两段式热解厨余垃圾实验研究

通过厨余垃圾的工业分析，发现其挥发分比例较高，适合热解利用；采用热重分析方法分析了不同条件下厨余垃圾的热解特性，提出了厨余垃圾两段式热解转化利用的思路，得出了厨余垃圾热解的合适工艺条件。在自行设计建造的一段回转炉、二段焦化罐中对厨余垃圾热解，并分析了产物的组成和性质。     

基因工程的潜在影响及其对有机食品产业的冲击

基因工程的研究发展非常迅速，使其在农业和食品加工领域的应用成为不可避免，但其安全性问题在世界范围内引起了非常广泛的争议。从基因工程内涵和有机农业的要求及目标出发，讨论了基因工程的潜在影响及其对发展有机食品产业的冲击。认为有机农业运动面临的紧迫问题是尽快协调所有的行动方案来保证有机食品永远不涉及基因工程生物体。有机农业正面临基因工程的挑战，其发展的潜力是建立一个完全独立的有机食品市场。     

Toxic and recovery effects of copper on Caenorhabditiselegans by various food-borne and water-borne pathways

Copper pollutions are typical heavy metal contaminations, and their ability to move up food chains urges comprehensive studies on their effects through various pathways. Currently, four exposure pathways were prescribed as food-borne (FB), water-borne plus clean food (WCB), water-food-borne (WFB) and water-borne (WB). Caenorhabditiselegans was chosen as the model organism, and growth statuses, feeding abilities, the amounts of four antioxidant enzymes, and corresponding recovery effects under non-toxic conditions with food and without food were investigated. Based on analysis results, copper concentrations in exposure were significantly influenced by the presence of food and its uptake by C.elegans. Both exposure and recovery effects depended on exposure concentrations and food conditions. For exposure pathways with food, feeding abilities and growth statuses were generally WFB < WCB ? FB (p < 0.05). The antioxidant activities were up-regulated in the same order. Meanwhile, the exposure pathway without food (WB) caused non-up-regulated antioxidant activities, and had the best growth statuses. For recoveries with food, growth statuses, feeding abilities and the inductions of the antioxidant enzymes were all WB ≈ WFB < WCB < FB (p < 0.05). For recoveries without food, the order of growth statuses remained WB > FB > WCB > WFB (p < 0.05), while the antioxidant activities were all inhibited in a concentration-dependent fashion. In conclusion, contaminated food was the primary exposure pathway, and various pathways caused different responses of C.elegans.     

宁波地区海产品中汞污染现状研究

采用冷原子吸收（荧光）法测定了宁波不同地区的各种海产品中总汞和甲基汞含量，总体属轻度及中等污染水平，工业轻发达地区的海产品内总汞和甲基汞的含量较高，不同种类海产品因食性不同，在食物链中所处位置不同，表现为贝壳类＞肉食性类＞杂食性类＞植食性类＞藻类和水草，无鳞鱼类＞有鳞鱼类；海产品中不同部分污染水平表现为内脏＞头部＞肌肉；海水＜底泥＜海产品。除个别样品接近国家标准外，其余都符合我国食品卫生标准。     

Effect of food level on the acute and chronic responses of daphnids to lindane

The toxic effects of lindane on the zooplankton communities may be strongly related to the population fitness, which is highly dependent on food availability. In order to test this hypothesis, acute (immobilisation) and chronic (life-history) responses of Daphnia longispina and Daphnia magna, reared at different food levels (low, normal, and high), were assessed in laboratorial exposures to several concentrations of lindane. A bifactorial design was employed (food level versus lindane concentration) for both species. Results showed that lindane was toxic to both D. magna and D. longispina, within a similar range. However, lindane toxicity to daphnids was dependent on food level, suggesting that the latter is an important factor to take into account when assessing the toxic effects of lindane on zooplankton communities.     

Combined effects of copper and food on the midge Chironomus riparius in whole-sediment bioassays

Effects observed in whole-sediment bioassays must be seen as the joint effect of all sediment characteristics. In whole-sediment bioassays, however, adverse effects on test organisms are usually attributed to the presence of contaminants and effects of food are often ignored. The aim of this study was to analyze the response of the midge Chironomus riparius to sediment spiked with different combinations of food and copper. The responses of C. riparius to these spiked sediments were assessed in 10-day whole-sediment bioassays. Decreases in survival, dry weight, and length of C. riparius were observed with increasing copper concentrations. However, an increase in the amount of food resulted in an increase of larval dry weight and length until copper concentrations reached a critical threshold of 200 mg/kg. In addition, an increase in the amount of food resulted in a decrease of accumulated copper in the larvae. The present study demonstrated that the combination of copper and food in the sediment determines the performance of C. riparius in whole-sediment bioassays. The dependency of C. riparius on high feeding levels, which mask toxic effects, questions its suitability as a test organism for whole-sediment bioassays. Because benthic communities in polluted ecosystems are often exposed to varying levels of both food and toxicants it is concluded that the trophic state of the ecosystem may alter the ecological risk of sediment-bound toxicants to opportunistic benthic invertebrates such as C. riparius.     

Modelling the absorption and desorption of cadmium on paper pulp using kinetic approaches

The presence of toxic metals on paper pulp and the migration of these metals to food from the food package is receiving significant attention. The final exposure levels for consumers depend on two main processes. First the potential of metals to bind paper pulp during manufacture. Second, the metal potential to migrate from paper to food during storage and use. Binding and unbinding processes are modelled for cadmium kinetics through kinetic approaches. The cadmium concentration in paper pulp is estimated from the cadmium concentration in the water-pulp liquor during manufacture, the temperature, and contact time. Two food simulants have been employed for desorption studies, water and acetic solution (3%, w/w). As expected, under acidic conditions desorption is total and rapid (close to 100% desorption reached in a few minutes). However, the desorption of cadmium into the neutral food simulant depends on the initial cadmium concentration in the paper pulp, temperature and contact time. Surface response curves for each combination are presented. Temperature did not affect cadmium binding, but played a significant role for the desorption processes into the neutral food simulant. The proposed equations offer a good fitting of the experimental values, with p < 0.001 and residuals within a factor of 3 for over 99% of the measured data. These models allow estimations of the expected exposure levels in consumers, on the basis of manufacture and use conditions. Linking the expected exposure with toxicity thresholds, such as the admissible daily intake (ADI), would allow a scientific assessment of the maximum acceptable cadmium levels in water-pulp liquors during manufacture and in the final paper pulp on the basic of the use patterns of each food packaging material.     

Inferring chemical effects on carbon flows in aquatic food webs: Methodology and case study

The majority of ecotoxicological enclosure experiments monitor species abundances at different chemical concentrations. Here, we present a new modelling approach that estimates changes in food web flows from such data and show that population- and food web level effects are revealed that are not apparent from abundance data alone. For the case of cypermethrin in freshwater enclosures, photosynthesis and excretion (d⁻¹) of phytoplankton at 3.643 μg L⁻¹ cypermethrin were 30% lower and 100% higher than in the control, respectively. The ingestion rate of mesozooplankton (d⁻¹) was 6 times higher in the treated enclosures than in the control as food concentration increased with insecticide exposure. With increasing cypermethrin concentrations, nanoflagellates progressively relied on phytoplankton as their main food source, which rendered the food web less stable. We conclude that this tool has excellent potential to analyse the wealth of enclosure data as it only needs species abundance and general constraints.     

The impact of household food consumption on resource and energy management

How can private households contribute to a more resource-efficient food production system? The importance of meat consumption has previously been highlighted. Various life-cycle analysis studies suggest which products are favourable from an ecological point of view. This study uses a material flux analysis to assess material and energy fluxes of the entire system of food production and consumption. It compares different steps in production and consumption as well as different product categories. The results reveal that agricultural production and private households account for most of the system's energy requirements. The outcomes of two possible initiatives taken by private households are analysed by scenario calculation. It compares optimisation of technical devices in private households with purchase decisions that favour organically produced food products. The results reveal an astonishing optimisation potential of cooling devices in private households. However, it also shows the importance of specific parameters, such as the energy-mix coefficient.     

茅草添加与温度变化对餐厨垃圾厌氧水解产酸的影响

比较了茅草添加在温度变化条件下对餐厨垃圾厌氧水解过程小分子有机酸产量的影响，提出一种新型餐厨垃圾的资源化方式。研究结果显示，餐厨垃圾在55℃条件下厌氧水解主要产物为乳酸，达到25．7g／L，其干物质转化率可以达到32．1％（gTS），而餐厨＋茅草处理在同样条件下的乳酸产量为20．1g／L，干物质转化率为25．1％。温度下降为37℃后继续进行的的厌氧水解，得到的主要产物是乙酸、丙酸和丁酸，餐厨处理和餐厨＋茅草处理这两者的峰值分别为6．5、2．8、8．0和6．1g／L、2．7g／L和5．9g／L。结果显示茅草添加可以在一定程度上调节水解产物的比例，而温度变化可以调控小分子有机酸的产量。本研究结果表明，厌氧水解是一种有潜力的小分子有机酸生产与餐厨垃圾资源化处理途径。     

Relying on nature: wild foods in northern Nigeria

In rural Africa, wild foods provide diversity, vitamins and minerals in the diet. They are also important at times of food shortage. This paper discusses issues concerning wild food use in semiarid West Africa, and presents the results of a study of the use of wild plant foods in northeast Nigeria. Interviews with farmers and herders identified a total of 67 wild foods, coming from 53 species of plant. Knowledge of wild foods varied according to ethnic group and gender. Some wild foods caused side effects if eaten in excess. Land-use change due to agricultural expansion seems to be increasing the areas where wild foods are most commonly found. Wild foods are important as a supplement to daily diet, and at times of food scarcity. In addition, they provide an opportunity to generate income when they are collected and traded. The paper concludes that wild foods are an important coping strategy for rural communities. Further research is needed to determine whether local institutions and community-based natural resource management regimes are sufficient to conserve this resource.     

Effects of mercury exposure on ionic regulation in the crayfish Orconectes propinquus

Hemolymph sodium, potassium and calcium concentrations were determined in crayfish (Orconectes propinquus) exposed to (203)HgCl(2) mixed with food to a concentration of 1 microg Hg g(-1). Dummy-fed animals were exposed to Hg-dosed food wrapped in dialysis tubing to control for mercury reaching the animals via leaching from food to water. Hemolymph analyses were made following 14-day Hg exposures and again after a further 21-day 'depuration' period during which all animals were fed Hg-free food. After 14 days, the mercury reached a concentration of 0.175 microg g(-1) in the hepatopancreas and approximately half this level in the gills of Hg-fed animals. No depuration occurred from the hepatopancreas although the gills lost approximately two-thirds of their labelled mercury during the depuration period. Hemolymph sodium concentrations in Hg-exposed crayfish, both fed and dummy-fed, after 14 days were significantly lower than in Hg-free controls and remained low following the 21-day depuration period. Hemolymph calcium concentrations were lower in Hg-fed animals than in dummy-fed and control animals after 14 days although calcium levels rose in all treatments after 35 days. This may have been due to the incidence of pre-molt animals in all experimental groups, although the relationship between this and mercury exposure was not established unequivocally. Hemolymph potassium levels showed no differences between treatments.     

Effects of chemical stress and food limitation on the energy reserves and growth of turbot,Scophthalmus maximus

The objective of the present study is to examine the growth and energetic performance of juvenile turbot after exposure to contaminated sediment and during the subsequent recovery period with or without food limitation. We designed a two-step experiment by first exposing juvenile turbot to harbour sediment for 26 days and then transferring them to clean sea water with different frequencies of feeding for 35 days. Without food limitation, fish previously exposed to contaminated sediment compensated for weight, length and lipid reserve losses; we did not record any differences in size, Fulton’s K condition index and triacylglycerol/sterol (TAG/ST) ratio after the 35-day depuration period compared to the reference fish. This result could be related to the compensatory growth mechanism observed in a wide range of fish species following a period of growth depression. With food limitation during the 35-day depuration period, recovery growth was not sufficient to restore length and weight values similar to the reference fish. Moreover, turbot previously exposed to contaminated sediment and subsequently fed twice or once a week exhibited extremely low TAG/ST ratios, but the reference fish submitted to the same restrictive feeding conditions did not. This study indicates that juvenile fish affected by chemical pollution can improve their biological performance if pollution events are followed by a period of abundant food. However, if pollution events occur during periods of food scarcity, e.g. in winter, storage of energy reserves will be compromised.     

中国有机食品的研究与发展前景

介绍了有机食品的基本概念和有机食品所应具备的条件，并比较了有机食品与绿色食品的区别与联系；在对国内外有机食品的发展概况和中国发展有机食品的有利条件的全面论述和分析的基础上，阐明了中国有机食品的发展不仅有着良好的国内外市场，而且有着广阔的前景。     

The influence of gut microorganisms on zinc uptake in Helix aspersa

An artificial diet was prepared that enabled the snail Helix aspersa to be fed food containing varying amounts of metals, antibiotics or bacteria. By this means it is possible to show that the body burden of zinc was significantly correlated with the dietary intake. The snail was, however, able to detect high concentrations of the metal and reduced its intake of such contaminated food. The bacterial population of the alimentary tract modified the amount of zinc absorbed from the diet. It appears, therefore, that biological monitoring programmes, based upon bioaccumulation measurements, should take these influences into account.     

A Call for Urgent Monitoring of Food and Water Security Based on Relevant Indicators for the Arctic

This perspective paper argues for an urgent need to monitor a set of 12 concrete, measurable indicators of food and water security in the Arctic over time. Such a quantitative indicator approach may be viewed as representing a reductionist rather than a holistic perspective, but is nevertheless necessary for actually knowing what reality aspects to monitor in order to accurately understand, quantify, and be able to project critical changes to food and water security of both indigenous and non-indigenous people in the Arctic. More relevant indicators may be developed in the future, taking us further toward reconciliation between reductionist and holistic approaches to change assessment and understanding. However, the potential of such further development to improved holistic change assessment is not an argument not to urgently start to monitor and quantify the changes in food and water security indicators that are immediately available and adequate for the Arctic context.     

Effects of probiotic bacteria on the bioaccessibility of aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A using an in vitro digestion model under fed conditions

In the present study, we aimed at determining the release of aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) and ochratoxin A (OTA) from different food products in the gastro-intestinal tract in the absence and presence of probiotics, a possible adsorbent. The average bioaccessibility of AFB₁ and OTA without probiotics was about 90%, and 30%, respectively, depending on several factors, such as food product, contamination level, compound and type of contamination (spiked versus naturally contaminated). The six probiotic bacteria showed varying binding capacity to AFB₁ and OTA depending on the bacterial strain, toxin studied, type of food and contamination level. A reduction to a maximum of 37% and 73% as observed for the bioaccessibility of AFB₁ and OTA in the presence of probiotic bacteria, respectively. This is the first report on the effect of probiotic bacteria on reducing the fraction of mycotoxins available for absorption in the gastrointestinal tract from different food products.     

Are there any effects of eco-climatic factors on freshwater prawn reproduction: a study on monsoon river prawn,Macrobrachium malcolmsonii

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Prawns are regarded as delicious food items and a source of income as it is the salient exportable fishery item of Bangladesh and a number of other...     

Flood hazards vulnerability and risk of food security in Bait community flood-prone areas of Punjab Pakistan: In SDGs achievement threat

Climate change in the global perspective has increased the occurrence of natural disasters, which subsequently decreased agricultural production and intensified the issue of food security. Developing countries, such as Pakistan, are facing severe food security issues, where most of the population still experiences poverty and hunger in their daily lives. Flood disasters ruin valuable land, cause agricultural production losses, and interrupt livelihood routines as expected household livelihood becomes more vulnerable. This research work focused on investigating the flood hazards vulnerability and risk of food security in the Bait community flood-prone areas of Punjab, Pakistan, with a broader aspect in contrast to previous research work. A constructed food security index composed of several IPCC and FAO factors with correlated dimensions of food security was used for the empirical estimation in this study. A composite food security index was developed through polychoric principal component analysis. To estimate the influence on the overall food security condition in the study area, a food security index was regressed on various independent variables. Estimates of the study indicated that three-fourths of household respondents in the study area are confronted with the issue of food security with changeable scale. Financing schemes, physical assets, and family type illustrated the positive influence on respondents’ food security level, whereas respondents suffering property losses owing to floods had a negative influence. The study findings suggested integrated strategies must be adopted to effectively deal with issues of food security in the scenario of increasing severity of flood disasters. Policymakers and disaster-concerned institutions need to develop disaster risk mitigation strategies by constructing new water reserves and clearing river encroachments to deal with flood disasters. Agricultural research and development authorities need to provide climate friendly seed varieties and promote particular food crops for flood prone areas to ensure food security and reduce livelihood vulnerability, specifically for the flood-prone communities.

     

Effects of different food (Chlorella) concentrations on the chronic toxicity of cadmium to survivorship, growth and reproduction of Echinisca triserialis (Crustacea: Cladocera)

Extraneous factors have been shown to greatly modify pollutant stress. The present study was conducted with the objective of determining whether differences in food levels could modify chronic toxicity of cadmium to the various life-history parameters of the cladoceran Echinisca triserialis. Laboratory experiments were conducted on a sublethal range of cadmium (0, 2.5, 5.0, 10 and 20 microg litre(-1)) on life-history parameters such as survivorship, longevity, life expectancy, age at first reproduction, total fecundity, neonate size, net reproductive rate (R0), generation time (T), intrinsic rate of natural increase (r) and growth of Echinisca triserialis in relation to different food (Chlorella) levels of 0.5 (low), 1.5 (medium) and 4.5 (high) x 10(6) cells ml(-1). Cadmium levels of 10 microg litre(-1) and above, and low food levels, had a profound effect in decreasing the magnitude of all parameters studied. EC50 levels computed for life-history parameters, such as longevity, life expectancy at birth, total fecundity, R0 and T, were in the range of 2 to 21 microg litre(-1) cadmium, and this is indicative of extreme adverse effects on the population dynamics of E. triserialis when exposed to low food levels. At high food levels the EC50 was not achieved for cadmium in the toxicant range studied. The significance of these results is discussed in relation to field conditions.