values of Zn in water hyacinth were 24.865 and 3.214, respectively. The concentrations of Cu and Zn in the plant tissue were significantly correlated (p?<?.05) with the concentrations of heavy metals in water. Overall, climbing perch and water hyacinth are excellent bioindicators of environmental impacts on water bodies.     

论凤眼莲的是非功过

凤眼莲在城市河湖的污染与净化中的是非功过争议很大,双方意见均有部分正确,但各有片面性。凤眼莲耐污能力、净化能力强;生产力高,生产量大;从环境中吸收、转化的污染物种类多、量大;本身有一定的利用和经济价值.它本是水体中营养盐、有机质等污染物的迁移转化和输出链网中一个重要环节。目前一些地方水体中凤眼莲因未及时收获、输出水体,失控而过度发展、排斥其他多种生物的生存和发展,而成为外来入侵种,其残体留存水体中造成二次污染。决定它功过是非的关键是能否及时从其生长水体中收获和输出,防止他们疯长蔓延。而合理利用凤眼莲是促进它们的收获与输出一项条件.如能抓住这一关键,就可解决这一争论.发挥凤眼莲净化水体,变废为宝,化害为利.兼收生态环境和经济效益。     

Role of water hyacinth in the health of a tropical urban lake

The paper assesses health of the tropical urban Robertson Lake, Jabalpur which receives domestic sewage from neighboring human inhabitation and is infested with water hyacinth. Peak density of this macrophyte was 12.5 t dw ha(-1). The water-column was anaerobic (0.6 to 1.9 mg O2 L(-1)), neutral in pH, and enriched with inorganic carbon (23.5 to 37.1 mg L(-1)), NH4-N (0.48 to 2.96 mg L(-1)), and organic nitrogen and phosphorus. Density of heterotrophic bacteria was high (6.8 to 15x10(5) cfu ml(-1)) along with that of total coliforms and fecal bacteria. Species diversity of phytoplankton and submerged macrophytes was very low. Growing stands of water hyacinth could store up to 613 g C m(-2), 23.5 g N m(-2) and 5.5 g P m(-2) and released them during decomposition. The release of nutrients was 3-4 times faster than the uptake. Water hyacinth stabilized water quality and provided substantial support to bacterial density, which in turn contributed significantly to its growth and nutrient dynamics. Turnover of water hyacinth was only 70-80%, adding approximately 175 t humus in the lake. The results denote poor health of the lake, characterized by low species diversity, fast shallowing, dominance of detritus food--webs, and the water unsuitable for human consumption.     

High Cu removal from water using water hyacinth fixed on alginate

The occurrence of toxic metals in waters is a major health issue. Polluted waters can be cleaned by biosorption, which uses organisms such as algae, bacteria, fungi and plants that adsorb metals. In particular, water hyacinth—Eichhornia crassipes—is a promising biosorbent. Here we tested novel alginate-immobilised water hyacinth beads for the removal of Cu from aqueous solutions. Results show that successful service and regeneration continuous cycles were performed using a packed-bed, flow-through column of fixed internal diameter 1.2 cm, at room temperature and pH 5.1, with variation in initial metal concentration, bed depth and flow rate. The eluant used was 1 % w/v CaCl₂ acidified at pH 3. A concentration factor of 12 and elution efficiency up to 98 % were observed in five service and regeneration cycles performed. The equilibrium adsorption capacity of Cu remained almost constant at about 29 mg/g. To conclude, we show for the first time that alginate-immobilised water hyacinth beads can uptake and adsorb Cu very efficiently in a continuous-flow mode, hence highlighting their great potential for removal of toxic metals from aquatic environments.     

从上海市凤眼莲的生活史特征与繁殖策略探讨其控制对策

凤眼莲是上海地区水体中危害最严重的外来人侵种之一。通过对上海地区凤眼莲种群的连续监测，探究其生活史特征及其繁殖策略，结果表明，1）每年3～5月为凤眼莲的萌芽阶段，7月下旬为凤眼莲爆发起始时期，8～12月为凤眼莲爆发的高峰期，12月下旬凤眼莲开始枯萎死亡。但其腋芽能够存活越冬，是来年凤眼莲爆发的种源。2）上海地区凤眼莲主要以无性繁殖为主。导致该结果的内因是凤眼莲具有高的克隆生长潜力，外因是上海市水体富营养化严重。3）河道内其它水生植物的广泛分布是凤眼莲固着生长的主要机制，这些植物主要为：喜旱莲子草、菰、芦苇、牛筋草和千金子等。有鉴于此，根据上海市凤眼莲的生活史特征和繁殖策略，提出其综合防治对策为：1）最佳的打捞时期为12月至翌年6月，以去处种源为目标；2）清理河道内及堤岸上的水生杂草；3）开展生物防治的研究；4）加强与周边省份的协调合作。     

Uptake and incorporation of mercury into mercury-binding proteins of gills of Mytilus edulis as a function of time

Individuals of Mytilus edulis (collected from Sequim Bay, Washington, in April and August, 1980) were exposed to 5 g l^-1 mercury as HgCl₂ for 28 d. Gill mercury accumulation, mercury incorporation into the soluble fraction and low molecular weight, mercury-binding proteins of gills, and induction of these mercury-binding proteins were determined as a function of time. Short-term mercury uptake rates of excised gills were also determined for mussels sampled at intervals during exposure. Gill mercury accumulation occurred in three phases, represented by net uptake phases initially (up to Day 4) and toward the end of the exposure (Days 15 to 28), and an intermediate stable phase (Days 4 to 15). The stable phase was associated with induction of the predominant mercury-binding proteins and mercury incorporation into the proteins. After Day 15, the mercury-binding proteins were saturated and spillover of mercury into high molecular weight proteins had occurred. This was associated with saturation of the soluble fraction, increases of mercury on particulate fractions, and a loss of the ability of gills to maintain stable mercury concentrations. Mercury uptake rates of gills were not affected by the 28 d exposure of the whole organism.     

Accumulation and depuration of mercury in the American oyster Crassostrea virginica

To study the kinetics of mercury uptake in oysters, adult Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin) were held in seawater containing 10 g mercury/l (ppb) or 100 g mercury/l (ppb), added in the form of mercuric acetate, for 60 days. Mercury concentration in tissues was determined by analysis of individually homogenized oyster meats, using wet digestion and flameless absorption spectrophotometry. After 45 days, average mercury tissue concentration was 140,000 g mercury/kg tissue (ppb) and 28,000 g mercury/kg tissue (ppb) in the 100 ppb and 10 ppb experimental groups, respectively. After this time, concentrations dropped sharply, probably due to spawning. Clearance of mercury from tissue was studied by exposing treated adults to estuarine water (with no additions) for 30 days (100 ppb group) and 160 days (10 ppb group). Tissue concentrations in the 100 ppb mercury environment group declined from 115,000 to 65,000 ppb, and those of the 10 ppb group declined from 18,000 to 15,000 ppb, in 18 days; there-after, no further decline occurred in either group. Oysters accumulated mercury 1,400 times and 2,800 times above the environmental concentrations of 100 and 10 ppb mercury, respectively. Total self-purification was not achieved over a 6 month cleansing period.     

Application of various mathematical models to data from the uptake of methyl mercury in bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus)

Evaluated and compared are the results of various mathematical models to data from the uptake of methyl mercury in bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus). Data were obtained from the direct uptake of methyl mercury from water in bluegill at 9°C and at a CH₃HgCl concentration of 0.2 ppb. The models considered are: (1) linear uptake relationship; (2) first-order kinetics, one-compartment or single-exponential model; (3) combination of first-order kinetics and the linear uptake relationship, designated as slope-exponential model; (4) two-compartment or double-exponential model; (5) three-compartment model, including a storage compartment for the build up of contaminant, designated as storage model; (6) three-compartment model, allowing two routes of elimination, designated the “Y” model; (7) an empirical uptake relationship having the form of a rectangular hyperbola.A comparison of the nonlinear models showed that the empirical model had fewer convergence problems in obtaining parameter estimates and its parameter values had less variation. The best fit was made by the “Y” model, the empirical model gave one of the smaller values of the residual mean squares, and other nonlinear models had computational convergence difficulties. The lack of computational problems and the comparitively small residual mean squares resulted in the selection of and the preference for the empirical model for use in describing the individual and interactive effects of temperature and methyl mercury concentration on the direct uptake of methyl mercury from water by bluegill.     

Lead uptake by Eichhornia Crassipes

Factors influencing uptake of lead(II) by the water hyacinth (Eichhornia Crassipes), were examined. Two phases of uptake were observed for the concentration range investigated (0.01–1000 ppm). The initial, rapid uptake phase of about 4 hours is followed by a slower, near linear phase extending past 24 hours. Stirring the solution enhanced uptake, suggesting that lead removal is in part diffusion limited. In the range of 4–8, pH has little effect on uptake where as outside this range, uptake is reduced. Increased solution volume or rootmass results in more metal being removed by the plant. The presence of strong complexers blocks the initial rapid uptake phase as does the presence of Zn(II), Cd(II), Hg(II), and Fe(III). Strong complexers can also strip a portion of any lead already removed from solution by the plant.     

A model of mercury contamination in a woodland stream

A model for the accumulation of mercury in four compartments of woodland stream has been set up. The four components considered are sediments, detritus, invertebrates and fish. The model inputs are concentrations of dissolved monomethyl mercury and dissolved inorganic mercury (Hg²⁺) in the water. The model predicts that some reevaluation of current safe mercury concentrations in water may be needed in order to keep mercury concentrations in fish below current actions levels.     

从净化含银废水的水生植物残体中提取和回收白银

本文介绍了从凤眼莲等水生植物体中回收废水中白银的方法.第一种方法是将植物残体直接打捞、晒干、灰化、HNO_3浸取,氯化法沉淀直至火法冶炼(加入碳酸钠和硼砂)出银;第二种方法是将植物残体全部集中,晒干,最后由贵稀金属提炼厂专门处理.根据上述方法已成功地从净化含银废水的水生植物残体中提炼和回收白银561.7g.     

Effect of lime on speciation of heavy metals during composting of water hyacinth

Composting is attractive and inexpensive method for treatment and biomass disposal of water hyacinth. However, the major disadvantage of water hyacinth composting is the high content of heavy metals in the final compost. Addition of lime sludge significantly reduced most bioavailable fractions (exchangeable and carbonate) of heavy metals. Studies were carried on composting of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) with cattle manure and sawdust (6:3:1 ratio) and effects of addition of lime (1%, 2% and 3%) on heavy metal speciation were evaluated during 30 days of composting period. The Tessier sequential extraction method was employed to investigate the changes in speciation of heavy metals such as Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), Lead (Pb), Nickel (Ni), Cadmium (Cd) and Chromium (Cr) during water hyacinth composting. Effects of physicochemical parameters such as temperature, pH and organic matter on speciation of heavy metals were also studied during the process. Results showed that, the total metal content was increased during the composting process. The higher reduction in bioavailability factor (BF) of Cu, Fe, Ni, Cd and Cr was observed in lime 2 treatment about 62.1%, 64.4%, 71.9%, 62.1% and 58.9% respectively; however higher reduction in BF of Zn and Pb was observed in lime 1 treatment during the composting process. Reducible and oxidizable fractions of Ni, Pb and Cd were not observed during the process. Addition of lime was very effective for reduction of bioavailability of heavy metals during composting of water hyacinth with cattle manure and sawdust.     

农田施用水葫芦对水稻磷素吸收利用的影响

为促进农田流失养分的循环利用,2009、2010年以粳稻品种运2645为供试材料,设计农田施用水葫芦(将晒干水葫芦按4 500 kg hm-2农田施用)、不施用水葫芦处理和施氮(N)量为120 kg hm-2(LN)、240 kg hm-2(NN)处理,研究其对水稻不同生育时期磷(P)素含量、吸收、分配和利用效率的影响.结果表明:1)农田施用水葫芦后,水稻不同生育时期植株含P率显著提高,各生育时期P素吸收量显著提高;2)农田施用水葫芦对水稻不同生育时期P素在茎鞘、叶片和穗中分配比例均无显著影响;3)农田施用水葫芦后,除够苗期外,水稻不同生育时期P素干物质生产效率极显著降低,P素籽粒效率显著降低,但P素收获指数无显著变化;4)农田施用水葫芦后,水稻产量显著提高;5)增施N肥后,水稻不同生育时期的植株P素含量和吸收量多得到显著或极显著的增加,P素干物质生产效率和P素籽粒生产效率多明显下降;6)水葫芦×N处理对稻株P素吸收利用多无显著互作效应;农田施用水葫芦使水稻植株含P率、P素吸收量显著提高,使P素干物质生产效率和P素籽粒生产效率多显著降低.     

Metal levels in some benthic organisms of Haifa Bay,mediterranean (Israel)

Benthic organisms revealed enhanced uptake of mercury from polluted surface sediments (in the vicinity of a chlor‐alkali plant) which were enriched in mercury by up to 148 times relative to sediments from an unpolluted area. There is a strong correlation between the concentrations of mercury in the benthic organisms and sediments. No correlation was found between cadmium, lead, copper and zinc levels in the benthic fauna populations and the concentrations of these metals in the sediments. Ranges of concentrations (μg/g wet wt.) in the whole soft tissues varied: Hg, <0.005–3.31; Cd <0.018–1.99; Pb, <0.025–1.56; Cu, 0.242–28.8; and Zn, 9.75–310.2. The three gastropod molluscs show higher metal concentrations than do the bivalves.     

水分管理对重金属在水稻根区及在水稻中积累的影响

选取了酸性矿山废水污灌区重金属污染水稻土,通过盆栽试验,研究了不同水分管理条件（60%最大田间持水量,80%最大田间持水量,最大田间持水量,前期淹水＋抽穗扬花期烤田,全生育期淹水）下水稻根际土壤及其不同器官（稻根、茎叶和籽粒）中As、Cd、Cu和Zn的含量变化。结果表明：土壤水分含量对水稻根际土壤中As、Cu和Zn的含量影响不大。但显著影响水稻不同器官对这3种元素的吸收积累。随着土壤水分含量的增加,水稻根、茎叶和籽粒中As的含量都显著增加;Cu的含量则逐渐减少;水稻茎叶中Zn含量也逐渐减少,但水稻根和籽粒中Zn含量则变化不明显。抽穗扬花期拷田能显著降低As在水稻中的积累,显著增加水稻茎叶中Zn的积累;但不影响水稻各器官中Cu,以及水稻根和籽粒中Zn的含量。此外,虽然这3种重金属在土壤中含量均超标,但在水稻籽粒中含量只有Zn全部超标,而Cu则都不超标,因此,农作物的超标情况并不直接与土壤的重金属超标相联系。     

Microprofiles of oxygen in epiphyte communities on submerged macrophytes

Mussels (Mytilus edulis) transferred in net bags from clean to chronically mercury polluted water readily accumulated mercury during an exposure period of three months. Growth of the transplanted mussels had a diluting effect on the mercury concentration, but the absolute weight of mercury uptake increased throughout the entire period, though there was a tendency for decreased efficiency of the removal of mercury per liter of water filtered by the mussels. Mussels were also translocated from polluted to clean (laboratory) water to depurate mercury. The biological half-lives of mercury was 293 d for M. edulis from the chronically polluted area in contrast to only 53 d for mussels from a temporary massive mercury polluted area near a chemical deposit. In both cases about 75% of the total mercury in the mussels was inorganic, and it is suggested that both inorganic and organic mercury species were immobilized in mussels from the long-term mercury polluted area, whereas the immobilization capacity was exceeded in the short-term mercury exposed mussels near the chemical deposit. Very slow elimination of mercury was observed in the deposit-feeding bivalve Macoma balthica from the chronically polluted area, and about 6% of the total mercury was methyl-+phenyl-mercury. This is more than three times lower than found in M. edulis from the same collecting site. A pronounced difference in the mercury speciation (i.e., total mercury, total organic mercury, methyl-mercury and phenyl-mercury) in M. edulis from the two mercury polluted areas is thought to reflect the different character of the mercury pollution in the two areas.