“复合失控型”化工灾害事故风险及处置对策

我国是世界第一化工大国,主要化工产品的生产能力位居世界前列。近年来,化工行业屡屡发生事故,已成为影响公共安全的突出矛盾和问题。特别是河北张家口"11·28"重大燃爆事故、江苏响水"3·21"特别重大爆炸事故、河南三门峡"7·19"义马气化厂重大爆炸事故等,都具有"初期即失控、多重灾情共存"的特点.     

谁为监管盲区负责

江苏响水天嘉宜化工有限公司"3·21"特别重大爆炸事故中暴露出管业务与管安全脱节的突出问题。而这也是中央32号文中明确要求解决的。从2016年底至今3年,各地在创新工作方式方法解决这一难题,但仍然面临诸多难题。     

比关闭化工园区更对症的是关闭安全麻痹思维

<正>江苏盐城4月4日召开市委常委会议指出,以壮士断腕的意志和决心,彻底关闭响水化工园区。盐城市的这一决定让响水化工园区内的很多企业都有点措手不及,也让公众有些吃惊。响水"3·21"特别重大爆炸事故炸出了响水化工园区安全生产环节存在的诸多问题,当地政府对园区进行     

煤矿监管监察对危化品安全管理的启示

正造成78人死亡、76人重伤,640人住院治疗,直接经济损失19.86亿元的江苏响水天嘉宜化工"3·21"特别重大爆炸事故从发生起至今已一年有余,该事故是在河北盛华化工"11·28"重大爆燃事故后发生的又一起危化品爆炸事故,而事故造成死亡人数的众多近年少有,仅次于天津港"8·12"特别重大火灾爆炸事故。接连发生的危化品事故足以引起各界的高度重视,     

把防控化解危险化学品安全风险作为大事来抓

<正>舆情11月11—17日,舆情呈现单波峰状况。14日《人民日报》刊发"李克强主持召开国务院常务会议听取江苏响水天嘉宜化工有限公司‘3·21’特别重大爆炸事故调查情况汇报和责任追究审查调查工作情况通报,部署对安全生产尤其是危险化学品生产管理等问题开展专项整治"文章,15日应急管理部发布"江苏响水天嘉宜化工有限公司‘3·21’特别重大爆炸事故调查报告公布",相关报道受到媒体和网民的高度关注,舆情热度迅速达到峰值,随后热度逐渐减弱。     

响水之后 亟需科学规范化工园区——访中国石化联合会化工园区工作委员会秘书长杨挺

江苏响水天嘉宜化工有限公司"3·21"特别重大爆炸事故的发生,对化工园区的发展产生了深远的影响。2月26日,中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅印发了《关于全面加强危险化学品安全生产工作的意见》(以下简称《意见》),其中对于化工园区的风险管控,提出了多项举措。     

响水事故公共卫生应急工作思考

江苏响水"3·21"特别重大爆炸事故发生后,江苏省卫生健康委员会第一时间启动突发公共事件卫生应急响应,江苏省疾病预防控制中心根据职责,迅速制定了疾病预防控制工作方案,全力以赴开展卫生防疫工作,最大程度减少了相关人员的健康危害,保障了人民群众身体健康和生命安全。     

中国安科院圆满完成《危险化学品安全法(草案送审稿)》起草工作

为深刻汲取青岛“11·22”东黄输油管道泄漏爆炸特别重大事故、天津港“8·12”特别重大火灾爆炸事故和江苏响水“3·21”特别重大爆炸事故等一系列危险化学品重特大事故教训,全面加强危险化学品安全生产工作,应急管理部政法司、危化监管司委托中国安全生产科学研究院危险化学品安全技术研究所研究起草了《中华人民共和国危险化学品安全法(征求意见稿)》,并于2020年10月2日在应急管理部网站上公布向社会公开征求意见。     

丽水全方位构建危化品安全生产保障体系

为深刻吸取江苏响水天嘉宜化工有限公司“3·21”特别重大爆炸事故教训,浙江省丽水市挖掘市内外资源,依靠先进管理方法,深化过程安全管控,落实企业安全主体责任,切实提升本质安全水平,全市危化品企业实现“零伤亡”和“零泄漏爆炸”事故。     

淮安加强安全与环保联合监管

国务院事故调查组在江苏响水“3·21”特別重大爆炸事故调查报告中,提出事故防范措施要求:“应急管理和生态环境部门要建立监管协作和联合执法工作机制,密切协调配合,实现信息及时、充分、有效共享,形成工作合力,共同做好危险化学品安全监管各项工作。”     

Tractor rollover fatalities,analyzing accident scenario

IntroductionIn many countries, traditional data sources for collecting injuries of workers covered by compulsory accident insurance have recently been integrated by new observatories whose results may differ. A comparative analysis of the Italian data collection systems related to fatal tractor accidents in agriculture was performed focusing on tractor rollover fatalities with the aim of analyzing the accident scenario.MethodData from the Operational Archives of the Italian Workers Compensation Authority (INAIL), which collects injuries of workers covered by compulsory accident insurance and those of the National Surveillance System (INAIL_ASL), which provides narrative text reports of work-related fatal accidents have been analyzed and compared to the information collected by the INAIL Observatory. The INAL Observatory was recently set up to complement the collection of fatal accidents involving agricultural machinery. Italian data were then compared to data available at an international level. Fatal tractor accidents vary considerably with respect to fatal accidents in agriculture, being 10.6 and 43.7% for the Operational Archives and Surveillance System, respectively. National Surveillance System records, implemented with narrative texts allowed the accident scenario to be defined.Results71.7% of fatal tractor-related accidents refer to non-ROPS equipped vehicles and of these, 26.5% involved machines originally mounted with a ROPS that had been removed or was inoperative in the folded-down position during the rollover event. Just one fatal event from a collapsed ROPS on the overturned tractor was recorded. It is interesting that 16.6% of fatal accidents involved a clear environmental factor.Practical applicationA campaign to train tractor drivers on the correct use of the combination ROPS and seatbelt can contribute to decreasing rollover events with fatal outcomes. Contemporarily a strict requirement to install ROPS and a seatbelt on tractors, combined to an official inspection at the farm level, can increase the chance of survival in a rollover accident.     

Quantifying Vision Zero: Crash avoidance in rural and motorway accident scenarios by combination of ACC,AEB, and LKS projected to German accident occurrence

Abstract

Objective: The Vision Zero initiative pursues the goal of eliminating all traffic fatalities and severe injuries. Today’s advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) are an important part of the strategy toward Vision Zero. In Germany in 2018 more than 26,000 people were killed or severely injured by traffic accidents on motorways and rural roads due to road accidents. Focusing on collision avoidance, a simulative evaluation can be the key to estimating the performance of state-of-the-art ADAS and identifying resulting potentials for system improvements and future systems.

This project deals with the effectiveness assessment of a combination of ADAS for longitudinal and lateral intervention based on German accident data. Considered systems are adaptive cruise control (ACC), autonomous emergency braking (AEB), and lane keeping support (LKS).

Methods: As an approach for benefit estimation of ADAS, the method of prospective effectiveness assessment is applied. Using the software rateEFFECT, a closed-loop simulation is performed on accident scenario data from the German In-Depth Accident Study (GIDAS) precrash matrix (PCM). To enable projection of results, the simulative assessment is amended with detailed single case studies of all treated cases without PCM data.

Results: Three categories among today’s accidents on German rural roads and motorways are reported in this study: Green, grey, and white spots.

Green spots identify accidents that can be avoided by state-of-the-art ADAS ACC, AEB, and LKS. Grey spots contain scenarios that require minor system modifications, such as reducing the activation speed or increasing the steering torque. Scenarios in the white category cannot be addressed by state-of-the-art ADAS. Thus, which situations demand future systems are shown. The proportions of green, grey, and white spots are determined related to the considered data set and projected to the entire GIDAS.

Conclusions: This article describes a systematic approach for assessing the effectiveness of ADAS using GIDAS PCM data to be able to project results to Germany. The closed-loop simulation run in rateEFFECT covers ACC, AEB, and LKS as well as relevant sensors for environment recognition and actuators for longitudinal and lateral vehicle control.

Identification of green spots evaluates safety benefits of state-of-the-art level 0–2 functions as a baseline for further system improvements to address grey spots. Knowing which accidents could be avoided by standard ADAS helps focus the evolution of future driving functions on white spots and thus aim for Vision Zero.     

故障树分析法在高炉炉前灼伤事故中的应用

应用故障树分析法能系统地分析高炉炉前灼伤的原因，在故障村图上，因果关系明确，并能找出事故发生的主要原因，从而制定措施，以有效地预防事故的发生。     

海氏事故致因论的建筑事故例证与分析

海因里希于1931年在其<工业事故预防-管理手段>*一书中,首次提出了他的事故致因理论,其内容为"事故是由类似于多米诺骨牌一样的因果链所引起的".这个因果链为"人成长的社会环境或遗传因素(第一块骨牌)形成了他本身的某方面的缺欠(第二块骨牌),这个缺欠导致工作时他有不安全行为的和物(如机械设备等)的某方面的不安全状态发生(第三块骨牌),人的不安全行为和物的不安全状态导致事故(第四块骨牌)的发生,事故再最终导致人员发生伤害(第五块骨牌)."     

Development of a new chemical process-industry accident database to assist in past accident analysis

Past accident analysis (PAA) is one of the most potent and oft-used exercises for gaining insights into the reasons why accidents occur in chemical process industry (CPI) and the damage they cause. PAA provides invaluable ‘wisdom of hindsight’ with which strategies to prevent accidents or cushion the impact of inevitable accidents can be developed.A number of databases maintain record of past accidents in CPI. The most comprehensive of the existing databases include Major Hazard Incident Data Service (MHIDAS), Major Accident Reporting System (MARS), and Failure and Accidents Technical Information Systems (FACTS). But each of these databases have some limitations. For example MHIDAS can be accessed only after paying a substantial fee. Moreover, as detailed in the paper, it is not infallible and has some inaccuracies. Other databases, besides having similar problems, are seldom confined to accidents in chemical process industries but also cover accidents from other domains such as nuclear power plants, construction industry, and natural disasters. This makes them difficult to use for PAA relating to CPI. Operational injuries not related to loss of containment, are also often included. Moreover, the detailing of events doesn’t follow a consistent pattern or classification; a good deal of relevant information is either missing or is misclassified.The present work is an attempt to develop a comprehensive open-source database to assist PAA. To this end, information on about 8000 accidents, available in different open-source clearing houses has been brought into a new database named by us PUPAD (Pondicherry University Process-industry Accident Database). Multiple and overlapping accident records have been carefully eliminated and a search engine has been developed for retrieval of the records on the basis of appropriate classification. PUPAD doesn’t aim to replace or substitute the well established databases such as MHIDAS and MARS but, rather, aims to compliment them.     

FDA事故致因模型在海上船舶碰撞事故安全管理中的运用研究

FDA事故致因模型从安全信息视角出发,将海上船舶碰撞事故发生的宏观与微观因素系统地结合在一起,以管理科学和技术科学为依据,构建海上船舶碰撞FDA事故致因模型,从微观到宏观即个体船只、海运企业、海事局3个层面进行安全信息视域下的事故致因分析,通过逻辑推导定位最佳的安全管理方位。研究结果表明:FDA事故致因模型由3条事故子链及1条事故主链构成,能够从微观到宏观完整表达海上船舶碰撞事故发生过程及机理;破坏3条FDA事故子链或FDA事故主链的形成即可有效地预防海上船舶碰撞事故的发生,对促进海上船舶航行安全管理水平的提高具有重要的理论与现实意义。     

Major accident hazard in bioenergy production

Some recent accidents involving the bioenergy production and feedstock supply chain raised concern on the safety of such technologies. A survey of major accidents related to the production of bioenergy (intended as biomass, bioliquids/biofuels and biogas) was carried out, and a data repository was built, based on past accident reports available in the open literature and in specific databases. Data analysis shows that major accidents are increasing in recent years and their number is growing faster than bioenergy production. The results obtained represent an early warning concerning the major accident hazard of bioenergies, and suggest the importance of risk awareness and safety culture in bioenergy production, in the perspective of a safe and sustainable exploitation of renewable resources.     

What-You-Look-For-Is-What-You-Find – The consequences of underlying accident models in eight accident investigation manuals

Accident investigation manuals are influential documents on various levels in a safety management system, and it is therefore important to appraise them in the light of what we currently know – or assume – about the nature of accidents. Investigation manuals necessarily embody or represent an accident model, i.e., a set of assumptions about how accidents happen and what the important factors are. In this paper we examine three aspects of accident investigation as described in a number of investigation manuals. Firstly, we focus on accident models and in particular the assumptions about how different factors interact to cause – or prevent – accidents, i.e., the accident “mechanisms”. Secondly, we focus on the scope in the sense of the factors (or factor domains) that are considered in the models – for instance (hu)man, technology, and organization (MTO). Thirdly, we focus on the system of investigation or the activities that together constitute an accident investigation project/process. We found that the manuals all used complex linear models. The factors considered were in general (hu)man, technology, organization, and information. The causes found during an investigation reflect the assumptions of the accident model, following the ‘What-You-Look-For-Is-What-You-Find’ or WYLFIWYF principle. The identified causes typically became specific problems to be fixed during an implementation of solutions. This follows what can be called ‘What-You-Find-Is-What-You-Fix’ or WYFIWYF principle.     

Contrasting perceptual,attitudinal and dispositional approaches to accident involvement in the workplace

Three individual-based approaches to accident involvement in the workplace, perceptual, attitudinal and dispositional, were evaluated using meta-analytic techniques. The study showed that whilst none of the approaches offered evidence of a strong relationship with work accidents, employees’ safety perceptions emerged as having greater predictive validity than attitudes towards safety, but that one aspect of personality (agreeableness) had greater predictive validity than either safety perceptions or safety attitudes. The study also showed that there is the possibility that safety perceptions are much more predictive in some occupational settings compared to others. Implications of the results for further research are discussed.     

Risk homeostasis theory, utility and accident loss in a simulated driving task

The suggestion that utility is logically necessary for behavioural adjustments to be made in response to changes in intrinsic risk is fundamental to risk homeostasis theory (RHT). However, the methodology used to investigate RHT — analysis of road traffic accidents — is ill-suited to the investigation of this assertion. The role of utility and intrinsic risk as possible determinants of behavioural compensation were therefore examined experimentally across 14 specific behaviours using the Aston Driving Simulator. RHT predicts that these two factors act in a multiplicative way to form a statistical interaction. It also predicts that the behavioural pathways through which the effect manifests itself should be reconcilable with the concept of utility. Both predictions received little support in this experiment, suggesting that utility and intrinsic risk operate as independent factors: both factors produced significant main effects across a number of behaviours. This finding, if it can be generalised, implies that, contrary to mathematically-based models of danger compensation and the traditional model of risk homeostasis, utility is not logically necessary for behavioural compensation in response to a change in intrinsic risk.