负载型催化剂催化氧化处理H酸废水

采用浸渍法制备了负载型Fe2O3 / SiO2 催化剂,将其用于催化氧化法处理高浓度H 酸模拟废水,考察了催化剂制备条件对催化剂活性和稳定性的影响.实验结果表明,适宜的催化剂制备条件为:硝酸铁溶液浓度1.1 mol / L,焙烧时间6 h,焙烧温度600 C.以H2O2 作为氧化剂,采用适宜工艺条件下制备的催化剂催化氧...     

催化氧化法处理DSD酸废水的催化剂研制

以金属Cu,Fe,Mn,Mo为主要活性组分,以γ—Al2O3为载体制备催化剂,在高温高压下催化氧化处理DSD酸废水,探讨了活性组分配比、焙烧温度对催化剂催化活性与稳定性的影响。实验结果表明,催化剂Fe—Mn／γ-Al2O3的催化效果好,金属离子溶出量低,且连续使用效果好,经处理后DSD酸氧化废水中的COD去除率达97．5％。     

铁/锰氧化物改性碳基催化剂的制备及其对甲苯的脱除性能

以甘蔗渣为原料,采用水热合成法制备了水热炭,再通过浸渍法负载上铁或锰的氧化物,得到具有吸附-催化氧化双功能的铁/锰氧化物改性碳基催化剂CMF,对催化剂进行了表征,并考察了其对甲苯的脱除性能.表征结果显示,CMF具有比表面积大、活性成分分布均匀等良好的表面结构.实验结果表明:CMF具有较高的甲苯脱除性能,当温度高于250...     

制备条件对CoOx-TiO_2催化臭氧性能的影响研究

讨论了不同钴离子掺杂比例和不同焙烧温度对Co Ox-Ti O2催化臭氧降解草酸性能的影响,并通过X射线衍射对不同条件下制备的催化剂进行了晶型的分析对比。通过实验可知,钴离子的掺杂有效提高了催化臭氧降解草酸的性能,最佳的Co/Ti摩尔掺杂比例为1/30。随着制备温度的升高,Co Ox-Ti O2催化剂的Ti O2晶型由锐钛矿相向金红石相过渡,焙烧温度为500℃时制备的混合晶型催化剂具有最好的催化效果。通过X射线荧光光谱分析和X射线光电子能谱分析的表征分析,钴元素较多分布在催化剂的表面,以Co Ti O3的形态存在;催化剂的钛元素有Ti3+和Ti4+两种价态,分别占28.33%和71.67%。     

SO_4~(2-)/SnO_2-Fe_2O_3-硅藻土固体酸催化剂的制备及其对染料废水的催化处理

以硅藻土为载体,采用溶胶-凝胶法引入金属氧化物SnO2和Fe2O3,制备了二元氧化物复合型SO42-/SnO2-Fe2O3-硅藻土固体酸催化剂。利用该催化剂与H2O2构成非均相类Fenton试剂氧化体系,催化H2O2产生氧化能力极强的·OH,用于处理实际翠蓝废水和模拟亚甲基蓝废水。催化剂的最佳制备条件为:H2SO4溶液的浓度3 mol/L,浸渍时间2.0 h,焙烧温度550℃,焙烧时间3.5 h,焙烧方式为随炉升降温。实验结果表明:采用在最佳工艺条件下制得的催化剂,处理实际翠蓝废水COD去除率可达79.5%、脱色率达99.6%;处理模拟亚甲基蓝废水COD去除率可达83.1%、脱色率达99.6%。     

制备条件对Mn-Fe/TiO2催化剂低温脱硝性能的影响

通过浸渍法制备了一系列Mn-Fe/TiO2催化剂，并采用XRD技术对其进行了表征，考察了锰前体种类、负载量（活性组分质量占载体质量的百分比）、Fe含量（Fe物质的量占活性组分物质的量的百分比）、焙烧温度等因素对催化剂低温选择性催化还原NO性能的影响。实验结果表明：以乙酸锰为前体制备的催化剂的脱硝活性明显高于以硝酸锰为前体制备的催化剂;负载量的增加有利于脱硝活性的提高，而Fe的添加对提高催化剂的活性有重要作用，但Fe含量超过15%后，对催化剂脱硝性能的影响并不明显;焙烧温度超过650 ℃时会使活性组分的结晶度提高，导致脱硝活性的降低。在锰前体为乙酸锰、负载量为15%、Fe含量为15%、焙烧温度为500 ℃、焙烧时间为6 h、反应温度为200 ℃的条件下，Mn-Fe/TiO2催化剂的NO转化率约为95%。     

铜铈复合金属氧化物催化剂催化分解N2O

以蜂窝陶瓷为载体,采用浸渍法制备了负载型铜铈复合金属氧化物催化剂.研究了n(Cu):n(Ce)、活性组分负载量、焙烧温度及O2气氛对催化剂分解N2O活性的影响.实验结果表明:CeO2的掺入可以明显提高CuO催化剂催化分解N2O的活性,当n(Cu):n(Ce)=1:1时,N2O分解率最高,反应温度为500 ℃时,N2O分解率达85.8％;对于n(Cu):n(Ce)=1:1的催化剂,最佳活性组分负载量为18％,最佳焙烧温度为500 ℃;当反应气氛中有O2存在时,会抑制催化分解N2O反应的进行.     

SO42-/SnO2 -Fe2O3-硅藻土固体酸催化剂的制备及其对染料废水的催化处理

以硅藻土为载体，采用溶胶-凝胶法引入金属氧化物SnO₂和Fe₂O₃，制备了二元氧化物复合型SO₄^2-/SnO₂-Fe₂O₃-硅藻土固体酸催化剂。利用该催化剂与H₂O₂构成非均相类Fenton试剂氧化体系，催化H₂O₂产生氧化能力极强的·OH，用于处理实际翠蓝废水和模拟亚甲基蓝废水。催化剂的最佳制备条件为：H₂SO₄溶液的浓度3 mol/L，浸渍时间2.0 h，焙烧温度550 ℃，焙烧时间3.5 h，焙烧方式为随炉升降温。实验结果表明：采用在最佳工艺条件下制得的催化剂，处理实际翠蓝废水COD去除率可达79.5%、脱色率达99.6%；处理模拟亚甲基蓝废水COD去除率可达83.1%、脱色率达99.6%。     

双金属催化剂去除VOCs研究进展

催化氧化技术可以有效处理挥发性有机物（VOCs）。综述了双金属催化剂催化氧化去除VOCs的研究进展,重点论述Ag、Au和Cu基双金属催化剂催化去除VOCs的最新研究进展,从制备方法、粒子分散度、形貌、负载量、载体结构和表面修饰等方面讨论了催化氧化VOCs性能和催化剂结构之间的关系。指出：双金属催化剂制备调控可以有效提高金属活性粒子在载体表面的分散度进而增强双金属间协同作用,最终提高VOCs催化反应活性。     

真空紫外光协同臭氧催化氧化降解甲苯的研究

对比了单独O3、单独VUV、单独臭氧催化氧化和VUV-臭氧催化氧化联合工艺体系对甲苯进行降解,分别考察了在VUV-臭氧催化氧化体系下初始甲苯浓度、停留时间、相对湿度等因素对甲苯降解效率的影响,并对其降解甲苯的路径及协同作用机理进行了初步探讨。研究表明,VUV-臭氧催化氧化工艺对甲苯的降解效果最佳。在VUV-臭氧催化氧化工艺条件下,甲苯降解率随着初始甲苯浓度的增加而降低,随着停留时间的延长而升高,随着相对湿度的增加则呈现先升高后降低的现象。此外,VUV-臭氧催化氧化可提高臭氧的利用率,从而提高甲苯降解的矿化率,同时消耗剩余臭氧,避免二次污染。在后续臭氧催化氧化体系中,苯甲醛、乙醛、丙酮、乙醇等中间副产物更易被矿化降解。     

Determination of the Thermal Efficiency of Pre-boilover Burning of a Slick of Oil on Water

The burning rate of a slick of oil on a water bed is calculated by a simple expression derived from a one-dimensional heat conduction equation. Heat feedback from the flame to the surface is assumed to be a constant fraction of the total energy released by the combustion reaction. The constant fraction (χ) is named the burning efficiency and represents an important tool in assessing the potential of in situ burning as a counter-measure to an oil-spill. The total heat release, as a function of the pool diameter, is obtained from an existing correlation. It is assumed that radiative heat is absorbed close to the fuel surface, that conduction is the dominant mode of heat transfer in the liquid phase and that the fuel boiling temperature remains constant. By matching the characteristic thermal penetration length scale for the fuel/water system and an equivalent single layer system, a combined thermal diffusivity can be calculated and used to obtain an analytical solution for the burning rate. Theoretical expressions were correlated with crude oil and heating oil, for a number of pool diameters and initial fuel layer thickness. Experiments were also conducted with emulsified and weathered crude oil. The simple analytical expression describes well the effects of pool diameter and initial fuel layer thickness permitting a better observation of the effects of weathering, emulsification and net heat feedback to the fuel surface. Experiments showed that only a small fraction of the heat released by the flame is retained by the fuel layer and water bed (of the order of 1%). The effect of weathering on the burning rate decreases with the weathering period and that emulsification results in a linear decrease of the burning rate with water content.     

Calculation of carbon balances for evaluation of the biodegradability of polymers

Establishing carbon balances has been proven to be an applicable and powerful tool in testing biodegradability of polymers. In controlled degradation tests at a 4-L scale with the model polymer poly(-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), it was shown that the degree of degradation could not be determined with satisfactory accuracy from CO₂ release alone. Instead, the course of degradation was characterized by means of establishing carbon balances for the degradation of PHB withAcidovorax facilis and a mixed culture derived from compost. Different analytical methods for determining the different carbon fractions were adapted to the particular test conditions and compared. Quantitative determination of biomass and residual polymer were the main problems in establishing carbon balances. Amounts of biomass derived from protein measurements depend strongly on assumptions of the protein content of the biomass. Selective oxidation of biomass with hypochlorite was used as alternative, but here problems arose from insoluble metabolic products. Determination of soluble components with the method of chemical oxygen demand (COD) also includes empirical assumptions but seems acceptable if the dissolved carbon fraction is in the range of some 10% total carbon. Results confirm both analytical assays and theoretical approaches, in ending up at values very close to 100%, within an acceptable standard deviation range under test conditions comparable to standard test practice.Paper presented at the Bio/Environmentally Degradable Polymer Society—Third National Meeting, June 6–8, 1994, Boston, Massachusetts.     

富拉尔基发电总厂200MW机组除尘器改造

对富拉尔基发电总厂5号炉的设计条件进行了分析，针对燃用低硫煤，飞灰比电阻高，场地较小，除尘效率要求高的情况，在电除尘器的设计上采取有效措施，达到了排放要求。     

Review of the kinetics of alkaline degradation of cellulose in view of its relevance for safety assessment of radioactive waste repositories

The degradation of cellulose (a substantial component of low- and intermediate-level radioactive waste) under alkaline conditions occurs via two main processes: a peeling-off reaction and a basecatalyzed cleavage of glycosidic bonds (hydrolysis). Both processes show pseudo-first-order kinetics. At ambient temperature, the peeling-off process is the dominant degradation mechanism, resulting in the formation of mainly isosaccharinic acid. The degradation depends strongly on the degree of polymerization (DP) and on the number of reducing end groups present in cellulose. Beyond pH 12.5, the OH^- concentration has only a minor effect on the degradation rate. It was estimated that under repository conditions (alkaline environment, pH 13.3-12.5) about 10% of the cellulosic materials (average DP = 1000-2000) will degrade in the first stage (up to 10⁵ years) by the peeling-off reaction and will cause an ingrowth of isosaccharinic acid in the interstitial cement pore water. In the second stage (10⁵-10⁶ years), alkaline hydrolysis will control the further degradation of the cellulose. The potential role of microorganisms in the degradation of cellulose under alkaline conditions could not be evaluated. Proper assessment of the effect of cellulose degradation on the mobilization of radionuclides basically requires knowing the concentration of isosaccharinic acid in the pore water. This concentration, however, depends on several factors such as the stability of ISA under alkaline conditions, sorption of ISA on cement, formation of sparingly soluble ISA-salts, etc. A discussion of all the relevant processes involved, however, is far beyond the scope of the presented overview.     

Study of Aging Characteristics of Ternary Blends of Polyethylenes—II

Six film samples of low-density polypropylene (LDPE)/linear LDPE (LLDPE)/high-density polypropylene (HDPE) with varying ratios of LDPE (20–45 ... wt%) and LLDPE (25–50 wt%) having a fixed amount of HDPE at 30 wt% were prepared by blown film extrusion technique. The samples were aged at four different temperatures, 55°, 70°, 85°, and 100°C, for four different time periods in the interval of between 150 hours and up to 600 hours. The change in the structure of various constituents and the formation of various oxygenated (peroxy and hydroperoxy) and unsaturated groups during thermo-oxidative degradation was discussed by infrared spectroscopy. The visiosity-average molecular weight was found to have decreased slowly in the initial aging hours and temperatures, whereas it decreased by 10% with its previous value tensile strength that is, 100°C when aged for 600 hours. The tensile strength of the sample first increased by 67% at 55°C and 89% at 70°C up to 450 hours, whereas the values increased by 52.5% at 85°C and 33.9% at 100°C when aged for 150 hours and then decreased. The percentage elongation at break increased by 2.7% at 55°C and 10.7% at 70°C for 150 and 300 hours of aging, respectively, whereas the percentage decreased when aged at 85°C and 100°C for up to 600 hours of aging. The values of gel content (percent) increased and initial degradation temperature decreased with aging time and temperature.     

Selection of adsorbents for treatment of leachate: batch studies of simultaneous adsorption of heavy metals

The simultaneous adsorption of copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb) ions from spiked deionized water and spiked leachate onto natural materials (peat A and B), by-product or waste materials (carbon-containing ash, paper pellets, pine bark, and semi-coke), and synthetic materials (based on urea-formaldehyde resins, called blue and red adsorbents) or mixtures thereof was investigated. The adsorbents that gave the highest metal removal efficiencies were peat A, a mixture of peat B and carbon-containing ash, and a mixture of peat A and blue. At an initial concentration of 5 mg/l for each metal, the removal of each species of metal ion from spiked water and spiked leachate solutions was very good (>90%) and good (>75%), respectively. When the initial concentration of each metal in the solutions was twenty times higher (100 mg/l), there was a noticeable decrease in the removal efficiency of Cu²⁺, Cd²⁺, and Ni²⁺, but not of Pb²⁺. Langmuir monolayer adsorption capacities, q_m, on peat A were found to be 0.57, 0.37, and 0.36 mmol/g for Pb²⁺, Cd²⁺, and Ni²⁺, respectively. The order of metal adsorption capacity on peat A was the same in the case of competitive multimetal adsorption conditions as it was for single-element adsorption, namely Pb²⁺ > Cd²⁺ ≥ Ni²⁺. The results show that peat alone (an inexpensive adsorbent) is a good adsorbent for heavy metal ions.     

袋式除尘器气流分布数值计算研究

采用结构化/非结构化混合网格技术、多孔介质模型及k-ε两方程湍流模型,对某袋式除尘器及进出口管道内的气体流场进行了数值计算.计算结果表明,合理布置导流板后,袋式除尘器两箱体流量偏差为1.8％;除尘器下游滤袋单元处理气量偏大,中游滤袋单元处理气量较小,最大流量与最小流量偏差为22.3％；靠近除尘器进口处灰斗内存在气流回流特性,易造成粉尘的二次附着现象.     

Effect of Degree of Substitution of Octenyl Succinate Starch on Enzymatic Degradation

Octenyl succinate starch of degree of substitution (ds) 0.03, 0.07, and 0.11 was synthesized in an aqueous medium. These compounds were then tested for the susceptibility to enzymatic degradation. The multiple-enzyme regime of -amylase, amyloglucosidase, and pullulanase was chosen for the evaluation. This combination of enzymes had been proven to degrade 99.5% of unmodified starch to glucose and hence was chosen for this study. It was found that even small amounts of subsituent caused a considerable decrease in the extent of degradation. The net extent of degradation decreased with increasing ds. Surprisingly, the amount of glucose from all three substituted substrates was quite similar, suggesting the effect small amounts of subtituent had on the enzymatic activity.     

Kinetics of Hydrolytic Degradation of PLA

The chemical recycling of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) to its monomer is crucial to reduce both the consumption of renewable resources for the monomer synthesis and the environmental impact related to its production and disposal. In particular, the production of lactic acid from PLA wastes, rather than from virgin raw materials, it is also possible to achieve considerable primary energy savings. The focus of this work is to analyse deeply the PLA hydrolytic decomposition by means of a kinetic model based on two reactions mechanism. To this end, new experimental data have been gathered in order to investigate a wider temperature range (from 140 to 180 °C) and to extend the water/PLA ratio up to 50 % of PLA by weight. The reported results clearly highlight that more than 95 % of PLA is hydrolyzed to water-soluble lactic acid within 120 min, when it is hydrolyzed within 160–180 °C. Furthermore, the kinetic constant is highly influenced by reaction temperature. The proposed “two reactions” kinetic mechanism complies satisfactorily with the experimental data under analysis.     

Effects of temperature on the release of nutrient elements of solid organic materials under conditions of oversaturation

The effects of temperature on the release of chemical components of six solid organic materials under conditions of oversaturation were investigated in this paper. The six materials were peat moss (PM), weathered coals (WC), charred rice husks (CRH), sawdust (Sd), turfgrass clippings (TC), and chicken manure (CM). Significant differences were observed in the available nitrogen and phosphorus content of the aqueous extracts of organic materials at different temperatures. The available nitrogen content in aqueous extracts of PM and WC at 25 °C was higher than that registered at 15 °C and 35 °C. Available nitrogen content in the aqueous extracts of CRH, Sd, TC, and WC at 35 °C was higher than at 15 °C and 25 °C. The available phosphorus content in the aqueous extracts of organic materials at 35 °C was higher than that available at 15 °C and 25 °C, with the exception of Sd. In addition, the release of available phosphorus in the aqueous solution of organic materials at different temperatures varied constantly for 108 h. The release of potassium (K⁺) and sodium (Na⁺) ions in the aqueous extracts of organic materials was basically steady over time, with the exception of CM. High temperature (35 °C) may significantly hasten the release of K⁺ from organic substrates (except for WC) with low temperatures significantly inhibiting release of K⁺ in Sd and CRH. High temperatures (35 °C) might significantly facilitate the release of Na⁺ in CM and TC. However, no significant differences were manifested in the release of Na⁺ from organic substrates at different temperatures, with the exception of CM and TC. Moreover, no significant differences were observed in the release of calcium, magnesium and iron ions with time, nor were there any significant differences in the contents of iron ions in the aqueous extracts of organic materials at different temperatures. The results indicate that multiple mediums should be pretreated in water for a week before being used for planting. They should be used when all mineral elements of organic materials are steady and ignoring the effect of organic mediums.