如何实现小城镇生活垃圾资源化

小城镇生活垃圾处理应重视资源化,但小城镇生活垃圾资源化面I临城镇规模、垃圾组分、经济、技术和市场等众多因素的制约。逐一分析这些制约因素并结合实例提出了小城镇生活垃圾资源化的三种实现模式,即纳管模式、组团模式和单建模式,探讨了三种模式的适用范围。     

绿色建筑小区雨水资源化综合利用技术

运用生态学原理设计绿色建筑小区已逐渐成为潮流,节水与水资源利用的问题正日益受到关注.绿色建筑小区雨水资源化综合利用技术集成优化了小区雨水收集与分散处理系统、雨水集中收集与处理系统、雨水渗透系统等技术,具有投资省、处理效果好、管理方便等优点,适合为今后的绿色建筑小区雨水资源化综合利用建设参考.     

微污染水源水的控制技术

饮用水水源的污染日益严重,对人类的健康和传统净水工艺都构成了较大的威胁,更加剧了水资源的危机,文中阐述了近年来我国处理微污染水源水的主要技术,强化混凝处理技术,臭氧活性炭联用深度处理技术,生物活性炭深度处理技术,光催化氧化法技术,膜法深度处理技术,吸附预处理技术,生物预处理技术等,并给出了各种处理方法的优缺点。     

浅谈姜堰市溱湖湿地生态保护与对策研究

近年来,姜堰市日益加剧的人类活动和资源开发,影响了溱湖湿地的生态保护。在分析溱湖湿地资源现状的基础上,指出存在的问题,并提出相应的对策建议。     

绿色高分子材料及其发展展望

介绍了环境友好的绿色高分子材料的重要性，列举了几种可降解高分子材料的类型及其特性，从可降解塑料的研制方面谈及充分、合理地利用资源，同时展望绿色高分子材料的应用前景。     

Interdependence between pollution and fish resource harvest policies

This study presents a bio-economic model in which the dynamics of a fishery are affected by marine pollution both directly and indirectly. From the optimality analysis it can be seen that, as long as a contaminating sector exists near coastal areas, the policy on fish resource harvest will be more intense initially (when the environmental situation is better) and less intense in subsequent periods, that is, the fish resource will be managed as if it were a non-renewable resource. It will be also shown that, while the effect of pollution coexists with resource exploitation, the resource stock cannot be thought of as being in a stationary state, which leads the regulator to adopt a policy whereby the release of pollutants can be better controlled.     

农业可持续发展的新模式：资源循环型农业

阐述了资源循环型农业的基本概念及其特征,根据循环经济的相关理论和国内外农业发展的实际情况,指出中国农业应在生态农业的基础上,朝着资源循环型农业的目标发展。     

Extrapolating phosphorus production to estimate resource reserves

Various indicators of resource scarcity and methods for extrapolating resource availability are examined for phosphorus. These include resource lifetime, and trends in resource price, ore grade and discovery rates, and Hubbert curve extrapolation. Several of these indicate increasing scarcity of phosphate resources. Calculated resource lifetime is subject to a number of caveats such as unanticipated future changes in resource discovery, mining and beneficiation technology, population growth or per-capita demand. Thus it should be used only as a rough planning index or as a relative indicator of potential scarcity. This paper examines the uncertainty in one method for estimating available resources from historical production data. The confidence intervals for the parameters and predictions of the Hubbert curves are computed as they relate to the amount of information available. These show that Hubbert-type extrapolations are not robust for predicting the ultimately recoverable reserves or year of peak production of phosphate rock. Previous successes of the Hubbert curve are for cases in which there exist alternative resources, which is not the situation for phosphate. It is suggested that data other than historical production, such as population growth, identified resources and economic factors, should be included in making such forecasts.     

Present and past dynamics of Inughuit resource spaces

Information from a collaborative GPS tracking project, Piniariarneq, involving 17 occupational hunters from Qaanaaq and Savissivik, Northwest Greenland, is used to explore the resource spaces of hunters in Avanersuaq today. By comparison with historical records from the time of the Thule Trading Station and the decades following its closure, we reveal a marked variability in resource spaces over time. It is argued that the dynamics of resources and resource spaces in Thule are not underlain by animal distribution and migration patterns, or changes in weather and sea ice conditions alone; but also by economic opportunities, human mobility, settlement patterns, particular historical events and trajectories, and not least by economic and political interests developed outside the region.     

循环经济理念下的城市污水处理浅析

随着城市化和现代化进程的推进，污水回用处理技术问题困扰着城市的可持续发展，并影响着水资源的再生回用和可持续发展。文中以循环经济思想理念为基础，叙述了中国水环境的现状、国内外污水资源的研究进展、循环经济的含义以及在循环经济观念下的污水处理新思路，探求了城市污水处理的重要性，以变废水负价值的被动处理，转变为盈价值的资源化与经济化利用，形成新的经济增长点，实现环境效益、经济效益和社会效益的高度统一，真正实现可持续发展。     

Resource allocation for mitigating regional air pollution–related mortality: A summertime case study for five cities in the United States

An important issue of regional air quality management is to allocate air quality management funds to maximize environmental and human health benefits. In this study, we use an innovative approach to tackle this air quality management issue. We develop an innovative resource allocation model that allows identification of air pollutant emission control strategies that maximize mortality avoidances subject to a resource constraint. We first present the development of the resource allocation model and then a case study to show how the model can be used to identify resource allocation strategies that maximize mortality avoidances for top five Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) (i.e., New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Dallas-Fort Worth, and Philadelphia) in the continental United States collectively. Given budget constraints in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Clean Air Act assessment, the results of the case study suggest that controls of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and primary carbon (PC) emissions from EPA Regions 2, 3, 5, 6, and 9 would have significant health benefits for the five selected cities collectively. Around 30,800 air pollution–related mortalities could be avoided during the selected 2-week summertime episode for the five cities collectively if the budget could be allocated based on the results of the resource allocation model. Although only five U.S. cities during a 2-week episode are considered in the case study, the resource allocation model can be used by decision-makers to plan air pollution mitigation strategies to achieve the most significant health benefits for other seasons and more cities over a region or the continental U.S.Implications: Effective allocations of air quality management resources are challenging and complicated, and it is desired to have a tool that can help decision-makers better allocate the funds to maximize health benefits of air pollution mitigation. An innovative resource allocation model developed in this study can help decision-makers identify the best resource allocation strategies for multiple cities collectively. The results of a case study suggest that controls of primary carbon and sulfur dioxides emissions would achieve the most significant health benefits for five selected cities collectively.     

电解锰渣的综合利用进展与研究展望

电解锰渣是电解金属锰时产生的酸性滤渣,含有大量有害物质。随着电解锰行业的快速发展,大量堆放填埋的电解锰渣引发了严重的水土、生态环境污染问题,对锰渣的无害化处理与资源化利用已成为电解锰行业和环保领域的研究热点。在电解锰渣特性的分析基础上,对国内外电解锰渣的综合利用进展(如锰离子回收、肥料制作和建筑材料应用)进行了回顾,分析了锰渣各种资源化利用方法的优缺点。最后,展望了电解锰渣的研究与应用前景,旨在为锰矿资源的可持续性开发与电解锰渣的综合回收利用提供参考。     

Compensation for natural resource damages from oil spills: a comparison of US law and international conventions

The basic measure of natural resource damages in USA environmental liability statutes is the cost of restoring the injured resources, plus compensation for the interim loss of resources from the time of injury until their full recovery. In contrast, until 1996, the international Convention Protocols addressing liability for accidental oil spills did not hold the responsible party liable for damages to natural resources, except to compensate for lost profits and earnings of commercial users of the resources. Recent developments, however, suggest that international and USA laws are converging. In the 1996 regulations implementing the natural resource liability provisions of the USA Oil Pollution Act (OPA), natural resource damages are quantified as the costs of a Restoration Plan designed to return resources to baseline and to compensate for interim losses. The 1992 international Convention Protocols, which entered into force in May 1996, include the costs of resource 'reinstatement' measures, though a clear definition of the scope of 'reinstatement', consistent with the restoration concepts in the OPA regulations, could provide an inclusive measure of damages for environmental harm. Furthermore, such a measure would not contravene the policy, previously articulated by the international organisation administering the compensation regime, that only losses quantifiable in financial terms may be claimed.     

离子型稀土冶炼废水资源回收及达标排放处理工艺研究

离子型稀土冶炼废水水质成分复杂,NH_3-N浓度极高,直接排放不仅造成严重的环境污染而且形成巨大的资源浪费。通过全面分析稀土冶炼废水水质,对稀土冶炼废水资源回收及达标排放处理进行了工艺理论分析,并提出了整套工艺流程。实验室小试及中试研究结果显示,该工艺能有效地从稀土冶炼废水中回收农业级NH_4Cl,并使废水达到污水综合排放标准(GB 8978-1996)的要求。     

Short-term variations in ambient particulates and their sources in Taichung, Taiwan

Environmental assessment methods are generally based on mono-disciplinary approaches drawn from biophysical or social sciences. This paper discusses the use of hierarchy theory to represent ecological systems when building a cross-disciplinary environmental assessment methodology in which a variety of legitimate views are formally taken into account. A hierarchical approach is applied to the study of an environmental problem arising from conflicting water resource allocation requirements among different activities competing for this resource in an eastern Sicilian river basin (Italy). A second case study suggests the usefulness of hierarchy theory in analysing how a community perceives a natural resource and how the concept of natural heritage changes over time.     

Small-scale fisheries,population dynamics,and resource use in Africa: the case of Moree,Ghana

We consider population dynamics and sustainable use and development of fishery resources in Moree, a small-scale fishing and coastal community of 20,000 people in the Central Region of Ghana near Cape Coast. Moree suggests that relationships between population dynamics and fishery resources are more complex than the concept of Malthusian overfishing implies. Reasons include changing biophysical characteristics of the upwelling system along the coast of West Africa; qualitative as well as quantitative changes in fishing activity throughout the year; the market nature of fishing activity and nonlocal demands for fish; regular fishery migration; and institutions regulating fishery resource access at home and at migration destinations. Population and resource relationships in Moree may be the effects of fishery resource and economic changes on migration rather than population pressure on fishery resources. Fisheries management policies must take into account processes that lie beyond the influence of local fishermen.     

Environmental assessment of the poultry sector of CFPR/TUP programme: experience of BRAC's ultra-poor poultry programme

An environmental assessment of the poultry sector of 'Challenging the Frontiers of Poverty Reduction/Targeting the Ultra Poor Program (CFPR/TUP)' programme of BRAC has been conducted. Special focus was given to health and environmental aspects of poultry rearing, including the housing and diseases of both humans and poultry, the surrounding environment, access to and sources of water, waste management, common property resources, and social conflicts related to the poultry programme. Data were collected through field observations, in-depth interviews, and case studies during August 2003. Poultry rearing was found to be a promising income-generating activity for the ultra poor. A few obstacles related to health, resource use, resource management, and social conflicts were identified. There were some innovative initiatives taken by the TUP poultry members related to waste management, other sources of income and water access. Some steps were suggested to resolve social conflicts and health problems, to improve poultry housing and waste marketing, to increase nutritional intake and initiate intermediate income-generating projects, and to highlight management issues of common property resource.     

Interdisciplinary conflict analysis and conflict mitigation in local resource management

Within the Swedish research program SUCOZOMA (Sustainable Coastal Zone Management) several conflict studies have been carried out. Whereas the detailed results of these studies are published separately, this paper reviews important results from conflict research in combination with a summarizing and generalizing discussion of approaches and main results of SUCOZOMA's resource and conflicts studies. After an analysis of interdisciplinary and theoretical research about environmental and resource use conflicts, the methodology used in SUCOZOMA is presented, a combined stakeholder and conflict analysis. It can be summarized in four main points: i) to map the stakeholders and their interests; i) to analyse the conflicts; iii) to develop methods for conflict mitigation and cooperation with stakeholders; iv) to integrate these components in a system for the management of natural resources. Exemplary case studies of resource use conflicts have been carried out at the Swedish west and east coast including coastal fishery, mussel culture, coastal planning and specific conflicts such as between species protection (seals) and coastal fishery. Researchers are involved as experts and as conflicting parties, and the role of scientists as stakeholders deserves special attention in conflict research. Conflict management is not only for the solution of present conflicts, but part of integrated resource management systems where knowledge transfer, institutional development, collective learning of scientific, political and administrative actors, and cooperation between scientists and resource users can occur.     

基于DEA模型的区域削减指标分配研究

运用数据包络分析(DEA)方法,建立了区域削减指标分配模型,综合分析了2005年全国31个省、市、自治区的主要污染物COD和SO2排放绩效以及水资源、能源的利用效率.分析表明,我国COD、SO2的排放效率、水资源和能源的利用效率比较低,节水节能减排的潜力很大.根据效率原则,得到了全国各地区节能节水减排的削减指标分配表.     

The Links Between Resource Dependency and Attitude of Commercial Fishers to Coral Reef Conservation in the Red Sea

The imperative to further constrain extractive uses of natural resources will strengthen as resources degrade through over-use or exposure to climate changes. Here, we explore an approach to increase the support for marine conservation among coral reef fishers. We explore the proposition that resource dependency in the Egyptian Red Sea can act as a barrier to conservation. We administered face-to-face surveys to 49% of the fishing industry to: (i) identify the level of compliance to the local marine protected area (MPA), (ii) assess the level of dependency on marine resources in the region and (iii) examine the relationship between resource dependency and conservation attitudes. Only 11.4% of fishers were aware of the MPA. Fishers were mostly limited in their social flexibility and livelihood options. Results suggest that resource dependency is highly and negatively correlated with conservation attitudes suggesting that management efforts need to seriously focus on reducing dependency if conservation goals are to be met.