城市生物质废物中温单级厌氧消化中试研究

建立了城市生物质废物中温单级厌氧消化中试反应器,对城市生物质废物厌氧消化过程系统稳定性、产甲烷性能及有机物的去除效果进行解析.反应器稳定运行410 d,共经历2.4、3.6、4.8、6.0 kg VS/(m3·d)4个负荷,反应器pH稳定在7.2 ～7.6之间,有机酸浓度＜500 mg/L.在负荷6.0 kg VS/(m3·d)时反应器平均容积产气率4.25m3/(m3·d),有机物去除率为63.2％;另外,实验结果表明,厌氧消化过程对蛋白质、脂肪、纤维素及多糖类物质的去除效果有明显差异,其中脂肪类物质去除率为98.2％,产沼气贡献率为38.8％.实现了针对我国城市生物质废物的高负荷高效厌氧消化,为我国城市生物质废物厌氧消化规模化处理提供了基础数据.     

农业蔬菜废物处理方法研究进展和探讨

目前我国农业蔬菜废物污染问题正日益加重 ,蔬菜废物和其他固体废物相比具有高含水率、高营养成分和基本无毒害的特性 ,适宜于单独收集处理。本文介绍了国内外蔬菜废物处理方法的研究进展 ,包括好氧堆肥法、厌氧消化法、好氧 -厌氧联合处理法 ,并对这些方法的适用条件进行了论述。同时 ,探讨了接种微生物自然堆沤法的初步研究结果     

农业蔬菜废物处理方法研究进展和探讨

目前我国农业蔬菜废物污染问题正日益加重，蔬菜废物和其他固体废物相比具有高含水率，高营养成分和基本无毒害的特性，适宜于单独收集处理。本文介绍了国内外蔬菜废物处理方法的研究进展，包括好氧堆肥法，厌氧消化法好氧－厌氧联合处理法，并对这些方法的适用条件进行了论述，同时，探讨了接种微生物自然堆沤法的初步研究结果     

餐余垃圾中高温高固体厌氧消化过程中的pH和氨氮抑制

以餐余垃圾作原料,进行连续式中温和高温高固体厌氧消化120 d。将厌氧消化过程分为适应阶段(0~15d),产气速率(GPR)持续上升;启动阶段(中温16~30 d,高温16~36 d),GPR开始下降;抑制阶段(中温31~67 d,高温37~67 d)GRP最小,平均为1.45 L·d-1和2.09 L·d-1;恢复及稳定阶段(68 d~120 d),GPR回升后达到稳定,平均分别为16.55 L·d-1和19.03 L·d-1。厌氧消化过程中主要存在2种抑制形式:p H抑制和游离氨(FA)抑制,2种温度下厌氧消化抑制情况类似,抑制阶段主要是p H抑制,稳定阶段主要是FA抑制,p H抑制较轻,中温厌氧消化稳定阶段的FA抑制比高温厌氧消化时严重。     

畜禽废弃物厌氧消化过程的氨氮抑制及其应对措施研究进展

氨氮抑制是造成畜禽养殖废弃物厌氧消化处理效率低和运行稳定性差的主要因素之一。在总结国内外研究进展的基础上,简述了氨氮的来源及抑制阈值,剖析了氨氮抑制的机理及其影响因素,从氨氮的缓冲和微生物驯化2个方面总结了氨氮抑制的应对措施。建议重点加强畜禽养殖废弃物厌氧消化过程中氨氮释放规律、"氨氮-VFAs-碳酸盐"三元缓冲体系的调控模式、氨氮抑制的微生物学机制等方面的研究,以期为提高畜禽养殖废弃物厌氧消化工程的处理效率和运行稳定性提供参考。     

亚硫酸盐、硫化物对厌氧消化的影响

通过人工模拟试验和用两相厌氧工艺处理造纸废水试验,探讨不同浓度SO_3~(2-)和S~(2-)对厌氧消化的影响.结果表明,当[S0_3~(2-)]<0.254g/L时对厌氧消化无明显影响,当[SO_3~(2-)]>0.508g/L时出现抑制现象.而硫化物在不超过0.0656g/L时对厌氧消化无影响,超过0.164g/L时出现明显的抑制现象,一般可通过污泥驯化提高微生物对硫化物的耐毒性.     

污泥流变学及其厌氧消化混合特性数值模拟研究进展

污泥作为一种非牛顿流体,其流变特性对厌氧消化过程中的传质、传热、搅拌和物料输送等有着重要影响。系统阐述了污泥流变学属性,如流变特性的影响因素、流变模型以及其测试方法。由于污泥在厌氧消化反应器中流场的复杂性及其本身的不透明性,难以对其流场进行高效的实验测试,利用计算流体力学(CFD)技术结合流变学参数对流场进行数值模拟是一种有效工具。因此,综合分析了CFD技术在污泥厌氧消化过程中的研究现状及其搅拌混合过程中旋转桨叶处理方法的选择,并对污泥厌氧消化过程中进行数值模拟存在问题及进一步研究方向进行了展望。随着深入研究,以污泥流变学、计算流体力学为基础结合污泥厌氧消化生化反应过程联合数值模拟研究,将会为控制污泥的厌氧消化工艺提供更加全面和重要的技术措施。     

厌氧消化中腐殖酸对H_2S产量的抑制机制

为了揭示腐殖酸对H_2S产量的抑制机制,设计了生活垃圾中添加腐殖酸的厌氧消化实验,并为排除其他因素干扰,将与生活垃圾拥有相同硫含量的硫酸钠与牛血清蛋白分别与腐殖酸进行厌氧消化实验,同时测定了消化前后腐殖酸得失电子能力,判断腐殖酸是否会抑制厌氧消化过程中H_2S的产生。结果表明:在厌氧消化实验中,腐殖酸的添加导致H_2S产量明显降低;在牛血清白蛋白组实验中,H_2S的去除率达到83.56%,硫酸钠组实验中H_2S去除率只有24.20%;而测定腐殖酸得失电子实验中,厌氧消化后的腐殖酸得电子能力明显低于厌氧消化前,表明腐殖酸在厌氧消化过程中参与了电子的争夺,H_2S的生成亦须得到电子,故腐殖酸在H_2S的生成阶段通过抢夺电子而在源头上抑制了H_2S生成。     

城市污水厂污泥两相厌氧消化工艺与传统厌氧消化工艺的比较研究

本文以高温酸化——中温甲烷化两相厌氯消化工艺为主,对城市污水厂污泥进行了两相厌氧消化工艺与传统厌氧消化工艺的比较研究。结果表明,在总停留时间均为10天的情况下,两相消化工艺对VSS的去除率比中温传统消化工艺提高50％左右,比高温传统消化工艺提高35％左右。高温酸化0.5天后,中温甲烷化8.5天,即可达到中温传统法20天的处理效果。另外,该两相厌氧工艺对大肠杆菌群和粪源大肠杆菌群的灭活量在2～3个数量级,灭菌效果优于中温传统法,且产甲烷反应器中保持较高的缓冲能力。因而,高温酸化——中温甲烷化两相厌氧消化工艺可达到对城市污水厂污泥的稳定和灭菌,是一种高效可靠的新型污泥处理工艺,具有较大的实用价值。     

金属铁铝对混凝强化初沉污泥中温厌氧消化的影响

选取FeCl3和AlCl2·6H2O作为混凝剂对城市污水进行一级强化混凝处理,降低二级生物处理的进水负荷,减少污水生物处理系统的能量消耗。主要研究混凝过程投加的金属盐对一级强化混凝产生的初沉污泥中温厌氧消化的影响。和剩余污泥相比,初沉污泥更适合厌氧消化处理,污泥降解性能和产气性能更高。当采用城市污水一级强化混凝处理时,污泥中的金属和金属盐水解引起的pH降低,使混凝强化初沉污泥的厌氧消化受到一定抑制。随着污泥中铝含量的降低和铁含量的增加,厌氧消化的COD降解率和挥发性固体（Vs）降解率逐渐升高,生物气产量逐渐增大,产气速率加快。当混凝强化初沉污泥只含有铁时（铁含量为10．16mg／L）,混凝强化初沉污泥厌氧消化效果最好,产气稳定,而且产气速率高,生物气产量为237mL,生物气甲烷含量为55．5％,降解单位Vs产气量为0．80L／g,均高于其他含铝的混凝强化初沉污泥。污泥中的铁对初沉污泥厌氧消化的抑制作用远远小于铝的作用,说明铁盐适合用于城市污水的一级强化混凝处理。     

餐厨垃圾厌氧产氢综述

针对餐厨垃圾厌氧产氢过程,从工艺、单组分底物厌氧产氢和过程机理研究阐述了国内外进展,并对未来研究发展方向进行了展望.研究成果表明,餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵产氢过程可行,但影响因素多,系统不稳定,大部分研究停留在实验室小试阶段.尚需针对餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵产氢优势菌种选育、生态因子调控、代谢机理、反应器改进和系统控制模拟等方面开展研究,为该技术的大规模应用提供研究基础.     

The use of peat in the historical monitoring of trace metals in the atmosphere

The concentrations of lead, zinc, copper, manganese, cadmium and calcium have been measured in three peat bogs. The distribution of Pb, Zn, Mn and Ca are dependent on the position and fluctuations of the water table. They all become depleted in the waterlogged, anaerobic zone. Copper and cadmium are uniformly distributed and appear to be immobilised, probably by the formation of metal/organic complexes, and independent of the acid and redox conditions existing in the bogs. The use of the concentration profiles of the metal ions as a means of historical monitoring of trace metal contamination is complex for Pb, Zn, Mn and Ca but may be more straightforward for Cu and Cd.     

天然沸石颗粒对NH4^＋动态吸附过程中的离子交换特性研究

采用天然斜发沸石颗粒,进行了沸石吸附水溶液中NH4^＋的动态吸附实验研究。实验结果表明,沸石颗粒粒径、沸石床高度、上升流速、进水氨氮浓度、进水水质等因素对沸石颗粒吸附NH4^＋有着明显的影响,在工程实践应用时,要根据动态吸附实验结果选择合适的设计及运行参数。离子交换机理研究表明,Na^＋首先被交换出来,随着反应进行,Ca^2＋浓度逐渐增加,两者成为离子交换的主要对象。对于人工氨氮配水,整个运行期间金属阳离子液相增加量明显大于NH4^＋去除量,这与金属阳离子在固液两相间的再分配作用有关;对于厌氧工艺出水,在吸附初期,NH4^＋去除量大于金属阳离子液相增加量,随着反应进行,两者逐渐持平。     

Effect of complexation with humic substances on diffusion of metal ions in water

Most studies on diffusion of metal ions in various water-rock systems have dealt with free ions (hydrated ions). However, it is often the case that metal ions are dissolved as complexed species such as with humic substances (HS) in natural waters. Hence, we need to study the diffusion behavior of these complexes in order to understand fully the diffusion phenomenon in natural. In this study, the diffusion coefficients of free metal ions (M(z+)) and their complexes with HS (M-HS) were compared to understand the effect of complexation with HS on the diffusion of metal ions such as Co(2+), Cd(2+), and rare earth elements (REE(3+)). Although the diffusion coefficients of free metal ions depend on ionic potential, such dependence was not observed in the presence of HS. Comparing the diffusion coefficients of metal complexes with ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), fulvic acid, and humic acid showed that the molecular weight (MW), or the size of the ligand, is of primary importance for the diffusion of M-HS. As a consequence, the diffusion coefficients of all REE(3+) were similar in the presence of HS, while they were different in the absence of HS due to the different size of each REE(3+). The similarity among the diffusion coefficients of REE-HS was caused by the much larger size of HS compared with each ion. However, the distribution coefficients of M-HS were not similar among REE(3+), Cd(2+), and Co(2+). REE(3+) and Cd(2+) which have higher affinities for larger MW fraction in HS diffused slower than Co(2+) which favors smaller MW fraction. The results show that the affinity for different MW fractions among HS controls the diffusion of M-HS, which must be important to predict precisely the diffusion behavior of metal ions bound to HS in natural systems.     

Cadmium uptake by the water hyacinth: Effects of root mass,solution volume,complexers and other metal ions1

At a fixed Cd²⁺ concentration water hyacinth ($\text{Eichhornia crassipes}$) plants with greater root mass (dry weight) take up more metal ions as a function of time, and more metal ions are taken up by a plant as the solution volume is increased. Experiments in which several different metal ion complexers were present suggest that (1) the roots possess sites which initially reversibly bind free Cd²⁺, (2) some added complexers can compete with these root sites for free Cd²⁺, and (3) with time Cd²⁺ bound to the roots is translocated into into the root tissues effectively removing it from the equilibrium processes in solution. Many metal ions are taken up by the plant but only the micronutrient Zn²⁺ competes well with Cd²⁺ for uptake. Thus, there may be binding sites on the roots for specific metal ions.     

Investigation of the complexation of metal-ions by strong ligands in fresh and marine water

SCOPE: The detection and investigation of metal ions bound in strong complexes in natural waters is a difficult task, due to low concentration of the metal ions themselves, and also of the strong ligands, which, moreover, are often not of a well-defined composition. Here, a method is proposed for the investigation of the speciation of metal ions in natural waters. OBJECTIVE AND METHOD: It is based on the sorption of metal ions on strongly sorbing ion exchange resins, i.e. complexing resins. For this reason the method is called Resin Titration. It has been shown in previous investigations that the concentration of metal ion totally sorbed by a particular resin, and its reaction coefficient in the solution phase in the presence of the resin, can be determined from the sorption data using a simple relationship. Here, a data treatment (the Ruzic linearization method) is proposed for also determining the concentration of the ligands responsible for the complex in equilibrium with the resin. RESULTS: The method was applied to data obtained by Resin Titration of a freshwater and a seawater. Copper(II) and aluminium(III) were considered, using Chelex 100 as a titrant, due to its strong sorbing properties towards these metal ions. The results were: the total metal concentration in equilibrium with the resin, the side reaction coefficients, and the concentration of ligands. In all these cases the ligands forming very strong complexes were found to be at concentration lower than that of the metals. CONCLUSION: The Ruzic linearization method allows the determination of the concentration of the ligands forming very strong complexes in equilibrium with Chelex 100. The reaction coefficient was better determined by the calculation method previously proposed for RT. The ligands responsible for the strong complexes were found to be at low concentration, often lower than that of the metal ions considered. The metal in the original sample is partly bound to these ligands, since the complexes are very strong. Only a part of the metal is linked to weaker ligands, or free.     

天然沸石颗粒对NH4+动态吸附过程中的离子交换特性研究

采用天然斜发沸石颗粒,进行了沸石吸附水溶液中NH4+的动态吸附实验研究.实验结果表明,沸石颗粒粒径、沸石床高度、上升流速、进水氨氮浓度、进水水质等因素对沸石颗粒吸附NH4+有着明显的影响,在工程实践应用时,要根据动态吸附实验结果选择合适的设计及运行参数.离子交换机理研究表明,Na+首先被交换出来,随着反应进行,Ca2+...     

Transportation and distribution of chromium in the anaerobic sludge treating the chromium-containing wastewater

The chromium distribution and transportation in the anaerobic activated sludge was investigated using a sequential extraction method. The results showed that Cr(VI) in aqueous solution was reduced by the metabolic product of SRB and form indissoluble Cr(OH)₃ in a solid phase. More than 99% of Cr(III) in the sludge was in a stable residual form (RES) of bio-reduction. The Cr(VI) was mainly present in RES and organic form (OR). With increasing Cr(VI) concentration, Cr(VI) was transferred from RES into OR and even exchangeable form (EXCH). Meanwhile, sulphate and co-existing metal ions affected the occurrence form of Cr(VI).     

Correlating metal ionic characteristics with biosorption capacity using QSAR model

The relationship between metal ionic characteristics and the maximum biosorption capacity (q(max)) was established using QSAR model based on the classification of metal ions (soft, hard and borderline ions). Ten kinds of metal ions (Ag(+), Cs(+), Zn(2+), Pb(2+), N(i2+), Cu(2+), Co(2+), Sr(2+), Cd(2+), Cr(3+)) were selected and the waste biomass of Saccharomyces cerevisiae obtained from a local brewery was used as biosorbent. Eighteen parameters of physiochemical characteristics of metal ions were selected and correlated with q(max). Classification of metal ions could improve the QSAR models and different characteristics were significant in correlating with q(max), such as polarizing power Z(2)/r or the first hydrolysis constant |logK(OH)| or ionization potential IP. X(m)(2)r seemed to be suitable for metal ions including soft ions, and Z(2)/r, |logK(OH)| and IP suitable for only soft ions or metal ions excluding soft ions. It provided a new way to predict the biosorptive capacity of metal ions.     

Biological phosphate uptake and release: effect of pH and magnesium ions.

Enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) is based on poly-phosphate accumulating organisms' (PAOs) unique features of "luxury" phosphate uptake during aerobic conditions and phosphate release in anaerobic conditions. It is believed that poly-phosphate accumulation is accompanied by the uptake and accumulation of potassium ions (K+) and magnesium ions (Mg2+). The release of phosphate under anaerobic conditions is also accompanied by the release of both cations. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of pH and Mg2+ on the biological phosphate uptake and release behavior of activated sludge mixed liquor during aeration and sedimentation. Research results indicate that Mg2+, supplied either by magnesium chloride (MgCl2) or magnesium hydroxide [Mg(OH)2], stimulated phosphate uptake during the aeration period, while pH increase, caused by the application of Mg(OH)2, enhanced phosphate release during the sedimentation period. It is also noted in our experiments with MgCl2 that Mg2+ slightly inhibited anaerobic phosphate release.