火电厂烟流上升和扩散的试验研究

随着现代工业的发展,空气污染逐渐成为城市和大工业区周围需要解决的最重要问题之一.为减少污染,近些年来高烟囱不断出现,国外高度在400—500m以上的超高烟囱已经并不罕见.我国许多新建火电厂的烟囱高度亦已在100—200m以上.而且火电厂烟囱排出的还多是热烟流.加上我国幅员辽阔、地形复杂,许多火电厂高烟囱建于山区或丘陵起伏地区.这就提出了高烟囱、浮升烟流在复杂地形条件下的抬升和散布规律的研究     

关于高架源浮升烟流扩散参数的探讨

本文根据徐州电厂大气扩散试验,对用同步立体摄影资料计算扩散参数的分析方法与结果进行讨论,为寻求高架源浮升烟流扩散参数估算模式提供依据.     

上海市高烟囱浮升烟流抬升的研究

一、概述研究高烟囱浮升烟流在城市区域的抬升和散布规律,是空气污染气象学领域中的一个新课题,从学科发展和实用意义两方面均有十分重要的价值。关于烟流抬升高度△h的估算,国内外都做了不少工作。自1950年博赞克特(Basanguit)理论推导出第一个抬升公式以来,迄今至少已     

上海市某厂烟羽扩散参数研究

对高架源浮升烟流的抬升及大气扩散参数的研究是探讨污染物在大气中输送扩散所必不可少的依据。上海市下垫面的复杂性及其明显的城市热岛及海陆风效应,严重影响着市区上空大气的热力和动力湍流状况。因此,实测市区大气湍流扩散特征具有重要意义。我们用红宝石激光测烟雷达对市区某厂58米高的烟囱烟羽进行     

矿化垃圾固定床吸附过程和穿透曲线预测

以轴向扩散模型和恒定图式假设为基础,推导出了适用于预测固定床穿透曲线的积分模型.通过动态循环法对苯酚和对氯苯酚在矿化垃圾中的吸附行为进行了研究,采用Freundlich等温吸附方程描述穿透曲线,并得到了便于应用的代数模型.通过不同条件下固定床实验来确认模型,结果证实模型可以很好地描述穿透曲线.同时讨论了操作参数和矿化垃圾特性对穿透曲线的影响,结果表明,较低的进料浓度和进科流量以及内扩散和轴向扩散的影响都会造成实际穿透曲线与预测穿透曲线之间的偏差.     

颗粒活性炭对水中邻苯二甲酸二甲酯的吸附特性

研究了颗粒活性炭(GAC)对水中邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)的静态与动态吸附特性.结果表明,Freundlich和Langmuir等温线模型可以较好的拟合GAC对DMP的吸附.GAC对DMP的吸附容量较大,溶液初始浓度为200mg/L时,GAC对DMP的动态和最大静态吸附容量分别为484.60,450.89mg/g.考察了不同流速条件下(0.65～4.00mL/min)GAC吸附DMP的穿透特性,Yoon-Nelson模型能很好地拟合DMP在GAC柱中的穿透曲线,根据试验数据和Yoon-Nelson模型计算出穿透参数K′、T和穿透点t1以及平衡点t2.在建立了进水流量与Yoon-Nelson穿透模型的参数之间的关系基础上,得到了活性炭柱出水浓度与进水流量和穿透时间之间的动态关系模型.     

应用照相法估算高架点源的污染物浓度

烟流的扩散问题现一般采用高斯模式来描述,高斯烟流模式是在大量实测资料分析的基础上,应用统计理论得到的,提出了解决污染物在大气中扩散的实用模式。本文将利用对高架点源的烟流拍照获得一组烟流照片,把这一组烟流形状在计算机上叠加,可以得到一个采样时间内的烟流边界层,由流体力学理论导出烟流扩散的污染物浓度。 1、模式的建立浮射流高架点源排放的烟流,由于它的起始密度和周围环境大气的密度不等,受到浮力的作用,本文将烟流扩散     

应用照相法估算高架点源的污染物浓度

应用流体力学基本原理，导出了烟流扩散新模式，讨论了利用照相法估算烟流污染物浓度的方法及步骤，以高架点源烟流扩散为例，应用新模式结合照相法估算烟流污染物浓度，并与利用高斯模式计算的烟流污染物浓度进行比较，结果表明两者吻合较好．     

火电厂石灰石湿法烟气脱硫效率模型的研究

本文在对进口SO2浓度、烟气流量X2、液气比、吸收浆液pH、浆液浓度和烟气停留时间等6种主要火电厂石灰石湿法烟气脱硫影响因素进行综合分析并建立数学公式的基础上,结合火电厂运行数据建立烟气脱硫效率模型.基于该数学模型,以2组火电厂石灰石湿法烟气脱硫数据为实例进行了模型验证,表明该模型能够较准确的反映脱硫效率.     

饱和砂质土壤中不同流速条件下1, 2-二氯乙烷的运移及模拟

采用室内土柱试验方法,研究了孔隙水流速对1,2-二氯乙烷(1,2-DCA)在饱和砂质土壤中运移行为的影响.借助CXTFIT模型,通过示踪剂(KBr)穿透试验,获取了土柱内部条件参数,包括弥散系数D和孔隙水流速v,以及可动水和不可动水的分配比例.应用示踪剂试验获取的参数,分别使用平衡模型和非平衡两点模型对1,2-DCA在不同孔隙水流速下的穿透曲线进行了拟合.结果表明,平衡模型不能很好地模拟本文试验条件下1,2-DCA的运移,而非平衡两点模型拟合精度较高.试验条件下,流速对1,2-DCA运移影响显著.孔隙水流速较高时穿透时间较短,穿透曲线峰值更高.土壤对1,2-DCA的吸附作用是影响穿透特征的主要因素,高流速条件下,吸附作用的影响较小.     

A large-eddy simulation of a line source in a convective atmospheric boundary layer—II. Dynamics of a buoyant line source

We consider a large-eddy simulation of a buoyant line source in a convective boundary layer. The motion of the line source as a function of time is influenced by two contributions: internal buoyancy (plume rise) and ambient turbulence. The advantage of large-eddy modelling with respect to laboratory and atmospheric experiments is that the simulations allow us to distinguish between these two contributions. For the part due to internal buoyancy we formulate an integral model for plume rise. A new feature in this model is the fact that plume looping, which is characteristic for plume dispersion in a convective boundary layer, promotes entrainment and therefore reduces plume rise. The contribution by ambient turbulence to plume motion is modelled in terms of the standard deviation of vertical velocity fluctuations. The results of these models are consistent with our large-eddy simulations.     

A diffusion-deposition model of multiple sources for urban air pollution

In order to satisfy requirements of urban air pollution control projects in China, a multiple source model that can immediately calculate short-term, daily and long-term average concentration distributions for polydispersity aerosol and gas contaminations is proposed. Its core is a Gaussian plume diffusion-deposition model developed by the authors. The model system has incorporated reflective actions of the top of the mixing layer and underlying surface, processes of gravitational settling and dry deposition, as well as chemical decay of particles and gases. Also it has considered influences of plume penetration in the elevated inversion layer and wind shift as well as terrain.The model performance shows its accuracy and its simplicity. The model system is valuable in applications for urban air pollution control projects.     

第二代空气质量模式HPDM的分析改进

对第二代空气质量模式一混合烟气扩散模式ＨＰＤＭ进行了分析，通过与ＰＰＳＰ、ＡＭＳ、ＧＢ等模式的对比和工程验算，提出了ＨＰＤＭ在计算混合层高度和处理烟气穿透方面的缺陷，并提出了相应的改进方案。计算结果表明：改进以后的模式性能更加完善，其预测结果总体上与改进前相当，但在夜间不出现浓度值的大幅度跃变，在部分局部穿透情况下不出现极端高浓度。     

Wind tunnel measurements of line integrated concentration

Visibility through aerosol plumes is related to the integral of the aerosols concentrations along the line of vision. A novel method for measuring the mean and fluctuating values of such integrals in wind tunnel simulated plumes is presented together with measurements of Vertical Integrated Concentrations (VIC) in a neutrally buoyant plume generated by a ground-level source in a simulated, neutrally stratified atmospheric boundary layer. The data depict the similar structure of the intermittent VIC fluctuations. The relative fluctuations of VIC are shown to be close to the relative fluctuations of the ground-level concentration fluctuations.     

卡尔曼滤波方法在地下水污染源反演中的应用

采用卡尔曼滤波方法反演识别地下水污染源的个数和大概位置.借助一个假想算例,建立地下水系统水流和溶质运移模拟模型,利用灵敏度分析方法筛选出对模拟结果影响最大的参数作为随机变量,对该参数进行抽样,运用蒙特卡罗方法将抽样结果输入模拟模型,生成污染质浓度场.采用卡尔曼滤波方法构造迭代过程,逐个利用采样点处浓度的实测值不断更新综合浓度场.引入模糊集理论表示污染羽,对比综合污染羽和单个污染羽的模糊集来更新各潜在污染源的权重,根据潜在污染源权重大小和综合污染羽收敛形状判断真实污染源的个数和大概位置.算例结果表明：采用卡尔曼滤波方法可以成功反演识别出地下水污染中真实污染源的准确个数和大概位置;引入模糊集理论表示污染羽,通过对比综合污染羽和单个污染羽的模糊集,可以确定各潜在污染源的权重.     

高斯烟团模型在石化类项目大气环境风险评价中的应用

利用高斯烟团模式对某石化项目进行风险识别与分析,并对主要计算参数进行选取和设定,重点介绍了源强确定的思路,进而对项目中120万t/a延迟焦化装置的脱硫装置发生特大灾害性事故状态下的硫化氢泄漏进行模拟,最后确定安全距离为下方向250 m。介绍了高斯烟团模型适用性以及其解决问题的总体思路和步骤,对今后确定事故状态下装置的安全距离以及高斯烟团模型的应用有一定的参考价值。     

同流环境多圆孔热废水排放数值模拟

各种热电、核电厂排出的热污(废)水在直接进入环境流体之前,以多孔口浮射流的形式释放污水并确保污水在排污口快速混合非常重要。精确的了解和预测多孔浮射流的特性与混合状况有很重要的意义。针对同向流动环境中多圆形孔口热水排放的情况,采用雷诺应力模型进行数值模拟,得到了不同流速比和不同射流温度下的流场和温度场、浮射流的轨迹线、轴线上温度和速度的衰减规律,并且分析了不同孔间距、流速比和射流温度对流场中流速和温度的影响。     

An approximate model of atmospheric plumes produced by large area fires

We develop a simple analytical model to estimate the thickness of a smoke layer formed by a plume of a large area fire and to account for crosswinds. We take advantage of the dominant flow features in the upper part of the rising plume and in the smoke layer far from the plume to model the transition of a vertical flow to a horizontally spread thin smoke (or dust) layer. A one-dimensional approximation is used to model the buoyancy decay and plume overshoot. That solution is matched and combined with a solution based on the work required to establish our asymptotic horizontal smoke layer. The solution estimates the thickness of the spreading smoke layer in a quiescent atmosphere or in an ambient wind field.     

Water tank experiment of gas diffusion from a stack in stably and unstably stratified layers under calm conditions

Water tank experiments were conducted to investigate plume rrise and diffusion of gases discharged from a stack under calm conditions with stable and unstable thermal stratifications.First, tracer liquid with fluorescent dye and salt was emitted from a model of a stack in a stably stratified layer and the behavior of a plume was recorded by video camera. Using these results. we obtained formulae for plume rise height, and horizontal and vertical width of a plume as a function of thedensimetric Froude number, stability ratio and time.After the completion of these experiments under stable conditions, an unstably stratified layer was developed from a ground surface by heating a floor and the resulting concentration distribution was measured with electric conductivity probes. Using these results, we analyzed the height of the convection layer and concentration distribution as a function of the overall Richardson number and time.