FeⅡ(EDTA)络合协同RDB去除NO废气效能及过程分析

为进一步提高一氧化氮(NO)的去除效率,在新型生物转鼓反应器(rotating drum biofilter,RDB)中,以FeⅡ(EDTA)络合协同RDB生物转鼓的耦合技术强化难水溶性NO的气液传质速率,提高生物还原效能为目标进行了研究.结果表明,适量FeⅡ(EDTA)被添加到RDB底部营养液后,能迅速吸收气相中的NO并生成FeⅡ(EDTA)-NO络合物,进而可通过反硝化实现同步脱氮和络合剂再生.在转速0.5 r.min-1、空床停留时间(EBRT)57.7 s、温度30℃、pH 7～8的实验条件下,RDB的净化效能随络合剂的投加而显著改善;FeⅡ(EDTA)质量浓度从0增至500 mg.L-1后,NO去除率从61.1%提高到97.6%,去除负荷从16.2 g.(m3.h)-1上升到26.7 g.(m3.h)-1.分析了FeⅡ(EDTA)络合协同净化NO的反应过程,建立了NO净化效率与FeⅡ(EDTA)添加浓度的关联方程,可较好地拟合实验数据.     

生物滴滤塔反硝化净化NO 废气的启动

采用低浓度NO 废气作为气相氮源、硝酸钠作为液相氮源,在序批式活性污泥法反应器(SBR)中的NO 反硝化菌驯化成熟的基础上,研究了生物滴滤塔的启动过程.结果表明,在室温、NO 进气浓度(160mg/m³)、停留时间(EBRT)113s 的条件下,接种驯化成熟种污泥的生物滴滤塔在9d 内完成挂膜.硝酸盐是影响驯化过程中NO 净化效果和N2O 产生量的重要因素,添加适量硝酸盐有助于NO 反硝化菌的正常生长,提高NO 净化效率;但硝酸盐过多时会导致中间产物N₂O 的累积.在滴滤塔挂膜启动期间,循环液吸光度、填料层压力损失与NO 净化效率呈正相关性,可作为衡量生物滴滤塔挂膜启动完成的重要指标.     

生物滤床中一氧化氮的好氧去除过程研究

以美国Ultramet公司生产的Carbon-Foam为滤料,应用生物滤床处理NO模拟废气,研究了生物滤床在好氧条件下对NO的处理效果,并对NO去除过程的作用机理进行了探讨.研究结果表明,NO的去除效率随空床停留时间(EBRT)的增加而增加,在EBRT为6min、进口NO浓度为107.14mg.m-3时,NO去除效率为63%;随着进口浓度的提高,NO去除效率降低,而NO消除负荷增加.生物滤床中NO的去除过程由微生物硝化和化学氧化共同作用完成,其中以微生物硝化作用为主.化学氧化作用包括气相过程和液相过程2部分,当EBRT<4.6min时,液相中的化学氧化作用大于气相;当EBRT>4.6min时,气相中的化学氧化作用大于液相.当EBRT≤2min时,传质是NO去除过程的控制步骤,此时,微生物硝化作用和液相中的化学氧化作用均受传质过程控制.     

EDTA对生物转鼓的NO废气净化效率的影响

生物转鼓过滤器(Rotating Drum Biofilter,RDB)是一种能有效净化氮氧化物废气的新型生物反应器,但在之前的实验发现,由于NO在液相中的低溶解度降低了NO在RDB中的传质效果,从而影响其去除效率。改善气液传质速率是整个反硝化降解NO过程的关键步骤,实验用CuⅡ(EDTA)、ZnⅡ(EDTA)、MgⅡ(EDTA)和FeⅡ(EDTA)等络合剂添加到营养液中,利用NO能与络合剂结合的原理,使得NO能快速溶于液相,从而使NO去除效率由原来平均85%提高到98%。     

多层填料生物转鼓去除NO废气的效能比较研究

生物转鼓过滤器能有效去除一氧化氮(NO)废气,为进一步提高生物转鼓过滤器的去除效能,实验改变了生物转鼓的填料结构,并与单层填料的生物转鼓进行了比较研究.结果表明,多层填料生物转鼓比单层填料生物转鼓更能有效去除NO,运行也更加稳定.8个月的连续运行实验表明,多层填料生物转鼓对NO去除率稳定在53.9％ ～93.4％之间,平均去除效率79.8％,而单层填料生物转鼓的平均去除率仅有68.7％;在相同实验条件下,空床停留时间(EBRT)可从单层填料生物转鼓的86.4 s降至多层填料生物转鼓的57.6 s.多层填料生物转鼓的最优工艺条件为,营养液量为1.3～3L,转速为0.75 r·min-1,在以葡萄糖为碳源时,TOC＞ 1250 mg·L-1后,去除效率增长幅度趋于平缓.     

生物滴滤床对H_2S废气的去除效率研究

本试验采用生物滴滤床(BTF)工艺净化制药厂污水站H2S废气。装置采用实验室分离纯化的菌种经现场培养扩增后所得的高浓度混合菌菌液,在8d内迅速完成启动;试验过程H2S气量为11.3m3/h,平均浓度为385.6mg/m3,平均空床停留时间(EBRT)为13.5s,H2S的平均去除效率96%,且去除率稳定。随着污染物在BTF内EBRT的减少,去除率逐渐减小;H2S去除负荷极限ECmax为209.6g/(m3.h),且80%的去除负荷由填料床的下层承担;增加液体喷淋量有助于强化处理效果,但液膜厚度对净化效率有着负面影响,循环液中的SO42-累积浓度>28g/L时,去除率低于90%。试验结果表明,BTF系统运行稳定,适应性好,应用于工业废气处理是可行的。     

曝气生物滤池好氧反硝化脱氮的研究

采用某钢铁厂含氮废水,利用生物滤池工艺,研究了曝气生物滤池的挂膜、溶解氧、碳氮比对好氧反硝化脱氮的影响.结果表明,利用富含好氧反硝化菌的富集菌液进行挂膜,16 d基本完成挂膜,脱氮率90%.当溶解氧较低时(DO为1.5～4.2mg/L),随着溶解氧的增大,反硝化效率提高,其中以DO为3.5 mg/L时的效果最好,脱氮率为95.4%.随着曝气量继续增加,脱氮率有所下降,当DO为8.0 mg/L时,脱氮率仍有44.8%.可推断系统中有好氧反硝化菌,存在以O2作为电子受体的好氧反硝化现象.随着碳氮比(COD/N)增大,反硝化效果提高.当COD/N为6～7时,基本能够满足反硝化所需碳源.此时脱氮率大于96%,亚硝态氮在整个反应过程中几乎没有积累,COD去除率在85%左右.     

生物转鼓过滤器反硝化去除NO过程中微生物群落结构多样性解析

采用PCR-DGGE技术分析了生物转鼓过滤器(RDB)反硝化去除NO过程中的微生物多样性.研究结果表明,RDB中存在16种优势菌,并且沿填料径向不同位置的DGGE图谱差异性不大,细菌群落结构具有较高相似性.通过DGGE图形比较和微生物群落生物多样性指数计算,发现在RDB内加入CuⅡ(EDTA)络合剂后,NO去除率上升,而微生物群落多样性先增加后又下降,但群落结构变化不显著.对DGGE图谱中8条主带进行回收、扩增、克隆和测序,结果显示RDB中微生物群落主要由Cytopahga-Flexibacteria-Bacteroides(CFB)group Bacteroides、β-Proteobacterium、γ-Proteobacterium和Clostridium sp.组成.反硝化功能与条带G-5(属于γ-Proteobacterium)和G-6、G-8(属于β-Proteobacterium)所代表的菌种相关,相似性≥98%.G-3序列与GenBank数据库中2个最相似序列的相似性只有93%和92%,表明这个条带所代表的微生物可能为新的未培养微生物.     

高温下生物滴滤塔脱除烟气NO_x的研究

NOx是燃烧烟气中典型有害污染物之一。利用前期已筛选出的具有高温好氧反硝化能力的菌株Chelatococcus daeguensis TAD1作为菌源,建立高温生物滴滤系统,在模拟烟气NO入口浓度535.7 mg/m~3、氧气浓度8%的条件下,考察了温度、反应器空床停留时间(EBRT)、填料高度、循环液NO_3~--N浓度对NO去除效率的影响。研究结果表明:系统温度控制在20~50℃时,NO去除率均保持在80%以上;随着EBRT的增加,NO去除率也逐渐上升;生物滴滤塔内不同填料高度NO的去除率均保持较高水平;循环液中NO_3~-的反硝化作用抑制了NO的脱除。     

复合催化膜生物反应器处理一氧化氮废气研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法以聚砜(PSF)中空纤维膜为载体制备了Fe-Ti O_2/PSF复合催化膜,以此构建新型复合催化膜生物反应器(HCMBR),实现膜催化与硝化反硝化耦合烟气脱硝,进一步提高NO去除能力.采用Fe-Ti O_2/PSF复合催化膜生物反应器(HCMBR)处理一氧化氮废气,实现了180 d长时间高效稳定运行,NO去除效率可达93.2%,去除能力可达167.1g·(m~3·h)~(-1).适宜运行条件为:气体停留时间9 s、自然光光照强度670 lx,p H为6.8~7.2,n C/n N=3.7.Fe-Ti O_2/PSF复合催化膜加入,复合催化膜生物反应器去除NO的效率比膜生物反应器提高了1.4%~13%,在Fe-Ti O_2/PSF复合催化膜附着稳定的生物膜后,复合催化膜生物反应器去除NO的效率比湿式膜催化反应器提高了59.5%~66%.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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