我国城市生活垃圾的处理和发展趋势

城市生活垃圾给城市环境造成了严重污染，威胁了城市居民的生存环境和经济、社会的可持续发展。目前，国内采取的垃圾处理技术主要有卫生填埋、焚烧、堆肥等，热解技术由于具有资源回收率高、二次污染小、综合效益好等优点，越来越适合我国中小城市的垃圾处理。垃圾气化技术的研究成为当今世界的热点。此外，我国对垃圾衍生燃料的研究也刚刚起步。为促进城市持续、稳定的发展，提出了垃圾分类收集、分拣、综合利用垃圾处理技术的措施。     

秸秆成型燃料与垃圾衍生燃料混合燃烧研究

生物质成型燃料和垃圾衍生燃料均是20世纪后期兴起的新型能源利用技术。低碳、环保的燃烧特性和可再生属性使其具有巨大的发展潜力,成为21世纪替代化石燃料潮流中的优先选择之一。文章对生物质秸秆成型燃料和垃圾衍生燃料RDF-5的燃烧效率进行了研究,由工业焚烧试验得到的燃烧技术指标对比和经济、社会效益分析,得出生物质秸秆成型燃料和垃圾衍生燃料混合燃烧的燃烧效率高于垃圾衍生燃料单独燃烧效率的结论。     

我国农村生活垃圾处理技术探讨

介绍了卫生填埋法、焚烧法、堆肥法和综合利用等农村生活垃圾常规处理技术,以及蚯蚓堆肥法、太阳能—生物集成技术、高温高压湿解法、垃圾衍生燃料和气化熔融处理技术等几种农村生活垃圾处理新技术。在概述各种处理工艺的技术参素及优缺点的基础上,提出了农村生活垃圾处理技术路线,为社会主义新农村生活垃圾处理工艺的选择提供建议。     

垃圾焚烧发电厂协同处置填埋场陈腐垃圾的效果研究——以某垃圾焚烧发电厂为例

为研究在焚烧原生垃圾的焚烧发电厂协同处置填埋场陈腐垃圾的运行效果，以协同焚烧附近垃圾填埋场陈腐垃圾的某垃圾焚烧发电项目为例，对填埋场陈腐垃圾和该垃圾焚烧发电厂入厂原生垃圾的性质进行了比较，并以该厂其中一条焚烧炉生产线为试验研究对象开展陈腐垃圾掺烧试验。研究表明：入炉前按适当的掺烧比均匀混料并且在焚烧过程中优化对助燃风的控制，这样对焚烧系统运行效果几乎没影响。将库容饱和的垃圾填埋场陈腐垃圾送入垃圾焚烧发电厂与原生垃圾协同焚烧，可作为陈腐垃圾资源化处理的有效途径。     

医疗垃圾集中焚烧处理技术探讨

介绍了目前国内外医疗垃圾焚烧处理的现状,阐述了回转窑热解焚烧技术处理医疗垃圾的技术优势及工艺、设备。     

衍生燃料RDF-5技术

衍生燃料RDF-5技术,是一种将垃圾经系列处理程序制成燃料的技术。即将生活垃圾经破碎、分拣、干燥、添加助剂、挤压成型等处理过程,制成固体形态(圆柱条状)燃料。其特点:大小均匀、所含热值均匀(约为标煤热值的2/3,5000kcal/kg左右),易运输及储备在常温下可储存6～12个月不会腐败。RDF-5可以作为主要燃料单独燃烧,亦可根据锅炉工艺要求与煤、燃油混烧。衍生燃料RDF-5符合“清洁生产”的流程,又是循环经济的典型项目。其优越性可见比较表。日本电源开发公司1998年实施燃烧试验,试验结果:发电效率达到35%,比焚烧原生垃圾提高了130%,并大幅…     

分类收集对我国城市生活垃圾处理处置的影响探析

城市生活垃圾分类收集是实现生活垃圾高效资源化和无害化处理的必然途径。垃圾分类制度的正式实行,使城市生活垃圾收运模式得到了优化,节约了填埋场库容,降低了填埋场失稳风险和焚烧烟气中的重金属含量。我国于2019年在全国范围内实施生活垃圾分类制度,全面推进了城市生活垃圾分类收集工作。分类收集对我国城市生活垃圾处理处置所产生的影响引起了业界广泛关注。通过文献调研,总结和分析了我国城市生活垃圾分类收集的现状及分类收集对生活垃圾不同处理处置方式的影响研究现状及进展,以期为我国更好地规划和管理生活垃圾处理处置及相关研究提供参考。     

循环流化床垃圾焚烧综合利用成套技术与设备

由中国科学院中科集团北京中科通用能源环保有限责任公司开发、北京市环保产业协会推荐的循环流化床焚烧技术适用于大、中、小城市的生活垃圾焚烧处理和生活垃圾焚烧热能综合利用(发电、供热,或热电联产)。主要技术内容一、基本原理循环流化床焚烧技术,是利用循环流化床反应条件下气体与固体良好接触、反应得到强化的一种新型多种燃料焚烧技术。因此,即使对不易着火、热值很低的劣质燃料如煤矸石、生活垃圾等,也能使其稳定着火、完全燃尽。通过分级供风和向炉内添加石灰石,还可以大幅度降低NOx和SO2的排放。该技术还有结构紧凑、负荷调节…     

城市垃圾焚烧

分析了目前城市垃圾的处理现状,重点讲述了机械炉排焚烧炉和循环流化床焚烧技术。     

南方城市近郊农村生活垃圾现状调查与处理模式研究

随着生活水平的提高,农村生活垃圾的数量和种类正趋向于城市垃圾,基于农村人口居住地较为分散,经济发展水平也低于城市水平,农村生活垃圾的处理技术与模式是建设新农村的重要技术课题。本文在湖南省长沙县、安徽省巢湖市等地近郊农村生活垃圾调查的基础上,对可腐熟降解类生活垃圾的养分含量进行检测,并对农村生活垃圾的处理模式进行了探讨,通过分类处理模式可使农村生活垃圾在村级水平减量60%~70%。     

Environmental and economic aspects of production and utilization of RDF as alternative fuel in cement plants: A case study of Metro Vancouver Waste Management

Municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal and management is one of the most significant challenges faced by urban communities around the world. Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) over the years has utilized many sophisticated technologies and smart strategies. Municipalities worldwide have pursued numerous initiatives to reduce the environmental burden of the MSW treatment strategies. One of the most beneficial MSWM strategies is the thermal treatment or energy recovery to obtain cleaner renewable energy from waste. Among many waste-to-energy strategies, refuse-derived fuel (RDF) is a solid recovered fuel that can be used as a substitute for conventional fossil fuel. The scope of this study is to investigate the feasibility of RDF production with MSW generated in Metro Vancouver, for co-processing in two cement kilns in the region. This study investigates environmental impacts and benefits and economic costs and profits of RDF production. In addition, RDF utilization as an alternative fuel in cement kilns has been assessed. Cement manufacturing has been selected as one of the most environmentally challenged industries and as a potential destination for RDF to replace a portion of conventional fossil fuels with less energy-intensive fuel. A comprehensive environmental assessment is conducted using a life cycle assessment (LCA) approach. In addition, cost–benefit analysis (CBA) has been carried out to study the economic factors. This research confirmed that RDF production and use in cement kilns can be environmentally and economically viable solution for Metro Vancouver.     

Reject management from a Mechanical Biological Treatment plant in Bangkok, Thailand

The potential reuse of rejects from upstream and downstream process of Mechanical-Biological-Treatment (MBT) plant for the production refuse derived fuel (RDF) was investigated in the present study. Since, the rejects were characterized with the high calorific values of approximately 21 kJ/kg for upstream process and 29.5 kJ/kg for downstream process, both can be considered for RDF production. Further, heavy metal contents were also not exceeding the European standards for using it as RDF is additional benefit. But, RDF production from upstream process rejects showed maximum energy supply of 3.20 × 10⁶ MJ/d with less ash (11.8%), chlorine (0.6%) and sulfur (0.2%) contents than the downstream process rejects. Among the three potential RDF users surveyed, the cement industries showed positive interest to burn RDF in their cement kiln with the energy supply cost of <2.1 USD/GJ. Few technical, economical and safety barriers were also identified with the RDF end users and potential suggestions were discussed for thriving RDF market in Thailand.     

Life cycle assessment of clinker production using refuse‐derived fuel: A case study using refuse‐derived fuel from Tehran municipal solid waste

One of the techniques used to dispose of 4,000 tons per day (TPD) of non‐recyclable waste from Tehran is to burn it as an alternative fuel in cement kilns. This practice reduces emissions from landfills, prevents the loss of waste energy, and conserves fossil fuel resources. The aim of our study was to conduct a life cycle assessment (LCA) of clinker production in cement kilns using a combination of natural gas, mazut, a form of heavy, low‐quality fuel oil, and refuse‐derived fuel (RDF) from Tehran. We used SimaPro 7.1 software to perform an LCA of 1 kilogram (kg) of clinker produced using the following fuel combinations: the first scenario involved natural gas consumption alone, the second scenario involved a combination of natural gas and mazut, with the mazut providing 5% to 30% of the heating value needed to produce cement clinker in the kiln, and the third scenario involved a combination of natural gas and RDF (providing 5% to 30% of the heating needed in the kiln). The impact categories in the LCA of global warming, eutrophication, and acidification were assessed by the Center of Environmental Science of Leiden University (Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden—CML) CML 2000 method. The results indicated that the third scenario, involving natural gas and RDF, reduced acidification by 2.14–11.5% and global warming by 0–1.3% relative to the first scenario involving the use of only natural gas. In addition, we observed a 0.65–3.81% reduction in acidification and a 0.9–3.8% reduction in global warming under the third scenario compared with the second scenario (co‐firing of natural gas and mazut). The amount of nitrogen oxides (NO_X) emitted from the combustion of the Tehran RDF was greater than that was emitted when burning mazut. Therefore, reduction of nitrogen from the RDF composition is necessary. This study indicates that the use of Tehran RDF (with reduced nitrogen) in Tehran cement kilns does not increase cement kiln NO_X, sulfur dioxide (SO₂), and carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions; however, we need to conduct additional investigation into the chemical composition of the Tehran waste before using solid waste in place of fossil fuels.     

Energetic valorization of SRF in dedicated plants and cement kilns and guidelines for application in Greece and Cyprus

A debate is still open on issues of waste to energy methodologies aiming to answer to questions of particular relevance, such as whether the concept of SRF/RDF production can be applied directly to MSW through the Mechanical–Biological Treatment (MBT) process, when selective collection acts as a virtual pre-treatment of the same, or if the use of SRF/RDF as alternative fuel in cement kilns is the most sustainable solution. In this study, two scenarios were analyzed and compared: (a) the use of SRF in a new dedicated thermal plant for electricity production and (b) the use of SRF as an alternative fuel in an existing cement plant. The comparative assessment was based on principles of Sustainable Waste Management embracing technical and cost issues, environmental protection, industrial ecology and symbiosis. The application of SWOT analysis showed that the use of SRF in cement kilns is more sustainable compared to its use in a new dedicated plant for electricity production.     

Optimal planning of co-firing alternative fuels with coal in a power plant by grey nonlinear mixed integer programming model

Energy supply and use is of fundamental importance to society. Although the interactions between energy and environment were originally local in character, they have now widened to cover regional and global issues, such as acid rain and the greenhouse effect. It is for this reason that there is a need for covering the direct and indirect economic and environmental impacts of energy acquisition, transport, production and use. In this paper, particular attention is directed to ways of resolving conflict between economic and environmental goals by encouraging a power plant to consider co-firing biomass and refuse-derived fuel (RDF) with coal simultaneously. It aims at reducing the emission level of sulfur dioxide (SO(2)) in an uncertain environment, using the power plant in Michigan City, Indiana as an example. To assess the uncertainty by a comparative way both deterministic and grey nonlinear mixed integer programming (MIP) models were developed to minimize the net operating cost with respect to possible fuel combinations. It aims at generating the optimal portfolio of alternative fuels while maintaining the same electricity generation simultaneously. To ease the solution procedure stepwise relaxation algorithm was developed for solving the grey nonlinear MIP model. Breakeven alternative fuel value can be identified in the post-optimization stage for decision-making. Research findings show that the inclusion of RDF does not exhibit comparative advantage in terms of the net cost, albeit relatively lower air pollution impact. Yet it can be sustained by a charge system, subsidy program, or emission credit as the price of coal increases over time.     

垃圾分类收费推进我国城市垃圾分类收集的探讨

我国城市生活垃圾产生量逐渐增大，严重威胁人体健康及城市环境。分类收集是实现废弃物减量化、资源化、无害化的有效手段。我国城市生活垃圾分类收集状况不佳，大部分城市均为混合收集，给垃圾处理和城市环境带来了巨大压力。本文从国外发达国家城市生活垃圾分类收费促进生活垃圾分类收集的成功经验出发，提出几点推动我国垃圾分类的对策。     

我国城市生活垃圾处理行业2013年发展综述

综述了2012年我国城市生活垃圾处理行业的发展概况,以及2013年国家发布和实施的有关标准和政策;重点介绍了2013年国内新投入运行的生活垃圾焚烧发电厂和垃圾综合处理厂;归纳了2013年国内促进行业发展的部分重要事件;对城市生活垃圾处理行业的发展进行了展望.     

Bioethanol from waste: Life cycle estimation of the greenhouse gas saving potential

This paper considers two alternative feedstocks for bioethanol production, both derived from household waste—Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) and Biodegradable Municipal Waste (BMW). Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has been carried out to estimate the GHG emissions from bioethanol using these two feedstocks. An integrated waste management system has been considered, taking into account recycling of materials and production of bioethanol in a combined gasification/bio-catalytic process. For the functional unit defined as the ‘total amount of waste treated in the integrated waste management system’, the best option is to produce bioethanol from RDF—this saves up to 196 kg CO₂ equiv. per tonne of MSW, compared to the current waste management practice in the UK.However, if the functional unit is defined as ‘MJ of fuel equiv.’ and bioethanol is compared with petrol on an equivalent energy basis, the results show that bioethanol from RDF offers no saving of GHG emissions compared to petrol. For example, for a typical biogenic carbon content in RDF of around 60%, the life cycle GHG emissions from bioethanol are 87 g CO₂ equiv./MJ while for petrol they are 85 g CO₂ equiv./MJ. On the other hand, bioethanol from BMW offers a significant GHG saving potential over petrol. For a biogenic carbon content of 95%, the life cycle GHG emissions from bioethanol are 6.1 g CO₂ equiv./MJ which represents a saving of 92.5% compared to petrol. In comparison, bioethanol from UK wheat saves 28% of GHG while that from Brazilian sugar cane – the best performing bioethanol with respect to GHG emissions – saves 70%. If the biogenic carbon of the BMW feedstock exceeds 97%, the bioethanol system becomes a carbon sequester. For instance, if waste paper with the biogenic carbon content of almost 100% and a calorific value of 18 MJ/kg is converted into bioethanol, a saving of 107% compared to petrol could be achieved. Compared to paper recycling, converting waste paper into bioethanol saves 460 kg CO₂ equiv./t waste paper or eight times more than recycling.     

我国城市生活垃圾处理行业2011年发展综述

回顾了我国生活垃圾处理的发展概况,归纳了2011年国家发布和实施的有关标准和政策;介绍了2011年新批准申请CDM的填埋气体利用项目和生活垃圾焚烧发电项目、垃圾堆肥项目,以及新投入运行的生活垃圾焚烧发电厂等;对城市生活垃圾处理行业的发展进行了展望。