用分级方法评估土壤对重金属的缓冲能力

研究了不同Cd,Zn,Cu和Pb负荷对5种土壤(油黄泥土、棕红壤、红壤、石砂土和紫砂土)中的重金属形态的影响,分析了不同土壤对重金属的缓冲作用及其影响因素.结果表明,未污染土壤中的重金属主要以残余态为主,占土壤重金属总量的51%以上.随着土壤重金属负荷的提高,土壤中交换态重金属的比例增大,残余态比例下降,有效性提高,对重金属的缓冲作用下降.由于Cd,Zn,Cu和Pb本身的特性不同,土壤中各组分与Cd,Zn,Cu和Pb的结合方式及程度不同.当外源重金属进入土壤后,土壤对重金属的缓冲性为:Pb>Cu>Zn Cd,酸性土壤和砂质土壤的缓冲能力较低.当重金属加入量较低时,重金属优先向氧化物结合态和有机质结合态转化;而当加入量较高时,向交换态和碳酸盐结合态转化的比例增加.土壤pH下降可使交换态Cd,Zn,Cu和Pb的比例递增,降低土壤对重金属的缓冲性,增加了重金属对环境影响的风险.      

柠檬酸对重金属复合污染土壤的浸提效果研究

以浙江富阳某炼铜厂附近受Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn复合污染的土壤为研究对象,采用振荡、静置和超声3种不同浸提方式,通过研究柠檬酸在不同浸提方式下对重金属的去除效果,筛选出最佳柠檬酸浓度、处理时间及功率,并采用Tessier连续提取法分析浸提前后4种重金属形态变化.结果表明,柠檬酸对4种重金属均具有较好的去除效果,其中对Zn的去除效果最好,Cd的去除效果最差,而Cu和Pb的去除效果相当.Pb和Zn的去除率均随着柠檬酸浓度的增加而增加,但增幅随之减小,Cu的去除率则先增加后基本保持不变,而Cd的去除率变化不明显.综合考虑成本和浸提效果后,选用0.2 mol·L-1柠檬酸浸提2次为最优条件,最佳振荡时间和静置时间分别为4 h和24 h,最佳超声时间和功率分别为30 min和500 W.柠檬酸能够在很大程度上改变土壤中重金属的形态分布,主要去除以可交换态和碳酸盐结合态形式存在的Cd及以碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态形式存在的Cu、Pb和Zn.通过对比3种浸提方式,在同等去除效果的前提下,静置浸提相比振荡浸提需要更长的时间,而将超声波应用于重金属污染土壤淋洗,所需时间较少,因此,超声波辅助浸提土壤中重金属是可行的,具有良好的应用前景.     

Risk assessment of heavy metal contaminated soil in the vicinity of a lead/zinc mine

Heavy metal contamination of soils through anthropogenic activities is a widespread and serious problem confronting scientists and regulators throughout the world. In this study we investigated the distribution, chemical species and availability of lead, zinc, cadmium and copper in nine surface（0 to 20 cm） soils from near an abandoned lead/zinc mine tailings located in Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China. Total heavy metal contents ranged from 5271 to 16369 mg/kg for Pb, 387 to 1221 mg/kg for Zn, 3.0 to 9.3 mg/kg for Cd and 65 to 206 mg/kg for Cu. In general, all heavy metals exceeded China National Standards for Soil Environmental Quality of Heavy Metals by a factor of 3-65 times. Comparison of the heavy metal concentrations（Pb, Zn, Cd and Cu） with clay content revealed a strongly significant relationship while significant relationship（ P 〈 0.001 ） was also obtained between Cd ＋ Zn and Pb ＋ Cu. Solid phase speciation of the soils using Tessier procedure showed that the heavy metals were distributed in the order： residual 〉〉 organically complexed-Fe-Mn oxides occluded 〉 carbonate bound 〉 exchangeable 〉 water soluble. In the organic matter fraction, the ratio of Pb（29.1% ） to its total concentration in the soils was higher than those of Zn（4.70% ）, Cd（3.16% ） and Cu（9.50% ）. The percentages of the water soluble and the exchangeable fractions of Pb（1.80% ） and Cd（2.74% ） were markedly greater than those of Zn（0.10% ） and Cu（0.15% ）, suggesting that Pb and Cd are relatively more mobile and hence more toxic in the contaminated soils. Strongly significant relationships between H20-Pb, H20-Zn and H20-Cu, strong positive correlations between H20-Pb, H20-Zn, H20-Cu and organic matter in soil were found. The content of H20-Pb, H20-Zn, H20-Cu was negatively correlated with pH values. The similar negative relationships between pH values and exchangeable heavy metals were also recorded. It is suggested that increasing soil pH or liming the soil could decrease bioavailability of heavy metals in the soil.     

Effect of moisture regime on the redistribution of heavy metals in paddy soil

Sequential extraction procedure was applied to assess the dynamics of solid-phase transformation of added Cu, Pb, Cd, and Hg in a typical Chinese paddy soil incubated under three moisture regimes (75% field capacity, wetting-drying cycle, and flooding). The heavy metals spiked in the soil were time-dependently transferred from the easily extractable fraction (the exchangeable fraction) into less labile fractions (Fe-Mn oxide- and organic matter-bound fractions), and thus reduced lability of the metals. No significant changes were found for the carbonate-bound and residual fractions of the heavy metals in the soil during the whole incubation. Change rate of the mobility factor (MF), a proportion of weakly bound fractions (exchangeable and carbonate-bound) in the total metal of soil, reflected the transformation rate of metal speciation from the labile fractions toward stable fractions. It was found that soil moisture regime did not change the direction and pathways of transformation of metal speciation, but it significantly a ected the transformation rate. In general, the paddy soil under flooding regime had higher metal reactivity compared with 75% field capacity and wetting-drying cycle regimes, resulting in the more complete movement of metals toward stable fractions. This might be related to the increased pH, precipitation of the metals with sulfides and higher concentration of amorphous Fe oxides under submerged condition.     

EDTA溶液修复重金属污染土壤的效果及金属的形态变化特征

采用0.05mol·L^-1的EDTA作为萃取剂,在一定的萃取条件下,对2种尾矿土壤中重金属进行土壤柱萃取实验,并采用优化的BCR(European Community Bureau of Reference)连续萃取方案对萃取前后的Pb、Zn、Cu和Cd进行形态分析.研究EDTA对4种金属的萃取效率及萃取前后的形态变化特征.结果表明,EDTA能有效的从土壤中萃取该4种金属,萃取效率依次为:Cd>Zn>Cu>Pb;金属的4种形态均能被EDTA萃取;在浅层土壤中,EDTA对酸可提态的金属的萃取效果尤为显著;在深层土壤中,酸可提取态、氧化物结合态、有机结合态和残余态4种形态的金属萃取效果,随着土壤柱深度的增加而降低.     

皂角苷络合洗脱污灌土壤中重金属的研究

选择白银污灌土样为供试样品,采用振荡离心法研究了生物表面活性剂皂角苷(saponin)在不同浓度、pH值和离子强度条件下对供试土样中重金属的解吸影响,并采用Tessier法对解吸前后土样中的重金属形态进行了测定.结果显示,随皂角苷浓度增加,重金属解吸率随之增加,在皂角苷浓度为3%时,Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn解吸率分别达到43.87%、95.11%、83.54%和20.34%,而水及合成表面活性剂单独冲洗对重金属解吸率最大不超过5%;并且发现随土壤pH值增加,重金属解吸率逐渐减小;离子强度对Pb、Zn影响不大,而Cu、Cd随离子强度增大解吸率减小.比较冲洗前后重金属形态的变化,发现Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn元素的可溶态、碳酸盐结合态减少均达50%以上,Pb残渣态也减少60%左右,并且重金属氧化物结合态和有机态含量也有减少.说明皂角苷与重金属形成稳定的可溶性络合物,大大降低了土壤对重金属的吸附,从而降低了土壤中重金属的毒性和生物可利用性,表明皂角苷对污灌土样中重金属具有较好的淋洗去除效果.     

Mobility and speciation of Cd,Cu,and Zn in two acidic soils affected by simulated acid rain

Through a batch experiment, the mobility and speciation of heavy metals(Cd, Cu, Zn) in two acidic forest soils from Hunan Province were studied. The results showed that the release and potential active speciation of Cd, Cu, and Zn in the tested contaminated red soil(CRS) and yellow red soil(CYRS) increased significantly with pH decreasing and ion concentrations increasing of simulated acid rain, and these effects were mainly decided by the pH value of simulated acid rain. Cd had the highest potential nsk on the environment compared with Cu and Zn. Cd existed mainly in exchangeable form in residual CRS and CYRS, Cu in organically bound and Mn-oxide occluded forms, and Zn in mineral forms due to the high background values.     

骨炭修复重金属污染土壤和降低基因毒性的研究

采用分级提取的方法研究了施加骨炭对污染土壤重金属的固定效果,结果表明,土壤施加10 mg·kg^-1骨炭后水溶态、交换态、碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态Pb的浓度都显著下降;而加入骨炭后土壤有机结合态Pb的浓度显著上升,表明骨炭可以吸附、固定土壤中的Pb,改变Pb的化学形态,降低Pb的生物可利用性.加入骨炭后土壤中水溶态和交换态Cd的浓度都显著下降,残渣态Cd的浓度明显上升.骨炭处理对土壤中Cu化学形态的影响和Pb相似,表明骨炭可以吸附固定土壤中的Cu.骨炭处理对Zn也有一定的固定效果,降低了土壤中水溶态的Zn.采用植物彗星实验研究了施加骨炭对土壤基因毒性的影响,表明加入骨炭后减轻了污染土壤对洋葱根尖细胞的DNA的损伤,降低了土壤污染对植物的基因毒性.生物评价和化学评价的结果均表明骨炭是重金属污染土壤的有效修复剂,能有效降低污染土壤中重金属的生物有效性和对植物的毒性.     

Partitioning of heavy metals in the surface sediments of Quanzhou Bay wetland and its availability to Suaeda australis

In order to investigate distributions of heavy metal pollution in Quanzhou Bay wetland, the total concentration and chemical partitioning of a number of heavy metals （Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Cr, Hg） in sediments of three sampling sites of Quanzhou Bay wetland and their availability to Suaeda australis were analyzed. The Geoaccumulation Index （Igeo） values reveal that the sediments of three sampling sites may all be considered as moderately contaminated for Pb and Zn, and all sediments might be strongly contaminated with cadmium. The partitioning analyses revealed the measured heavy metals in three sites are bound to the exchangeable fraction at lower concentrations. The measured metals in a considerable amount are bound to the reducible and oxidizable fractions, and a high proportion of the measured heavy metals were distributed in the residual fraction in the sediment samples. The concentrations of Cd in each chemical phase extracted from the sediments are above natural global background levels and should be further investigated because of its toxicity. Suaeda australis has different accumulation abilities for the measured heavy metals. For the root and stem, the bioaccumulation ability assessed by bioaccumulation factor （BAF） for the measured heavy metals follows the decreasing order as： Cu〉Cr〉 Zn〉Cd, Pb, Hg. In the leaf, stronger bioaccumulation ability for Hg is exhibited. The heavy metal concentrations in Suaeda australis roots have positive correlations with their available fractions, while the exchangeable fraction of Cu and Cd might have be more important to both mature plant roots and seedling roots uptake than other fractions; as for Cr, the oxidizable fraction might make a greater contribution to the plant root uptake; as for Zn, the reducible fraction might make so contribution ; and for Pb, the oxidizable fraction might make a significant contribution to the mature plant root uptake, however, the exchangeable fraction might have a significant contribution to the seedling root uptake.     

葫芦岛东北部土壤重金属分布特征及来源解析

选择典型辽宁省工矿型城市葫芦岛,以东北部的龙岗区、连山区和南票区为研究区,基于1：25万土地质量调查获取的重金属数据,分析探讨土壤重金属的分布特征、赋存形态及污染来源.结果发现：研究区表层和深层土壤8项重金属平均含量均高于辽宁省背景值,其中表层土壤Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn、Hg、As空间上呈现出龙港区沿海及内陆局部浓集的特点,Ni、Cr高值区主要分布在下白垩统和中侏罗统火山岩地层区.各重金属富集系数平均值表现为Cd > Hg > Pb > Zn > As > Cu > Cr > Ni,其中,Cd 3.41、Hg 2.93,空间上表现为大面积强烈富集.土壤中Cd主要以离子交换态为主,占全量的54.38%,生态风险最高.土壤剖面中Cd、Pb、Hg、Zn总体呈现出"表聚性"特征,而Cu、As、Cr、Ni呈现出"平稳性"特征,且不同成土母质对重金属具有明显的控制.各重金属单项污染指数平均值表现为Cd > Zn > Cu > Pb > Cr > Ni > As > Hg,其中Cd污染水平较高.来源分析显示,Zn、Cu、Cd、As、Pb主要受工业、交通、生活、采矿等人类活动的综合影响,Cr、Ni主要受地质背景控制,而Hg更多来源于煤炭燃烧.     

湖北省铜绿山矿区农业土壤重金属形态及生物有效性

以铜绿山矿区农业土壤为研究对象,采用BCR连续提取法提取并测定了土壤中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd四种重金属的形态和含量,分析了重金属各形态、土壤p H和有机质之间的相关性;并对重金属分布特征和有效性进行了分析,探究土壤本身性质对矿区农业土壤重金属及其生物有效性的影响因子。结果表明:矿区农业土壤受到重金属不同程度的污染,重金属的污染程度大小为:CuZnPbCd;各重金属之间存在不同程度的相关性,Pb和Zn之间显著相关,二者可能属于同源污染物;四种重金属总量与土壤的p H和有机质不存在相关性;Pb与Cu、Zn和Cd有效态含量之间有显著相关性,表明矿区农业土壤中重金属Pb与Cu、Zn和Cd有效态含量之间相互促进、相互影响的作用较强;矿区农业土壤p H值与Pb_(可还原态)、Cd_(可还原态)、Cd_(弱酸提取态)、Cd_(可氧化态)之间均存在显著相关关系;有机质含量与Pb_(可还原态)、Pb_(残渣态)、Cu_(残渣态)、Cd_(弱酸提取态)、Cd_(可还原态)、Cd_(可氧化态)之间相关性显著,可见土壤的p H值、有机质都会对土壤中重金属的化学形态产生一定的影响;土壤中Pb、Cd的生物有效性主要受其全量、土壤p H和有机质的影响,而Zn和Cu受其全量、土壤p H和有机质的影响较小。     

Chemical speciation and mobility of heavy metals in municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash

Chemical speciation is a significant factor that govems the toxicity and mobility of heavy metals in municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash. Sequential extraction procedure is applied to fractionate heavy metals( Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, and Cr) into five defined groups: exchangeable, carbonate, Fe-Mn oxide, organic, and residual fractions. The mobility of heavy metals is also investigated with the aid of toxicity characteristic leaching procedure. In the fly ash sample, Pb is primarily presented in the carbonate (51%) and exchangeable(20% ) fractions; Cd and Zn mainly exist as the exchangeable(83% and 49% respectively) ; Cu is mostly contained in the last three fractions(totally 87% ) ; and Cr is mainly contained in the residual fraction(62% ). Pb, Zn and Cd showed the high mobility in the investigation, thus might be of risk to the natural environment when municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash is landfilled or reutilized.     

宝鸡城市土壤重金属生物活性与环境风险

在野外调查与前期研究的基础上,根据一点多样混合采样法收集宝鸡市工业区土壤分析样品50个,采用Tessier连续形态分析法对城市土壤重金属Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Cu、Sb形态进行分级并使用ICP-OES对其各形态含量进行测定.在对6种重金属活性系数(MF)、迁移系数(MJ)、综合潜在生态风险指数(RI)及人群健康风险研究的基础上,对重金属地球化学形态分布、迁移能力、生物活性与环境风险进行了探讨.结果表明,宝鸡工业区城市土壤重金属Zn、Cd、Cr、Cu、Sb形态均以残渣态为主,而Pb主要以铁锰氧化物结合态为主;在各形态含量所占百分比中,重金属Cr可交换态含量最低.化学形态分析结果显示,6种重金属整体迁移的顺序为:Pb(77.60%)Zn(47.36%)Cu(35.86%)Cd(30.91%)Sb(16.46%)Cr(11.31%);土壤Pb(MF=35.77%)的生物活性最强,Cd(MJ=0.091)的迁移能力最大.城市土壤重金属Cd和Cr对儿童和成人的致癌风险处于中低等水平,但Cr对儿童将产生较大的非致癌风险.而重金属Pb对儿童和成人均产生非常明显的非致癌风险和中等程度的致癌风险,可见,重金属Pb是宝鸡市城市土壤最主要的环境污染物与健康风险因子.重金属Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Cu、Sb工业排放与化石燃料燃烧的来源和城市儿童高铅血症的检出率说明宝鸡工业区重金属的干湿尘降污染应该引起高度重视.     

典型有色金属矿山城市小河流沉积物重金属形态分布及风险评估

采用改进的Tessier连续提取法分析了铜陵市惠溪河表层沉积物中7种重金属(Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni、Pb、As)的形态分布,并以风险评价编码法(RAC)和平均沉积物质量基准系数法(SQG-Q)对沉积物重金属污染程度和生态风险进行评价.结果表明:①Cr和As主要以残渣态存在,Zn、Ni和Pb主要以残渣态和Fe-Mn氧化物结合态存在,Cu主要以有机结合态存在,Cd有机结合态的质量分数较低,其它几种形态大体接近.②Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni、Pb和As有效态的质量分数分别为46.48%、4.62%、4.05%、4.12%、9.17%、0.97%和0.03%;按照RAC判定,Cd对环境构成高风险,Cr、Cu、Zn和Ni的环境危害处于低风险水平,Pb和As则无风险.③惠溪河沉积物SQG-Q均值为10.42,远大于1.0,表明该河流具有非常高的潜在生物毒性效应;Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni、Pb和As的PEL-Q系数分别为4.23、1.14、20.75、6.04、2.33、4.58和41.71,表明7种重金属的潜在生物毒性很大,不利生物效应将频繁发生.     

Chemical fractionations and bioavailability of cadmium and zinc to cole （Brassica campestris L.） grown in the multi-metals contaminated oasis soil, northwest of China

A pot experiment was conducted to study the relationship between distribution of cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) and their availability to cole (Brassica campestris L.) grown in the multi-metal contaminated oasis soil in northwest of China. The results showed that Cd and Zn in the unpolluted oasis soil was mainly found in the residual fractionation, however, with increasing contents of Cd and Zn in the oasis soil, the distribution of Cd and Zn changed significantly. The growth of cole could be promoted by low Cd and Zn concentration, but significantly restrained by high concentrations. There was antagonistic e ect among Cd and Zn in the multi-metals contaminated oasis soil. Stepwise regression analysis between fractionations distribution coe cients of the two meals in the soil and their contents in cole showed that both Cd and Zn in the exchangeable fractionation in the oasis soil made the most contribution on the uptake of Cd and Zn in cole. The bio-concentration factor (BCF) of Cd was greater than Zn in cole, and BCFs of the two metals in leaves were greater than those in roots. The translocation factors of the two metals in cole were greater than 1, and the two metals mainly accumulated in the edible parts in cole. Therefore, cole is not a suitable vegetable for the oasis soil because of the plants notable contamination by heavy metals.     

Mineral materials as feasible amendments to stabilize heavy metals in polluted urban soils

Four minerals, agricultural limestone (AL), rock phosphate (RP), palygorskite (PG), and calcium magnesium phosphate (CMP), were evaluated by means of chemical fractions of heavy metals in soils and concentrations of heavy metals in leachates from columns to determine their ability to stabilize heavy metals in polluted urban soils. Two urban soils (calcareous soil and acidic soil) polluted with cadmium, copper, zinc and lead were selected and amended in the laboratory with the mineral materials) for 12 months. Results indicated that application of the mineral materials reduced exchangeable metals in the sequence of Pb, Cd > Cu > Zn. The reduction of exchangeable fraction of heavy metals in the soils amended with di erent mineral materials followed the sequence of CMP, PG > AL > RP. Reductions of heavy metals leached were based on comparison with cumulative totals of heavy metals eluted through 12 pore volumes from an untreated soil. The reductions of the metals eluted from the calcareous soil amended with the RP, AL, PG and CMP were 1.98%, 38.89%, 64.81% and 75.93% for Cd, 8.51%, 40.42%, 60.64% and 55.32% for Cu, 1.76%, 52.94%, 70.00% and 74.12% for Pb, and 28.42%, 52.74%, 64.38% and 49.66% for Zn. Those from the acidic soil amended with the CMP, PG, AL, and RP were 25.65%, 68.06%, 78.01% and 79.06% for Cd, 26.56%, 49.64%, 43.40% and 34.68% for Cu, 44.44%, 33.32%, 61.11% and 69.44% for Pb, and 18.46%, 43.77%, 41.98% and 40.68% for Zn. The CMP and PG treatments were superior to the AL and RP for stabilizing heavy metals in the polluted urban soils.     

滇西地区土壤重金属来源解析及空间分布

以滇西重金属地质高背景区为研究区,系统采集了4193件表层土壤样品,分析测试了As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn 8种重金属元素的含量,综合运用相关分析、主成分分析和单因素方差分析等经典统计方法探讨了土壤重金属来源和土壤重金属含量与成土母质、土地利用方式之间的关系,并利用地统计方法对重金属的空间分布特征进行了分析.结果表明：①研究区8种重金属含量平均值均超过全国土壤背景值,但是低于农用地污染风险筛选值;与云南省土壤背景值相比,As、Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn含量平均值与云南省背景值相当,Hg和Cr的平均含量分别是其背景值的2.35和1.60倍,土壤重金属存在不同程度累积现象.②Cr、Cu和Ni主要受成土母质的控制;Cd、Zn和Pb主要受人类活动影响,人为来源主要为铅锌矿开采选冶、交通运输和煤炭燃烧,Cd、Zn在一定程度上受成土母质的影响;As和Hg以人为来源为主,受汞矿采选、农业活动及煤炭燃烧的影响.③不同成土母质和土地利用方式的土壤中重金属含量差异显著.Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg和Ni在沉积岩母质区土壤中平均含量最高;草地中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Zn平均含量最高.④Cu、Ni、Cr高值区与沉积岩母质区及区内分布的铜矿和铁矿空间耦合性良好;Pb、Cd和Zn的高值区与区内的铅锌矿分布范围基本一致;As和Hg高值区与区内汞矿等热液型金属矿的分布具有较高的空间一致性,在人类活动密集地区也呈高背景分布.     

密云水库上游某铁矿区土壤重金属含量及形态研究

应用富集因子法(EF)和风险评估编码方法(RAC)对北京市密云水库上游某铁矿矿区及其周边土壤中重金属的分布状况和潜在生态风险进行了研究.结果表明,各重金属元素含量除As外,其余均明显高于北京市土壤重金属背景值,矿区的选冶活动已经对下游的水体和土壤环境造成一定的影响.富集因子法评价表明Cd、Pb、Cr富集较为严重,达到显著污染水平.形态分析表明,残渣态是重金属元素的主要存在形态, Cd元素可交换态所占比例(2.88%~21.15%)最高,RAC评价结果显示Cd基本处于中等风险水平,Pb为无风险,风险等级由强至弱的顺序为:Cd>Mn>Zn>Cu>Co>Cr>Pb.     

Changes of Cu, Zn, and Cd speciation in sewage sludge during composting

The potential toxicity risks from heavy metals depend on their chemical speciation. The four stages of the Tessier sequential extraction method were employed to investigate changes in heavy metal speciation （Cu, Zn, and Cd） of sewage sludge during forced aeration composting, and then to identify whether the composting process would reduce or enhance their toxicities. Throughout the composting process, the exchangeable, carbonate-bound, Fe-Mn oxide-bound, and organic matter-bound fractions of Cu were converted to the residual Cu fraction. The organic matter-bound Cu fraction greatly contributed to this transformation. Residual Zn fraction was transformed to the Fe-Mn oxide-bound and organic matter-bound fractions after composting. The residual Zn fraction was a major contributor to the organic matter-bound Zn fraction. The availability of Cu and Zn was reduced by composting such that the risk of heavy metal toxicity decreased with prolonged treatment times. Additionally, attention should be paid to the increased availability of Cd in sewage sludge after composting treatment.     

Speciation and bioaccessibility of lead and cadmium in soil treated with metal-enriched Indian mustard leaves

Indian mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.) has shown good potential for the phytoremediation of soil contaminated with heavy metals. However, there is little information about the speciation and bioaccessibility of heavy metals in soil during the decomposition of metal-rich Indian mustard leaves. Incubation experiments (1-, 3-, and 6-month) were carried out in Beijing and Hunan soil with metal-rich Indian mustard leaves addition (1% and 3%) and the e ects of mustard leaves addition on the speciation and bioaccessibility of heavy metals were studied. The results showed that the addition of mustard leaves led to significant increases in pH and DOC in the Hunan soil. Both 1% and 3% of mustard leaf amendment caused the percentage of the exchangeable (F1), precipitated with carbonates (F2), bound to Fe/Mn oxides (F3) and bound to organic matter (F4) fractions of Pb and Cd to increase dramatically, while the percentage of the residual fraction (F5) of Cd and Pb significantly dropped in both Beijing and Hunan soils. Mustard leaf addition caused the bioaccessibility of Pb to decrease in the gastric phase, whereas the values increased in the small intestinal phase. The Cd bioaccessibility increased with mustard leaf addition in both the gastric and small intestinal phases. In conclusion, the metal-enriched mustard leaves addition induces Pb and Cd concentrations and their mobility increasing in the Beijing and Hunan soils. Therefore, heavy metal risk in metal-enriched plant leaves should be considered in phytoremediation system in which heavy metal might be brought back to soil and changed over time.