表面增强拉曼散射技术鉴别大肠杆菌和志贺氏菌的研究

以整个大肠杆菌和志贺氏菌为研究对象,通过和纳米银颗粒混合制片,利用表面增强拉曼效应检测并区分大肠杆菌和志贺氏菌.结果表明,未与纳米银颗粒混合的大肠杆菌和志贺氏菌没有明显的拉曼信号,而与纳米银颗粒混合后有明显的拉曼信号,二者有明显的区别,且重现性良好,可为鉴别大肠杆菌和志贺氏菌病原体研究及实际应用提供依据.     

Effect of filter-feeding fish silver carp on phytoplankton species and size distribution in surface water： A field study in water works

Silver carp were introduced into the pre-sedimentation pond to control excessive phytoplankton in raw water.The effectiveness of the filter-feeding silver carp on phytoplankton control and the effect of silver carp on phytoplankton community were investigated.The results showed that Microcystis could be effectively removed by silver carp stocked in the pre-sedimentation pond,and simultaneously,the concentration of single-cell phytoplankton increased obviously.The difference in phytoplankton species and singlecell phytoplankton size between in the water and in the gut of silver carp indicated that phytoplankton smaller than 5 μm,such as Chamydomonas and Platymonas,were almost not be filtered by silver carp,phytoplankton with the size between 5 and 20 μm could be partly filtered,and large size phytoplankton,mainly colony-forming Microcystis could be filtered almost completely.These filterfeeding characteristics directly caused the phytoplankton size distribution biased toward miniaturization.Therefore,this biological treatment using silver carp could be applied only to deal with groups of Microcystis-dominated eutrophic water,and was not appropriate in water bodies where single-cell micro phytoplankton were dominant.Especially when silver carp are used in water treatment,a cautious attitude should be taken based on the evaluation of phytoplankton biomass and species structure features in raw water.     

不同环境下微动开关腐蚀形貌及接触电阻变化对比分析研究

目的对比分析不同试验环境下微动开关的腐蚀行为,研究其腐蚀机理。方法针对干湿交替酸性盐雾试验环境、盐雾/SO2复合试验环境及热带海洋大气环境下微动开关接触电阻的变化趋势,以及对不同试验环境后微动开关内部被腐蚀的细小结构件进行微观形貌观察和能谱分析。通过对比分析不同试验环境下微动开关的腐蚀机理及其对电性能参数的影响。结果含硫环境对微动开关内部银质触点的影响最严重。结论腐蚀产物硫化银的导电性极差,这会导致微动开关接触电阻升高。     

Effects of silver nanoparticles with different dosing regimens and exposure media on artificial ecosystem

Due to the wide use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in various fields, it is crucial to explore the potential negative impacts on the aquatic environment of AgNPs entering into the environment in different ways. In this study, comparative experiments were conducted to investigate the toxicological impacts of polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated silver nanoparticles (PVP-AgNPs) with two kinds of dosing regimens, continuous and one-time pulsed dosing, in different exposure media (deionized water and XiangJiang River water). There were a number of quite different experimental results (including 100% mortality of zebrafish, decline in the activity of enzymes, and lowest number and length of adventitious roots) in the one-time pulsed dosing regimen at high PVP-AgNP concentration exposure (HOE) compared to the three other treatments. Meanwhile, we determined that the concentration of leached silver ions from PVP-AgNPs was too low to play a role in zebrafish death. Those results showed that HOE led to a range of dramatic ecosystem impacts which were more destructive than those of other treatments. Moreover, compared with the continuous dosing regimen, despite the fact that higher toxicity was observed for HOE, there was little difference in the removal of total silver from the aquatic environment for the different dosing regimens. No obvious differences in ecological impacts were observed between different water columns under low concentration exposure. Overall, this work highlighted the fact that the toxicity of AgNPs was impacted by different dosing regimens in different exposure media, which may be helpful for assessments of ecological impacts on aquatic environments.     

气单胞菌SH10吸附银离子机制的研究

以气单胞菌SH10为生物吸附材料,从静电吸附作用、离子交换作用、络合作用、沉淀作用几方面研究了SH10吸附Ag 过程可能存在的作用机制.结果表明,气单胞菌SH10吸附银离子依赖于静电吸附作用;吸附Ag 前后溶液中Na 、K 、Mg2 浓度的变化较小,说明吸附过程中离子交换不明显;SH10表面的羧基、氨基和脂类基团经化学屏蔽后,对Ag 的吸附量明显下降,结合红外光谱分析结果,确定酰胺基CO-NH为SH10与银离子发生络合作用的主要官能团;电镜扫描结果表明,SH10在吸附过程中可以和Ag 形成沉淀沉积在细胞表面.     

Radiographic film waste management in Thailand and cleaner technology for silver leaching

In Thailand, a large amount of radiographic film waste is generated in hospitals. Fixer and developer solutions removed approximately 35–45% of the sensitive silver compounds from the films, depending on the object exposed. Solutions are reused twice, while used films are kept for the records for more than 5–10 years. After that, these wastes are sold to dealers. More than 90% of the dealers are not officially registered. Wastes are delivered to in-house factories to recover silver either by electrolysis, acid leaching (HNO₃) or combustion process. Most waste processors are not really concerned with handling the wastes. Highly toxic chemicals are generally spilled and discharged into the environment. The cleaner technology concept of silver leaching from radiographic film was investigated using weak acids such as acetic, oxalic and malonic acids. The tests were carried out under low temperature conditions.An oxalic acid solution at 5% (w/v) provided the best leaching condition at 100 °C for 20 min. This achieved 100% silver leaching from the films. The obtained silver was in its metal form and ready for ingot production. Following this, a fact sheet on the waste management of radiographic film waste was created to reduce the risks of spills and leakages of hazardous silver into the environment.     

Intracellular biosynthesis of Au and Ag nanoparticles using ethanolic extract of Brassica oleracea L. and studies on their physicochemical and biological properties

In this present study, we reported broccoli (Brassica oleracea L.) as a potential candidate for the synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles (NPs) in green chemistry method. The synthesized metal nanoparticles are evaluated their antimicrobial efficacy against different human pathogenic organisms. The physico-chemical properties of gold nanoparticles were analyzed using different analytical techniques such as a UV–Vis spectrophotometer, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and a Fourier Transform Infrared spectrophotometer. In addition, gold and silver NP antimicrobial efficacy was checked by disc diffusion assay. UV–Vis color intensity of the nanoparticles was shown at 540 and 450 nm for gold and silver nanoparticles respectively. Higher magnification of the Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy image shows the variable morphology of the gold nanoparticles such as spherical, rod and triangular shapes and silver nanoparticles were seen in spherical shapes. The average spherical size of the particles was observed in 24–38 nm for gold and 30–45 nm for silver NPs. X-ray diffraction pattern confirmed the presence of gold nanoparticles and silver nanoparticles which were crystalline in nature. Additionally, the functional metabolites were identified by the Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy. IR spectra revealed phenols, alcohols, aldehydes (sugar moieties), vitamins and proteins are present in the broccoli extract which are accountable to synthesize the nanoparticles. The synthesized gold and silver NPs inhibited the growth of the tested bacterial and fungal pathogens at the concentration of 50 μg/mL respectively. In addition, broccoli mediated gold and silver nanoparticles have shown potent antimicrobial activity against human pathogens.     

鲴对食微囊藻鲢鳙排泄物及藻活性的作用研究

开展室内模拟实验,研究鲢、鳙和鲴不同混养系统中排泄物的量及微囊藻活性的变化.实验设置鲢鳙组合,鲢鳙鲴组合以及对照组,其中鲢鳙生物量放养比例为3：1,鲢鳙鲴组合中生物量放养比例为3：1：1,实验周期14d.结果显示,鲢鳙组和鲢鳙鲴组均能降低微囊藻密度,两组无显著差异（P>0.05）,但是均极显著小于对照组（P<0.01）.混养鲴鱼可以降低排泄物的量及微囊藻的被消化率,鲢鳙鲴组排泄物的量在第4d开始下降,实验结束时是鲢鳙组的16.08%.鲢鳙鲴组微囊藻的被消化率,第5d后快速增长,至实验结束达到85.9%,极显著高于鲢鳙组（P<0.01）.鲢鳙组和鲢鳙鲴组排泄物中的氨基酸和总氮含量相比未被摄食微囊藻减少率分别为33.17%、53.62%和34.97%、54.27%.鲢鳙鲴组和鲢鳙组排泄物光能活性（Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、Yeld、qP及NPQ表示）和生长活性差异（EPS、Chla表示）较大,鲢鳙组微囊藻叶绿素荧光参数（除NPQ外）值经过短暂的下降后开始增长,而鲢鳙鲴组Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、Yeld及qP在培养过程中下降显著,且至第5d后叶绿素荧光参数（除NPQ外）均极显著低于鲢鳙组（P<0.01）.鲢鳙鲴组NPQ呈上升的趋势,且第7d后极显著高于鲢鳙组（P<0.01）.在排泄物培养期间,鲢鳙鲴组排泄物中微囊藻的胞外多糖（EPS）含量、叶绿素a（Chl a）浓度不断下降,至实验结束极显著低于鲢鳙组（P<0.01）.结果表明,在鲢鳙控藻的基础上,混养鲴鱼可以减少鲢鳙摄食微囊藻后的排泄物,同时降低排泄物中微囊藻活性,减少了因鲢鳙排泄物引起的水环境污染和生态影响.     

银的变色及抗变色研究

讨论了大气中各种腐蚀性气体对银变色的影响,以及变色膜中各种腐蚀产物的成分及状态,以硫化氢气体和硫化银为主要对象进行阐述,侧重介绍了最近30年的研究结果.总结了近年来各种银的抗变色的方法.     

含银废料中银的化学法回收的研究

介绍了一种简便实用的含银废料中银回收的化学方法，本法具有工艺简便操作安全、技术条件易控制、污染小、适用性广和经济效益显著等优点。     

钒酸银改性二氧化钛制备及其可见光光催化性能研究

通过水热法将钒酸银掺杂负载到二氧化钛上,制备了一种新型改性二氧化钛复合光催化剂.利用扫描电镜、透射电镜、X射线衍射、X射线光电子能谱和紫外-可见光漫反射技术对催化剂进行了表征,以亚甲基蓝为目标降解物,考察了该催化剂在可见光下的光催化活性、稳定性等,探讨分析了反应机理.结果表明,可见光下该催化剂降解亚甲基蓝的反应过程符合一级反应动力学,其降解速率常数为0.009min-1,是二氧化钛P25的3倍,且3次回收利用后降解率仅下降4.8%,仍具有较高活性.钒酸银与二氧化钛形成耦合异质结,在可见光照射下,光生电子由钒酸银导带传到二氧化钛导带上,空穴则聚集在钒酸银价带上,产生的h+、·OH等是降解亚甲基蓝的主要物质,电子与受体的结合是反应的限速步骤.     

载银活性碳纤维对大肠杆菌吸附作用的研究

以大肠杆菌（Ｅｓｃｈｅｒｉｃｈｉａｃｏｌｉ）为对象，通过细菌吸附实验研究了载银活性碳纤维（ＡＣＦ（Ａｇ））对大肠杆菌的吸附特性．借助扫描电子显微镜（ＳＥＭ）进行细菌分布形态的观察和细菌数量的计算．结果表明，大肠杆菌易分布于ＡＣＦ（Ａｇ）表面的沟槽处；ＡＣＦ（Ａｇ）吸附的细菌数量随银含量、比表面积的增加而增大．此外，细菌吸附量还与ＡＣＦ（Ａｇ）表面银颗粒的大小有关．对吸附细菌的动力学亦进行了研究．     

从电子陶瓷含银废料中提取硝酸银

从电子陶瓷厂含银废料中分离回收银.选择合适的HCl浓度、溴水加入量、溶解温度等工艺条件,提取银并制备硝酸银.实验结果表明,回收方法简单易行,制备的硝酸银达到工业级标准,银的总收率达95%以上.     

从COD测定废液中回收银

研究从COD测定的废液中回收银的工艺.在废液中分离出氯化银,经洗涤后加锌置换,还原为银.该工艺简便易行,原材料普通易得.适用于实验室及工业生产的应用.回收银的纯度可达99％以上.     

白银深加工产品及其产业化过程

贵金属深加工可以分为广义深加工和狭义深加工。白银是最廉价和用量最大的贵金属 ,通过一系列的深加工制成一定的产品后在工业上有极为广泛的用途 ,这些使用领域也正是白银再生资源的分布所在。对白银深加工产品的用途及其产业化过程进行了探讨 ,提出了一套适合中小企业生产的产业化方案     

银铜复合废料回收工艺研究

针对银铜复合废料回收的必要性，及国内外对银铜复合废料分离回收现状，实验研究了一套完整的银铜分离回收工艺，该工艺具有高效、简便、低成本、少污染等优点，铜回收率达99．7％，银回收率大于99．9％，回收铜、银的纯度高于99．9％。     

银-氨络合物的吸附催化波及应用

介绍了在氨 (4mol L) 氯化铵 (1 2mol L) 无水亚硫酸钠 (2 % ) 亚硝酸钠 (0 2mol L)底液条件下,银氨络合物在- 0 0 5V处产生一灵敏的吸附催化波,银线性范围为 0 5～ 2 0 μg mL,检出限为 0 2 5 μg mL。本研究还作了催化波性质初探、干扰试验,并成功地应用于水质分析     

杀菌功能载银活性炭的NaBH_4还原法制备及其表征

通过NaBH4还原法制备了银缓释杀菌功能载银活性炭(Ag/AC),研究了其对大肠杆菌(E.coil)的杀灭性能和抗银流失性能.以低温液氮吸附测定活性炭的比表面积,以扫描电子显微镜(SEM)-X射线能谱仪(EDS)分析Ag/AC表面形态以及Ag的含量和分布,以X射线衍射(XRD)观察Ag/AC晶体结构.结果表明,银以单质形式负载在活性炭上.活性炭的载银量、比表面积、银颗粒的粒径及分布取决于AgNO3溶液浓度.在不同AgNO3溶液浓度条件下,银的晶核形成和生长机制发生改变.随着AgNO3溶液浓度的增加,所制备Ag/AC表现出由无活性、抑菌到杀菌活性的变化规律.载银量为2.70%(质量分数)时,Ag/AC能在90 min内杀灭2×106 CFU/mL浓度的大肠杆菌,且在水中振荡600 h的银流失量为21.1%.在保持较高杀菌活性前提下,可以实现银的缓释.     

以保护地下水为目标的Ag土壤环境基准推导案例

土壤环境基准是制订土壤环境质量标准的重要依据. 借鉴国外制订保护地下水的土壤环境基准方法学,以湖南红壤、北京潮土和东北黑土为供试土壤,通过吸附试验获取重金属Ag在3种土壤中的分配系数(K_d),并通过文献调研获取3种土壤及其含水层的相关参数;采用US EPA(美国国家环境保护局)的土壤环境基准技术导则中的SSL(soil screening level)模型,并基于我国饮用水水质标准,对Ag土壤环境基准进行反推. 结果显示:Ag在红壤、黑土和潮土中的分配系数分别为7.10、56.7、132 L/kg,推导出的基于保护地下水的Ag的土壤环境基准值分别为0.440、3.04和7.80 mg/kg. 3种土壤中Ag的基准值均在发达国家或地区保护地下水的土壤环境基准值范围内,与各国基准值的差异主要是由于土壤性质、含水层类型以及Ag在土壤中的分配系数的差异所致.      

纳米银毒理学研究进展

纳米银因其优越的抗菌性能被广泛应用于环境、农业、医药等领域。以往的研究从体内试验和体外试验方面对纳米银的健康影响及其作用机制进行了探讨,然而,由于研究设计或研究条件等方面的限制,以往的研究结果仍存在一些不足,迄今为止,有关纳米银对健康的影响及其作用机制仍不很清楚。综述了近年来在纳米银毒理学研究方面所取得的进展以及目前研究中的不足,并展望了未来研究的方向。