A reactor system combining reductive dechloirnation with cometabolic oxidation for complete degradation of tetrachloroentylene

A laboratory sequential anaerobic aerobic bioreactor system, which consisted of an anaerobic fixed film reactor and two aerobic chemostats, was set up to degrade tetrachloroethylene (PCE) without accumulating highly toxic degradation intermediates. A soil enrichment culture, which could reductively dechlorinate 900μM (ca. 150 mg/L) of PCE stoichiometrically into cis-1,2-dichloroethylene ( cis-DCE), was attached to ceramic media in the anaerobic fixed film reactor. A phenol degrading strain, Alcaligenes sp. R5, which can efficiently degrade cis-DCE by co metabolic oxidation, was used as inoculum for the aerobic chemostats consisted of a transformation reactor and a growth reactor. The anaerobic fixed film bioreactor showed more than 99 % of PCE transformation into cis DCE in the range of influent PCE concentration from 5μM to 35μM at hydraulic retention time of 48h. On the other hand, efficient degradation of the resultant cis-DCE by strain R5 in the following aerobic system could not be achieved due to oxygen limitation. However, 54% of the maximum cis-DCE degradation was obtained when 10 μmol of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) was supplemented to the transformation reactor as an additional oxygen source. Further studies are needed to achieve more efficient co metabolic degradation of cis DCE in the aerobic reactor.     

Coupling of zero valent iron and biobarriers for remediation of trichloroethylene in groundwater

This study attempted to construct a three series barrier system to treat high concentrations of trichloroethylene (TCE; 500 mg/L) in synthetic groundwater. The system consisted of three reactive barriers using iron fillings as an iron-based barrier in the first column, sugarcane bagasse mixed with anaerobic sludge as an anaerobic barrier in the second column, and a biofilm coated on oxygen carbon inducer releasing material as an aerobic barrier in the third column. In order to evaluate the extent of removal of TCE and its metabolites in the aquifer down gradient of the barrier system, a fourth column filled with sand was applied. Residence time of the system was investigated by a bromide tracer test. The results showed that residence time in the column system of the control set and experimental set were 23.62 and 29.99 days, respectively. The e ciency of the three series barrier system in removing TCE was approximately 84% in which the removal e ciency of TCE by the iron filling barrier, anaerobic barrier and aerobic barrier were 42%, 16% and 25%, respectively. cis-Dichloroethylene (cis-DCE), vinyl chloride (VC), ethylene and chloride ions were observed as metabolites following TCE degradation. The presence of chloride ions in the e uent from the column system indicated the degradation of TCE. However, cis-DCE and VC were not fully degraded by the proposed barrier system which suggested that another remediation technology after the barrier treatment such as air sparging and adsorption by activated carbon should be conducted.     

2-氯苯甲酸的生物降解性能

分别用UASB与完全混合反应器对2-氯苯甲酸(2-CBA)在厌氧、好氧条件下的降解进行了小试研究.结果表明,在好氧条件下,经过驯化的污泥对2-氯苯甲酸去除率达80％以上,在与葡萄糖共基质的条件下2-氯苯甲酸的降解受到抑制;而在厌氧条件下,2-氯苯甲酸很难降解,且投加不同浓度的葡萄糖对2-氯苯甲酸的生物可降解性没有明显改善,其去除率均在20％以下.     

兼性厌氧苯胺降解菌的分离鉴定及其特性

从处理印染废水的厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)系统中分离、纯化并筛选出1株能以苯胺为唯一碳氮源进行代谢的兼性厌氧苯胺降解菌株AN29.经过形态、生理生化特征试验和16S rDNA序列分析结果,鉴定菌株AN29为假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp.),其特性为:降解苯胺的最适温度为37℃,降解苯胺合适的起始pH值为6.5～8.0,可以利用苯胺的最高浓度为4 000mg/L,合适起始浓度为500～2 000mg/L.     

不同氧化还原条件下氯乙烯的微生物脱氯

氯乙烯是土壤和地下水中存在的污染物,其去除的有效途径之一为微生物降解.本研究在温度20℃、氯乙烯初始浓度100μmol/L条件下,对不同氧化还原条件下四氯乙烯、cis-二氯乙烯及一氯乙烯的微生物降解进行了实验.结果表明,在铁还原和碳酸氢盐存在条件下,四氯乙烯以0.26/d和0.31/d的速率分别脱氯为三氯乙烯和cis-二氯乙烯.在脂肪酸存在条件下,四氯乙烯、cis-二氯乙烯和一氯乙烯均完全脱氯为乙烯,但后两者脱氯速率(0.04/d)明显低于前者(0.57/d).在反硝化、锰还原及硫还原条件下,不同取代氯乙烯降解均不明显.当环境温度降至12℃,脱氯菌活性降低,但氯乙烯完全脱氯还原过程仍可发生.     

Biodegradability of terephthalic acid in terylene artificial silk printing and dyeing wastewater

As the characteristic pollutant,terephthalic acid(TA)was in charge of 40%-78% of the total COD of terylene artificial silk printing and dyeing wastewater(TPW-water).The studies on biodegradability of TA were conducted in a serial of activated sludge reactors with TPW-water.TA appeared to be readily biodegradable with removal efficiency over 96.5% under aerobic conditions,hardly biodegradable with removal efficiency below 10% under anoxic conditions and slowly biodegradable with a turnover between 31.4% and 56.0% under anaerobic conditions. TA also accounted for the majority of BOD in TPW-water.The process combined by anoxic,anaerobic and aerobic activated sludge reactor was suitable for TA degradation and TPW-water treatment.Further, the aerobic process was essentially much more effective than the anaerobic or anoxic one to degrade TA in TPW-water.     

中间覆盖层对厌氧生物反应器填埋场中有机物降解的作用

建立了3组模拟厌氧生物反应器填埋场——R1、R2和R3,其中R1反应器无中间覆盖层,R2和R3反应器分别以矿化垃圾+重质碳酸钙、矿化垃圾+天然沸石为中间覆盖层,以研究不同中间覆盖层对厌氧生物反应器填埋场中有机物降解的作用. 结果表明:以矿化垃圾+重质碳酸钙、矿化垃圾+天然沸石为中间覆盖层时,均能维持反应器中良好的内环境,可促进垃圾和渗滤液中有机物的降解. R1、R2和R3反应器中垃圾的w(VS)(VS为挥发性固体))分别比初始值下降了69.81%、75.06%、73.86%,w(BDM)(BDM为生物可降解组分)分别下降了66.87%、82.86%、75.38%,w(纤维素)分别下降了67.96%、75.41%、72.90%;R1、R2和R3反应器中垃圾渗滤液的ρ(COD_Cr)比最大值分别降低了25.45%、29.72%、23.01%,ρ(BOD₅)分别降低了39.28%、45.66%、46.74%. 表明矿化垃圾+重质碳酸钙为中间覆盖层时,既能接种可降解有机物的微生物,又能提供微生物生长所需的碱度,因此更具优势.      

A two-stage anaerobic system for biodegrading wastewater containing terephthalic acid and high strength easily degradable pollutants

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固——流组合式生物反应器设备研究

将好氧流化床和厌氧固定床两种实用技术有机地结合起来，通过构造上的改进，使设备内部形成很宽的微生物生长环境，提高了设备内的生物种群和数量，从而达到提高处理效果的目的。该研究在设备内流态特征的示踪，对应氧分布及微生物观察，处理效果对比试验等工作的基础上，提出了一种处理负荷高、效果好的固－流组合式生物反应器。     

曝气压力对MABR中同步硝化反硝化脱氮的影响

以模拟生活污水为研究对象,探讨膜曝气生物反应器(MABR)推流运行时不同曝气压力下不同点位分布的溶解氧值特征;利用MABR可形成好氧/缺氧/厌氧的环境特性,针对曝气压力对MABR同步硝化反硝化脱氮效果的影响进行研究,借助微生物鉴定手段对MABR的群落结构进行分析。研究结果表明:相同曝气压力下的DO值,轴向上波动较大,径向上以曝气膜为中心向外部逐渐降低;随着曝气压力的增加,不同点位分布的DO值均提高,同步硝化反硝化效率先升高后降低。当曝气压力为0.04MPa时出水的同步硝化反硝化脱氮效果最佳为74.67%。在此曝气压力下,微生物群落鉴定证明生物膜内出现了好氧-兼氧的分层现象,生物膜内由好氧菌、兼氧菌共同完成硝化、反硝化过程,主体液料由厌氧菌作为优势菌群进行反硝化作用,并且根据未检测出厌氧氨氧菌的鉴定结果排除发生厌氧氨氧化的干扰。     

硝基苯与苯胺类废水生物降解协同作用研究

从各种菌源中分离得到硝基苯和苯胺的高效降解菌,研究其对这2类化合物的降解规律,发现C.perfringens在厌氧条件下主要将硝基苯降解为苯胺,而Pseudomonas mendocina和Klebsiella pneumoniae在好氧条件下可将硝基苯分解为无害化物质,但降解速度较厌氧过程慢。好氧条件下,硝基苯对苯胺的降解有明显的抑制作用,而苯胺对硝基苯的抑制作用不明显,导致混合菌对混合基质的降解速度下降。不同微生物对含硝基苯和苯胺类化合物废水的降解机理表现出明显的差异,高效的微生物应该体现在既能分解初始污染物,又能分解次级产物,实现完全无害化的目标。      

紫色非硫细菌的培养及处理酿酒废水的研究

从酿酒废水的活性污泥中分离、培养得到纯化的紫色非硫细菌01S菌株,并用其处理高浓度有机酿酒废水。结果表明,紫色非硫细菌在自然(或白炽灯)光照、pH值7.0、温度为28～30℃条件下生长良好,且能够明显降解酿酒废水,其COD的去除率达到82.2%左右。并探讨了该菌在两种不同条件下(光照厌氧和好氧黑暗)的降解效果,及其与DO值的关系。     

水解酸化－缺氧－好氧工艺降解5－甲基异恶唑－3－甲酰胺废水中试研究

首先通过小试试验对好氧工艺、厌氧工艺处理酰胺废水进行研究,然后进行水解酸化－缺氧－好氧工艺中试试验,发现水解酸化工艺将好氧反应器对COD去除效率从67％提高到85％,降低了酰胺物对好氧污泥的毒性。水质波动对水解酸化反应器的影响比对缺氧好氧反应器的影响大,增加搅拌时间有助于提高水解酸化反应器对进水水质的抗冲击能力。同时对活性污泥处理酰胺废水过程中容易引发泡沫的问题进行了初步探讨,通过水解酸化工艺可以降解部分表面活性物质,降低了泡沫产生量。     

生物膜全自养脱氮过程及强化机理研究进展

在限制溶氧的条件下,生物膜表层的好氧氨氧化菌将氨氧化为亚硝酸盐,并传递到生物膜内层缺氧区,厌氧氨氧化菌将氨和亚硝酸盐同步去除。根据生物膜内好氧氨氧化菌和厌氧氨氧化菌协作共生开发出的全自养脱氮工艺在生物转盘、SBR及填料床等反应器内实现,大大节省了碳源和曝气量。微量NO2对好氧氨氧化和厌氧氨氧化过程有明显强化作用,能显著提高基质降解速率、微生物生长速率和细胞密度。数学模型对废水处理工艺开发和运行具有重要意义,通过数学模型对微生物活性、分布以及脱氮过程的主要影响因素进行模拟研究,为全自养脱氮工艺的运行管理和优化控制打下基础。     

载体好氧预挂膜处理对厌氧生物颗粒性能的影响

研究了生物膜载体经好氧预挂膜处理对厌氧附着膜膨胀床(AAFEB)反应器中生物颗粒性能的影响.载体经10 d好氧预挂膜处理后,形成了7～8 μm厚的生物膜,在起动运行过程中,处理反应器中载体的挂膜进程比对照要快.在整个运试期间,处理反应器中的生物膜厚度和污泥浓度值均高于对照.前者厌氧生物颗粒致密、结实,生物膜结构良好,滞留于反应器中的性能较佳,比后者较不宜随水流失.处理反应器厌氧生物颗粒的一些性能指标值,如最大比产酸活性、最大比产甲烷活性、脱氢酶活性、辅酶F₄₂₀含量等均高于对照.另外,厌氧生物颗粒内微生物相也有明显的差异.      

模拟城市污水在厌氧、缺氧以及好氧反应器中的毒性削减研究

采用发光细菌法测定城市污水毒性,并研究了模拟城市污水分别在厌氧、缺氧、好氧条件下的毒性削减情况.试验采用人工配水,其中添加了甲苯、邻二甲苯、对二甲苯、吲哚、吡啶、环己酮、苯丙酸7种有毒有机物.并用GC-MS检测上述有机物在不同生物处理过程中的降解情况及出水有机物的变化情况.结果表明,模拟城市污水经厌氧生物处理后毒性增大(HRT≤10h);缺氧生物处理对模拟城市污水的毒性略有削减;而好氧生物处理对模拟城市污水的毒性削减能力较强,效果明显.     

UBF两相生物反应器对渗滤液水质的稳定化作用

为解决渗滤液直接回灌型垃圾填埋反应器(R1)的酸化问题,利用厌氧污泥复合床(UBF)和卫生填埋反应器组合为垃圾两相厌氧消化系统(R2)对垃圾降解。结果表明,与渗滤液直接回灌的R1生物反应器系统相比,UBF型两相厌氧生物反应器系统对渗滤液中有机物质的去除率更高,COD降至24600mg/L,NH3-N浓度保持在1130mg/L,pH值始终维持在7.26,为垃圾渗滤液的后续处理工艺提供了方便。此外,UBF型两相厌氧生物反应器产气性能更好,累积产气量是R1的3.06倍。     

厌氧-好氧生物反应器填埋工艺特性研究

基于生物反应器填埋技术,研究1种填埋场地循环操作的厌氧-好氧生物反应器填埋工艺,设计了该工艺模拟装置并研究了其运行工艺特性.厌氧阶段主要通过渗滤液回灌控制反应器工艺条件,主要试验结果为,pH值,R1在 6周后可上升至6.7～7.8,R2在17周内一直低于6.8;渗滤液COD浓度,R1在13周时下降至10?617 mg/L,R2在5周后上升至60?000 mg/L后长期趋于稳定;填埋气累计产量,R1在8周达到44%,R2几乎不产气.衡量稳定化可以分别采用渗滤液pH、COD浓度及BOD₅/COD的减少率、填埋气的累计产率等指标来判断,并据此转换为好氧填埋运行.好氧阶段主要是通过强制通风来减少恶臭和水分,主要试验结果为,通风19d氨气浓度降为1.16 mg/m³,通风23d后恶臭浓度降为19;通风14d后含水率降为26%.完成此阶段的工艺指标值可依据矿化垃圾开采的最终用途确定.对主要试验数据进行了数值模拟.厌氧-好氧填埋过程的微生物演替经RISA分析,有4个优势菌群,一些兼性菌群在厌氧-好氧阶段起着重要的承前启后作用.     

The addition of microbes for treating textile wastewater

Some strains and culture of bacteria which are able to decolorize dyes and degrade polyvinyl alcohol(PVA) were isolated and selected. A pilot scale facultative anaerobic-aerobic biological process was applied for treatment of textile wastewater containing dyes and PVA. Activated carbon adsorption was used as a tertiary treatment stage, and residual sludge from clarifier returned to the anaerobic reactor again. The pilot test were carried out with two systems. One was inoculated by acclimated sludge, and the another was adding the mixed culture of dye-decoloring and PVA-degrading bacteria for forming biological films, the latter was observed to be more effective than the former. The test has run normally for ten months with a COD loading of 2.13 kg/m3/day, a BOD5 loading of 0.34 kg/m3/day in anaerobic reactor; a COD loading of 1.71 kg/m3/day, a BOD5 loading 0.44 kg/m3/day in aerobic reactor. The pollutants removal efficiency by adding microbes was about 20% higher than that by acclimated sludge. The aver     

准好氧矿化垃圾床处理渗滤液的脱氮菌群研究

为探明准好氧矿化垃圾床处理渗滤液的生物脱氮机理,采用最大或然数计数法以及一系列的生化试验和镜检照片,研究了床层不同高度脱氮菌的数量和菌群结构.结果表明:床内亚硝化菌、硝化菌、厌氧反硝化菌和好氧反硝化菌的平均数量分别为5.3×106,7.5×106,6.9×103和2.5×105 g-1,亚硝化菌、硝化菌和好氧反硝化菌主要富集于反应床的表层和底部,厌氧反硝化菌主要富集于反应床的中部;从床内共分离出3株亚硝化菌,6株硝化菌,5株厌氧反硝化菌和6株好氧反硝化菌.准好氧矿化垃圾床处理渗滤液的生物脱氮机理为同步硝化反硝化,主要发生在反应床的表层和底部.