污泥生物炭制备与其对土壤环境影响的研究进展

污泥生物炭由于具有优异的孔隙结构和较大的比表面积,吸附能力强,在环境污染修复、土壤改良和固碳方面得到广泛研究。从污泥生物炭的来源与性质出发,探讨了污泥生物炭施入土壤后对土壤结构改良、营养成分提升等方面的作用机制,分析了污泥生物炭的制备工艺与相应污泥生物炭的特性以及返还土壤的效用状况。通过对作为肥料的污泥生物炭的品质分析,针对性地评价了其安全性及对土壤环境的积极影响,并对存在典型问题的土壤进行归类,从土壤改良需求与污泥生物炭特性适配的角度,为污泥生物炭制备工艺的选择提供指导。污泥生物炭应用对促进污泥资源化利用、实现碳减排具有重要现实意义,优化污泥生物炭制备工艺、客观评价污泥生物炭土地利用环境风险、强化污泥生物炭改性、重视污泥生物炭综合效益评价等是未来重点研究方向。     

生物处理技术在低浓度含油污泥修复中的应用

通过进行低浓度含油污泥生物处理的试验,说明生物处理技术对低浓度含油污泥处理的可行性,为以后生物处理技术在含油量较低的污泥无害化处理的大规模应用奠定实践基础。     

污泥生物炭混凝土性能及环境效益研究

污水处理厂产生的污泥是一种处理成本很高的固体废弃物,探索低成本、高效率的处理技术是该领域的发展方向。文章使用不同质量分数的污泥生物炭替代水泥制备污泥生物炭混凝土,进行坍落度和力学性能的试验;并采用单因素分析法,分析不同水泥替代量的污泥生物炭对混凝力学性能影响的显著性。研究表明,当生物炭替代量在5%以内时,C30和C40污泥生物炭混凝土的力学性能均高于或相当于未掺污泥生物炭的对照组;当生物炭替代量超过10%时,混凝土的性能指标下降明显但仍达使用标准;污泥生物炭对C30和C40混凝土抗压和劈裂抗拉性能均产生显著性影响。如若将达到施工标准的污泥生物炭混凝土在全国应用,可封存7641万t污泥生物炭,相应处理污泥1.5亿t,对污泥处理产生较为可观的环境效益。     

污泥生物处理的研究与应用

污泥生物处理技术包括污泥前置及后置的处理。污泥前置处理可以通过微生物自身的新陈代谢和微生物种群之间捕食作用,以及对工艺和反应器的改良来实现污泥减量。污泥后置生物处理是指污泥消化,可以使用高温-中温共相厌氧消化和蛋形污泥消化器对污泥进行减量;这些方法从不同侧面反应了目前污泥生物处理研究现状以及最新进展。     

生物酸化污泥回用在批式运行的污泥生物淋滤工艺中的效果

以制革污泥为对象,利用上批淋滤结束后的生物酸化污泥既含大量微生物又具有较强酸度的特点,用其回流以达到使原始污泥预酸化和接种微生物的双重效果,建立用生物淋滤技术序批式处理制革污泥的工艺.用硫酸调节原始污泥pH至5.5左右,接入质量分数为20%的菌种和0.4%的能源物质进行污泥中重金属的生物淋滤处理,取淋滤过程不同阶段中pH3.5、3.0、2.5、1.95的生物酸化污泥作菌种,同时用硫酸对待处理污泥预酸化进行下批生物淋滤处理.此外,采用刚淋滤结束的pH1.95的生物酸化污泥代替硫酸进行污泥的预酸化和接种.结果表明,用淋滤过程中pH3.5～1.95的生物酸化污泥作菌种,污泥的pH值都能够下降到2.0以下,而且不同pH值的生物酸化污泥作菌种的淋滤效果差异并不显著,说明淋滤过程中pH在3.5以下的污泥都可以作为菌种,接入到下一批次待处理的污泥中进行生物淋滤.连续6批次的污泥淋滤试验表明,用刚淋滤结束的pH<2的生物酸化污泥回流既能完全代替浓硫酸对原始污泥进行预酸化,并又兼有接种作用.每批处理4d均能稳定完成淋滤过程.因此,工程应用中只需在待处理污泥中添加上批淋滤结束的酸化污泥便可,使生物淋滤持续批式运行,大大简化了处理工艺.     

生物铁强化膜生物反应器处理印染废水的研究

通过向普通膜生物反应器(MBR)中添加氢氧化铁,驯化成生物铁污泥,形成生物铁膜生物反应器,分析各自对印染废水的处理效果,结果表明,生物铁MBR对COD的去除效果更好,去除率提高10%左右,但水力停留时间的长短对COD的去除效率影响不是很明显;通过改变泥龄观察处理效果,结果表明,生物铁MBR可以在较长泥龄的条件下运行而处理效果不会受到影响,比普通MBR排放更少的污泥,能达到污泥减量化;同时生物铁污泥絮体的形成为硝化细菌提供了良好的生存环境,使得对氨氮的去除效率比较稳定。试验说明:生物铁污泥的强化生化与物化作用可以加强系统整体的稳定性。     

沸石生物基材料促进污泥消化工艺研究

将活化沸石在厌氧状态下进行生物膜挂膜,制成沸石生物基材料并将其运用于城市剩余污泥消化中,研究沸石生物材料促进污泥厌氧消化的效果。结果表明:沸石生物基材料对污泥总固体量和挥发性固体都有较好的去除效果,去除率分别在50.4%～62.8%和56.8%～81.4%,其中粒径为200目的风干沸石生物基材料对污泥总固体减重率高达62.8%;对污泥上清液中氨氮和COD的去除效果明显且稳定,沸石生物基材料在风干状态下对污泥消化的促进效果更佳。     

生物吸附作用对漂白废水中AOX去除作用的研究

研究了CEH三段漂白废水二级生物处理中好氧及厌氧生物污泥对AOX吸附作用。结果表明,污泥生物吸附符合Langmuir吸附等温式,好氧污泥对AOX的吸附量大于厌氧污泥,污泥对废水中低分子量AOX的吸附量大于高分子量AOX。污泥的解吸实验则表明污泥的生物吸附是一不可逆过程;活性和受抑制的2种污泥的吸附量没有明显差别,其好氧、厌氧污泥的AOX单位碳原子的吸附能仅为0.37和0.38 kJ/mol,表明生物吸附仅是与生物代谢无关的而与分子间爱德华力有关的物理吸附。      

膜生物反应器中生物铁对活性污泥性能的影响

污泥性能是决定污水处理效果的关键因素. 通过向膜生物反应器中添加生物铁来强化污水处理效果,研究膜生物反应器中生物铁对活性污泥性能的影响,比较普通膜生物反应器(普通MBR)和生物铁膜生物反应器(生物铁MBR)中的污泥指数(SVI)、污泥质量浓度〔ρ(MLSS)和ρ(MLVSS)〕、污泥的脱氢酶活性和耗氧活性. 结果表明,生物铁膜生物反应器中的污泥结构紧密,生物相丰富,污泥质量浓度比较稳定;生物铁MBR的SVI受进水负荷影响较小,能够克服污泥膨胀的影响;生物铁MBR污泥的脱氢酶活性和耗氧活性与普通膜生物反应器相似,随水力停留时间(HRT)的缩短或泥龄(SRT)的延长脱氢酶活性和耗氧活性呈下降趋势.      

原污泥与脱脂污泥制备生物炭的比较及其特性分析

污泥中的脂质提取后可制备生物柴油,或者是层析出其中的神经酰胺都是重要的资源化途径。污泥提脂后剩余的残渣可通过热解制备成具有吸附作用的生物炭。采用原污泥、脱脂污泥（原污泥索氏提取脂质后的剩余物）,在500,600,700,800℃且绝氧条件下制备生物炭,对其成分进行了分析比较,通过扫描电子显微镜（scanning electron microscope,SEM）、傅里叶红外吸收光谱分析（Fourier transform infrared,FT-IR）、BET比表面积分析对其进行了表征,探究了原污泥和脱脂污泥制备的生物炭随温度条件变化的规律。研究发现:脱脂污泥制备得到的生物炭随温度上升,其微观表面更加粗糙,孔径增大,比表面积减小,表面官能团数量减少。相比于原污泥而言,脱脂污泥基生物炭表现出较弱的吸附性能,但依然具有进一步研究的价值和应用潜力。     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Sensitivity of key factors and uncertainties in health risk assessment of benzene pollutant

Predicting long-term potential human health risks from contaminants in the multimedia environment requires the use of models. However,there is uncertainty associated with these predictions of many parameters which can be represented by ranges or probability distributions rather than single value.Based on a case study with information from an actual site contaminated with benzene,this study describes the application of MMSOILS model to predict health risk and distributions of those predictions generated using Monte Carlo techniques.A sensitivity analysis was performed to evaluate which of the random variables are most important in producing the predicted distributions of health risks.The sensitivity analysis shows that the predicted distributions can be accurately reproduced using a small subset of the random variables.The practical implication of this analysis is the ability to distinguish between important versus unimportant random variables in terms of their sensitivity to selected endpoints.This directly translates into a reduction in data collection and modeling effort.It was demonstrated that how correlation coefficient could be used to evaluate contributions to overall uncertainty from each parameter.The integrated uncertainty analysis shows that although drinking groundwater risk is similar with inhalation air risk,uncertainties of total risk come dominantly from drinking groundwater route.Most percent of the variance of total risk comes from four random variables.     

Composition analysis of colored dissolved organic matter in Taihu Lake based on three dimension excitation-emission fluorescence matrix and PARAFAC model, and the potential application in water quality monitoring

Taihu Lake is one of the five biggest lakes in China. Surface water samples from 26 sampling sites of Taihu Lake were collected. Furthermore wet chemical analysis （CODCr and BOD5） and measurement of three dimensional excitation-emission matrix （3DEEM） spectra in the laboratory have been conducted. Using parallel factor analysis （PARAFAC） model, three components of colored dissolved organic matter （CDOM） have been identified successfully, based on the analysis of 3DEEM data. The characteristics of the three components also have been described by comparing them to some components of CDOM, identified in earlier researches. Meanwhile, spatial variations of concentration for the three components in Taihu Lake have been analyzed, and the result indicates that the concentration of component 1 depends more on the situation of wastewater pollution and can be used as the indicator of wastewater pollution. The relationship between the concentrations of the three components and results of the wet chemical analysis show that none of the three components can be used as indicators of gross organic matter in water. However, the concentrations of all the three components have obvious linear relationships with the BOD5 value, especially for component 1 （r = 0.72878）. Finally, the potential applications of the composition analysis based on 3DEEM and PARAFAC model in water quality monitoring have been illuminated.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Adsorption of phenolic compounds from aqueous solutions by aminated hypercrosslinked polymers

Two novel polymers （NJ-1 and N J-2） were synthesized by chemically modified a hypercrosslinked polymer NJ-0 with dimethylamine and trimethylamine, respectively. The comparison of the adsorption properties of the three polymers toward phenol, resorcin and phloroglucin was made. The study focused on the static equilibrium adsorption behaviors and the adsorption thermodynamics. Freundlich equation was found to fit the adsorption results well. The effect of amino groups introduced onto the surface of the resin and the structure of phenolic compounds on the adsorption were also studied. The hydrogen-bonding interaction and electrostatic interaction could happen between the amino groups and the adsorbates. The adsorption impetus increased as quantity of hydroxyl groups increased, but the adsorption capacity decreased due to the drop of the matching degree of the aperture of resins and the diameter of adsorbate molecules.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Formaldehyde degradation by UV/TiO2/O3process using continuous flow mode

The degradation of formaldehyde gas was studied using UV/TiO2/O3 process under the condition of continuous flow mode. The effects of humidity, initial formaldehyde concentration, residence time and ozone adding amount on degradation of formaldehyde gas were investigated. The experimental results indicated that the combination of ozonation with photocatalytic oxidation on the degradation of formaldehyde showed a synergetic action, e.g,, it could considerably increase decomposing of formaldehyde. The degradation efficiency of formaldehyde was between 73.6% and 79.4% while the initial concentration in the range of 1.84--24 mg/m^3 by O3/TiO2flJV process. The optimal humidity was about 50% in UV/TiO2/O3 processs and degradation of formaldehyde increases from 39.0% to 94.1% when the ozone content increased from 0 to 141 mg/m^3. Furthermore, the kinetics of formaldehyde degradation reaction could be described by Langmuir-Hinshelwood model. The rate constant k of 46.72 mg/（m^3.min） and Langmuir adsorption coefficient K of 0.0268 m^3/mg were obtained.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.