高浓度H2S、CS2废气综合治理技术

二硫化碳工业废气含有高浓度H₂S和CS₂．采用TF－C技术治理,废气先经TF脱硫液湿法选择吸收H₂S,再经活性炭于法脱除CS₂。在巧妙设计的工业装置运行结果,治理效果良好:削减废气中H₂S和CS₂排放量分别为99．9／和79％,达GBJ₄－73规定的工业废气排放标准,并副产CS₂和硫磺回用于生产。      

低温等离子体技术及其治理工业废气的应用

利用低温等离子体技术对低浓度、高流速、大风量的含挥发性有机污染物和含硫类污染物等工业废气进行处理，实验室结果为介质阻挡放电产生的低温等离子体分解污染物效果好。在化纤厂对含硫工业废气做了实际应用的示范工程，中试装置已连续稳定运行１０００ｈ以上。     

Use of additive and pretreatment to control odors in municipal kitchen waste during aerobic composting

The effects of adding a bulking agent and chemically pretreating municipal kitchen waste before aerobic composting were studied using a laboratory-scale system. The system used 20-L reactors and each test lasted 28 days. The objective was to decrease NH₃ and H₂S emissions during composting. The bulking agent, dry cornstalks, was mixed with the kitchen waste to give a mixture containing 15% (wet weight) bulking agent. A combined treatment was also conducted, in which kitchen waste mixed with the bulking agent was pretreated with ferric chloride (FeCl₃). Less leachate was produced by the composted kitchen waste mixed with bulking agent than by the kitchen waste alone, when the materials had reached the required maturity. The presence of cornstalks also caused less H₂S to be emitted, but had little impact on the amount of NH₃ emitted. The FeCl₃ was found to act as an effective chemical flocculant, and its presence significantly decreased the amounts of NH₃ and H₂S emitted. Kitchen waste mixed with cornstalks and treated with FeCl₃ emitted 42% less NH₃ and 76% less H₂S during composting than did pure kitchen waste.     

垃圾焚烧过程中的烟气污染及其控制

在焚烧法被广泛应用于处理城市生活垃圾的同时,焚烧过程中形成的二次污染也越来越受到关注.垃圾焚烧污染物存在形式及数量与焚烧条件和净化系统密切相关.介绍了垃圾焚烧中酸性气体、重金属、二恶英等烟气污染物的形成与危害,并阐述了对各类污染物生成和排放的控制措施.     

浅议攀钢翻渣场污染物无害化治理措施

针对攀钢在钢铁生产过程中产生的大量冶炼废弃物,主要是固、液、粉尘三类污染物,分别采用挡渣坝、挡水坝和喷洒降尘进行了处理,从而降低了污染物的扩散,实现了无害化的治理。     

特殊菌种处理垃圾渗滤液的小试试验研究

城市垃圾填埋场渗滤液是一种成分复杂的高浓度有机废水,处理难度很大。对投加特殊菌种处理垃圾渗滤液进行了试验研究,提出了相关的运行参数,并与普通活性污泥法进行了比较。发现特殊菌种的投加大大提高了垃圾渗滤液中污染物的去除效果。     

炼油污水处理场技术改造

对广州石化炼油新污水处理场现状进行了分析 ,针对存在问题 ,通过更换原有设备 ,增加新设备对其进行了技术改造 ,大大地提高了外排污水合格率     

基于实测的燃煤电厂氯排放特征

选取我国4家电厂的6台煤粉锅炉进行现场测试,采集并分析烟气以及飞灰、底渣、脱硫石膏等燃煤副产物样品,以开展燃煤电厂Cl污染物排放特征的研究. 结果表明:燃煤中96.99%以上的Cl析出进入烟气,原烟气中ρ(Cl)范围为10.17~33.63mg/m3.除尘器和石灰石-石膏湿法脱硫装置对烟气中的Cl具有协同脱除作用,尤其是石灰石-石膏湿法脱硫装置. 除尘器对烟气中Cl脱除效率为12.29%~19.86%,石灰石-石膏湿法脱硫装置对烟气中Cl的平均脱除效率为95.22%. 经过燃烧和烟气污染控制装置后,燃煤中0.35%~3.01%的Cl转移到底渣中,6.46%~15.00%的Cl转移到飞灰中,68.88%~77.31%通过脱硫废水排放,9.19%~15.95%的Cl转移到脱硫石膏中;只有2.21%~5.54%的Cl排入大气中,净烟气ρ(Cl)仅为0.34~1.38mg/m3. 目前我国燃煤电厂Cl污染的主要问题是妥善处理脱硫石膏和废水,以防止Cl的二次污染.      

夏季有机生活垃圾堆肥过程恶臭排放特征及健康风险评估

为研究有机生活垃圾在夏季堆肥过程的恶臭污染物分布特征及对堆肥厂职业暴露人员的非致癌和致癌风险水平,以北方某有机生活垃圾堆肥厂为研究对象,利用冷阱富集-气质联用（GC/MS）技术对恶臭气体进行分析.结果表明:①堆肥过程中的恶臭物质以含氧有机物为主,其次是芳香烃,这两类物质分别占总恶臭污染物质量浓度的63.46%±2.65%和15.56%±0.67%.②各单元的主要恶臭贡献物质种类存在差异,卸料单元和粉碎单元主要为乙酸和甲硫醚,占这两个单元总异味活度值的83.07%和85.44%;发酵单元和腐熟单元恶臭贡献的主要物质是乙酸、乙醛、甲硫醚、α-蒎烯、二甲二硫醚、柠檬烯、b-蒎烯和乙醇,占两个单元总异味活度值的96.60%和92.51%.③从人群健康风险来看,腐熟单元HI（非致癌健康风险指数）最高（13.54）,其次是发酵单元（7.95）和粉碎单元（5.36）,卸料单元最低（4.94）,而苯是主要的致癌风险物[LCR（终生致癌风险）>10-4].研究显示,有机生活垃圾堆肥厂在夏季产生的恶臭污染物对人群可能产生较大影响,应加强堆肥过程中恶臭污染物的控制,另外加强对职业暴露人群的健康防护以及对恶臭物质的有效处理以减少对人群健康的不利影响.      

环境矿物材料在水体污染治理进展中的研究

环境矿物材料在水体污染治理中的应用受到了人们的广泛关注.本文综述了环境矿物材料的改性方法,主要介绍了物理改性,主要有水热改性和焙烧改性,化学改性主要有无机改性和有机改性,探讨了在水体污染治理中的应用研究现状,主要包括去除重金属离子、去除有机污染物、去除无机阴离子和去除其他污染物,给出了环境矿物材料的发展趋势,主要包括加强环境矿物材料的研究、加强改性方法的研究和拓展与其他方法的联用等方面的应用研究.     

报废电冰箱的环保处理技术

介绍一种处理报废电冰箱的技术。首先对报废电冰箱进行分解,包括制冷剂回收、压缩机拆卸、散热系统和蒸发系统拆卸、箱体箱门钢板拆卸、箱体内胆拆卸、门衬拆卸和绝热泡沫剥离等。然后对于拆出的材料作进一步处理,钢板、管材经平整或矫直裁剪之后作为旧板材或旧管材;内胆和门衬破碎后作为注塑材料使用;压缩机组经专业检测、修复再利用或作为冶金炉料使用。聚氨酯泡沫需经分离回收R11处理,处理工艺路线包括泡沫粉碎、发泡剂蒸发、混合气收集、除尘、储气、压缩、冷凝、节流以及发泡剂与空气的分离;工艺参数涉及主要工艺环节的热力学计算,包括破碎后的泡沫中的R11发泡剂的蒸发吸热、混合气压缩功耗、冷凝过程的散热。同时还介绍了应用发泡胶接法的聚氨酯硬泡沫碎屑再成型技术。采用该工艺处理报废电冰箱,具有拆解物利用价值高、处理过程能耗低、便于分拣、设备造价低等优点,适合我国国情。     

放射性废物桶内干燥整备研究进展

桶内干燥具有很高的减容比,已经逐渐被国外核电站用来处理放射性废液,为我国核电废物贮存和处理提供了一条新的途径。详细介绍了电加热、热风加热和微波加热3种桶内干燥装置的研究应用实例,主要内容包括干燥装置的过程控制、干燥产量(蒸发速率和进料速率)、干燥产物的含水率和减容比。通过分析对比得出,电加热和热空气加热型装置投入产出高,但仅适合流动和传热好的废物整备;微波加热型装置前期投入大,适用却更广,尤其适合底泥等一类含有有机物质的废物。     

10万t/a水泥立窑含尘废气湿法净化的工程体会

水泥机立窑普遍应用于中小型企业 ,其排放的含尘废气造成严重的大气污染。实践证明喷雾湿法除尘是净化尾气的有效措施 ,可以达到高效除尘的目的 ,并能同时除去其他有害气体。在此论述了在湿法除尘过程中遇到的几个关键问题 ,如水的雾化、设备腐蚀与结垢、废水处理以及系统控制 ,提出了具体处理方法 ,使水泥机立窑喷雾湿法除尘的工艺更加完善 ,有利于该技术进一步推广应用。     

集成电路芯片生产的环境保护

集成电路产业对国民经济的发展起着“倍增器”的作用,集成电路芯片的加工生产工艺流程比较复杂,污染因子多,环境问题突出。笔者详细分析了典型芯片制造厂污染物的产生及应采取的环保治理措施,对于芯片生产排放的半导体特殊气体,目前我国尚无排放标准,提出了参照执行技术引进国的有关标准。     

Construction utilization of foamed waste glass

Foamed waste glass (FWG) material is newly developed for the purpose to utilize the waste glassware and other waste glass. FWG has a multi-porous structure that consists of continuous or discontinuous voids. Hence lightweight but considerable stiffness can be achieved. In the present study, the manufacture and engineering properties of FWG are introduced first. Then, the utilizations of FWG are investigated in laboratory tests and field tests. Some case studies on design and construction work are also reported here. Through these studies we know that the discontinuous void material can be utilized as a lightweight fill material, ground improvement material and lightweight aggregate for concrete. On the other hand, the continuous void material can be used as water holding material for the areenina of around slope and rooftop, and as clarification material for water.     

造纸制浆废液减水剂研究

针对不同原料、不同制浆蒸煮方法产生的四种废液 ,通过简短的工艺回收、改性制得以木质素磺酸盐为主要成分的复合型减水剂。对其减水等性能进行了研究。其结果表明 ,掺量 2‰～ 5‰时净浆流动度为 10 9～ 174毫米 ,掺量 2‰～ 3‰时砂浆减水率为 15 .3%～ 16 .7% ,砂浆 3天、7天减水抗压强度比均大于 115 %。     

典型固废拆解区重金属和有机卤代污染物排放状况调查研究

以浙江省台州市路桥区为例,通过实地监测典型固废拆解企业的污染物排放浓度,并利用问卷调查开展类比分析,对固废拆解行业的污染物排放总量进行了测算,完成了固废拆解行业污染物排放状况评估。结果表明,拆解行业的重金属污染物主要集中在废渣中,有机污染物以废水排放为主。同时,拆解行业的Pb、Hg污染物形成了局部集中排放。研究结论为固废拆解行业的污染防治措施制定提供了重要参考。     

Use of coatings to minimise acid emissions during ceramic tile firing

The manufacture of traditional ceramic products (ceramic tiles, roof tiles, and bricks) is often associated with the emission of F, Cl, and S compounds during the firing stage. According to the literature, fluorine emissions can be reduced by adding CaCO₃ to the raw materials mixture used in fabricating these products. However, data available to the authors indicate that this procedure, which has been successfully applied in manufacturing structural ceramics (roof tiles and bricks), is ineffective in ceramic tile manufacture and modifies tile end properties.This paper examines the possibility of reducing such emissions by applying coatings of alkaline-earth carbonates on to the ceramic tile bottom surface to retain the acid compounds emitted during tile firing. The effectiveness of MgCO₃, CaCO₃, SrCO₃, and BaCO₃ coatings for retaining these acid emissions was studied, using the evolved gas analysis (EGA) technique with a TG-DSC-FTIR-QM instrument.The SrCO₃ coating was found to provide the greatest retention, showing that SO₂ and HCl were retained more efficiently than HF. The presence of fluorides, chlorides, and sulphates of Ca, Sr, and Ba was verified in the respective fired coatings, confirming the existence of chemical reactions between the emitted acid compounds and the coating materials at high temperature.     

基于实测的燃煤电厂氟排放特征

选择我国4家电厂的6台煤粉锅炉,进行了烟气以及飞灰、底渣、脱硫石膏等燃煤副产物样品的采集和F(氟)含量分析,考察燃煤电厂F排放特征. 结果表明:经过烟气除尘、脱硫及脱硝装置后,烟气中氟化物浓度明显降低; 除尘器主要脱除烟气中颗粒态F,静电除尘器对烟气中氟化物的总脱除效率为19.50%~36.59%,布袋除尘器的脱除效率略高于静电除尘器;石灰石-石膏湿法脱硫装置可协同脱除烟气中94.19%的氟化物. 燃煤中的F经过燃烧和烟气净化装置后,有0.83%~3.37%由底渣排放;1.20%~2.00%转移到脱硫废水中;13.45%~33.80%转移到飞灰中;59.60%~79.66%转移到脱硫石膏中;只有2.04%~5.00%通过烟囱排入大气.      

Emission of particulate and gaseous pollutants from household laser processing machine

Indoor air quality (IAQ) directly affects the health of occupants. Household manufacturing equipment (HME) used for hobbies or educational purposes is a new and unexplored source of air pollution. In this study, we evaluated the characteristics of particulate and gaseous pollutants produced by a household laser processing equipment (HLPE). Various target materials were tested using a commercial HLPE under various operating conditions of laser power and sheath air flow rate. The mode diameters of the emitted particles gradually decreased as laser power increased, while the particle number concentration (PNC) and particle emission rate (PER) increased. In addition, as the sheath air flow rate quadrupled from 10 to 40 L/min, the mode diameter of the emitted particles decreased by nearly 25%, but the effect on the PNC was insignificant. When the laser induced the target materials at 53 mW, the mode diameters of particles were <150 nm, and PNCs were >2.0 × 10⁴ particles/cm³. Particularly, analyses of sampled aerosols indicated that harmful substances such as sulfur and barium were present in particles emitted from leather. The carcinogenic gaseous pollutants such as acrylonitrile, acetaldehyde, 1,3-butadiene, benzene, and C₈ aromatics (ethylbenzene) were emitted from all target materials. In an actual indoor environment, the PNC of inhalable ultrafine particles (UFPs) was >5 × 10⁴ particles/cm³ during 30 min of HLPE operation. Our results suggest that more meticulous control methods are needed, including the use of less harmful target materials along with filters or adsorbents that prevent emission of pollutants.