民航管制员违章行为探讨

从内在动力和外在诱因两个方面分析了管制员违章行为产生的根本原因,着重归纳了管制员有意违章的临界心理状态,揭示了违章行为的规律,并提出具体的防范控制措施.     

基于期望理论的企业生产中违章行为管理思路探讨

通过对企业生产中违章行为心理动因的探索,提出了违章的行为函数,并对弗洛姆的期望理论进行了逆向解读和分析,从而佐证了违章行为函数的合理性,最后指出了从行为者心理动因角度减少或者杜绝违章行为的策略.     

违章行为影响因素的分析及控制措施研究

随着科技的发展，在系统安全中，机器设备的可靠性越来越高，但由于人本身的复杂性，违章行为变得愈来愈严重。本文在深入研究人为因素的基础上，对违章行为的含义进行了界定，针对易于引发违章行为的8种心理因素，分析了影响违章行为的心理因素以及生理节律特征，并就引起违章行为的心理、生理方面原因，提出了控制违章行为的措施。     

班组违章的分类

1．按人的认知来分．违章行为可分为有意违章、无意违章。无意违章可分为认知无意违章、过失无意违章。认知无意违章是由于当事人对设备、规程学习不够。缺乏相关专业知识和经验而导致的违章行为和违章操作。而当事人主观上认为是符合规程的：过失无意违章由于疏忽遗忘导致违反规程的作业．造成事实上的违章,但当事人并没有意识到。     

矿工故意违章行为影响因素系统动力学仿真研究

为进一步探析矿工故意违章行为演化规律,在分析矿工故意违章行为影响因素基础上,基于系统动力学(SD)原理,构建矿工故意违章行为影响因素系统模型。运用Vensim软件仿真分析各因素对故意违章行为的动态影响,实现故意违章行为演化过程的动态模拟仿真。结果表明:工作倦怠和故意违章示范对矿工故意违章行为具有促进作用,安全领导和安全氛围对其具有抑制作用;各影响因素对矿工故意违章行为的作用在力度、起效时间和效用存续期方面均存在差异;在4个因素交互作用下,故意违章行为演化过程呈现出阶段性规律。     

机场安检人员心理授权与违章行为关系研究

为减少民航机场安检人员的违章行为、提升民航机场安全水平,研究民航机场安检员的心理授权与违章行为之间的关系。在心理授权与违章行为关系中加入安全意识、安全动机和安全服从3个中介变量,构建机场安检人员心理授权与违章行为关系的理论假设模型;通过实证研究收集国内机场的安检员相关数据,对已构建的理论假设模型采取结构方程模型(SEM)进行检验。结果表明:机场安检员心理授权与违章行为存在一定相关性,即通过安全意识、安全动机与安全服从对违章行为产生间接影响;心理授权通过违章行为产生间接影响,通过安全意识、安全动机和安全服从的中介作用对心理授权与安全意识、安全动机和安全服从均呈现显著正相关。其中,对于安全动机的影响最大,其次是安全意识,影响最小的是安全服从;安全意识、安全动机和安全服从对于机场安检员的无意识违章、失控违章和故意违章3个维度均呈现显著负相关;安全动机对于违章行为的3个维度产生影响的差异性最小,即安全意识动机越高,机场安检员的违章行为的出现概率就会越低;安全服从与机场安检员的故意违章行为显著正相关。     

习惯性违章行为耦合关联分析模型

为探讨习惯性违章行为(HVB)的属性间与属性内的关系特征,建立习惯性违章行为的耦合关联分析模型。首先,分析违章行为属性值的分布特征及关联关系,运用关联规则(ARM)挖掘思想和耦合关系理论对各类违章行为下相应属性的关联系数进行求解,得到一个耦合关联度向量集,且对诸向量从大到小排序;然后,依据排序后耦合关联度向量集映射成习惯性违章行为耦合关联分析模型。最后,引入召回率、精确率和平均绝对值误差(MAE)等3个指标,分别求解数据集和模型的指标结果。所建模型与ARM分析结果的对比表明,模型在习惯性违章行为关联关系分析的准确性与全面性方面都效果良好。     

集成DEMATEL/ISM的煤矿工人违章行为影响因素研究

为研究煤矿工人违章行为的影响因素,基于对C煤矿351起事故案例的分析,结合实地调研和访谈,共提取4个方面15个影响因素。用集成决策实验室分析法(DEMATEL)和解释结构模型法(ISM),研究影响因素之间的关系及其对违章行为的影响程度,找出关键影响因素,分析因素间的综合影响关系,构建多级递阶结构模型。结果表明,矿领导对安全的重视程度和安全氛围具有根因素作用;班组长管理、安监人员监督、制度制定、制度执行和教育培训起着桥梁作用;知识与技能、安全意识、工种和工作时间对违章行为产生直接影响;个人传记特点、现场条件、作业设备和作业工具的影响相对较弱。重视根因素的改善有利于从根源上控制和预防煤矿工人的违章行为。     

情绪对建筑工人故意违章行为影响研究

为了研究情绪对建筑工人故意违章行为的影响作用,设计情绪对故意违章行为影响实验,分析不同情绪状态下建筑工人的故意违章行为风险倾向。结果表明,工人对无证进行塔式起重机作业这一故意违章行为的事故风险认识较高,且情绪对建筑工人故意违章行为的影响作用符合情绪维持假说,消极情绪状态下工人具有更高的故意违章行为风险倾向;积极情绪状态下工人的故意违章行为风险概率判断值高于消极情绪状态,且积极情绪下工人的故意违章行为风险损失评估分值最高。     

安全氛围、心理资本对空中交通管制员违章行为的影响

为探究导致管制员行为差错的原因,提高管制员的可靠性,基于心理资本理论与社会认知理论,构建安全氛围、心理资本与违章行为的假设模型;采取实证调研的方法收集空中交通管制员行为的相关数据;应用逐步回归的分析方法对空中交通管制员心理资本与违章行为之间的作用关系进行实证研究。结果表明:安全氛围、心理资本对空中交通管制员的违章行为有一定的影响,即安全氛围与心理资本显著正相关,心理资本与违章行为显著负相关;在管理者承诺、安全政策、监管者行为、安全培训影响违章行为过程中,心理资本起部分中介作用;在管理者承诺、安全培训、安全意识、安全政策策影响故意违章行为的过程中,心理资本分别发挥完全中介与部分中介作用;找到了"安全氛围—心理资本—违章行为"的作用机制,将心理资本在安全氛围不同因素对违章行为的影响过程中发挥的作用细化。     

煤矿“三违”原因分析及对策

全面概述了煤矿中“三违”的主要表现形式,分析了“三违”产生的原因,最后提出了相应的对策和办法。     

当前企业职工的违章心态及对策

分析指出了职工违章的心态 ,并提出了解决措施     

多方博弈下起重作业人员有意不安全行为致因分析

为有效制定起重作业人员有意不安全行为防范措施,降低人为事故发生可能性,结合演化博弈理论,探讨不同策略选择下施工企业内部管理方、监管方及作业方的得益变化,建立各方期望效益函数;依据复制动态方程,构建多方演化博弈模型,分析各方策略选择演化趋势及均衡点,剖析作业人员有意不安全行为致因,并分别从各方角度制定作业人员有意不安全行为预防措施。结果表明:作业人员有意不安全行为不仅与自身风险、成本有关,且受管理方、监管方决策影响;管理方增加安全投入,提升作业人员事故损失承担比例;监管方选择合理监管方式严格监管作业行为;作业人员进行行为决策时权衡风险、成本、收益及各方决策,将有效减少作业人员有意不安全行为的发生。     

How does the social context fuel the proactive fire? A multilevel review and theoretical synthesis

The role of social context (e.g., leadership, team climate, and organizational support) in shaping employee proactive behavior has received considerable attention and has been investigated across multiple forms of proactive behavior. However, the research has not been well integrated. In this review, we adopt a multilevel approach to synthesize what is known about how social context factors influence employees' proactive behavior, as well as what mechanisms underpin these effects. Our analyses show that leader‐, team‐, and organization‐related social context factors mainly influence employee proactivity through shaping “reason to,” “can do,” and “energized to” states (i.e., proactive motivational states) via individual‐, team‐, and cross‐level processes. That has been most frequently investigated is the effect of the discretionary social context, particularly leadership, on proactive behavior. We also review the interaction effects between social context factors and other factors on employee proactive behavior and found inconsistent support for the motivational‐fit perspective that stimuli with the same directions enhance each other's effect. We offer a research agenda to advance theoretical insights on this important topic.     

Who gets the benefit of the doubt? The impact of causal reasoning depth on how violations of gender stereotypes are evaluated

A large body of research demonstrates that women encounter severe penalties for violating gender stereotypes. In this paper, we explore the conditions under which the reverse is true—when being subject to a stereotype can actually benefit a woman compared to a man who is not subject to the same stereotype. In particular, we suggest that in situations of causal ambiguity—uncertainty about the reasons that a behavior occurred—differences in how men and women are evaluated will be moderated by the extent to which observers engage in a low or a high level of deliberative causal reasoning. In 3 experimental studies, participants were asked to make judgments about an employee who violated a female gender stereotype by failing to provide help to a coworker when asked to do so, but the reasons for this behavior were unclear. When participants were prompted to engage in deliberative causal reasoning, women were evaluated more positively than men, but not in the absence of such a prompt. Moreover, when participants did engage in deliberative causal reasoning, the more positive evaluations of women compared to men were driven by participants' beliefs that women's behavior was due more to situational constraints than the same behavior by men.     

基于随机Petri网的平交道口建模及事故率分析

基于公路道口使用者的违规进入及违规人数比例是道口发生事故的主要原因为背景,分析道口使用者违规进入道口前的平均等待时间及违规比例,列车在各个区段的时间特性与道口事故率之间的定量关系。采用随机Petri网基于道口公路使用者、道口铁路列车的经过道口过程、道口安全防护系统功能及三者之间的相关性进行建模及事故率分析。根据模型的仿真表明:当列车由道口传感器区进入接近区的时间和由接近区进入道口的时间由随机值变为固定值时,道口事故率大大降低;公路使用者在违规进入道口前,等待某个时间后进入道口发生事故的风险最大。当列车由接近区进入道口的时间为随机值时,公路使用者的违规比例增加会明显加大事故率。     

Effects of gender, sex-stereotype conformity, age and internalization on risk-taking among adolescent pedestrians

The objective of this study is to explore the effects of sex-stereotype conformity and the internalization of traffic rules on risk-taking among adolescent pedestrians. Sex-stereotype conformity, danger perception, internalization of traffic rules and risky behaviors self-reported by 278 adolescent pedestrians (130 boys and 148 girls) aged 12–16 were measured. The results show an effect of sex-stereotype conformity on the internalization of traffic rules and risky behavior. Furthermore, the results show an effect of internalizing traffic rules on the risky pedestrian behaviors. Thus, it appears that, more than biological sex, it is the level of masculinity and the level of internalization of the rules that explain gender differences in risk-taking among adolescent pedestrians.     

The theory of planned behavior as mediator of the effect of parental supervision: a study of intentions to violate driving rules in a representative sample of adolescents

INTRODUCTION: The study reported here was designed to test the ability of the theory of planned behavior to mediate the effect of parental supervision on adolescents' intentions to violate driving rules. METHOD: A representative sample of 1,654 adolescents completed questionnaires during individual and anonymous interviews carried out at their schools. RESULTS: Results showed that age, gender, prior risky driving-behavior, and parental supervision significantly predict intentions to violate driving rules. Attitude and the subjective norm partially mediate the effect of age, prior behavior, and parental supervision. Perceived behavioral control does not predict intention and is not predicted by other variables. IMPACT: The results suggest that social cognitive variables partially mediate the effect of parenting practices such as supervision.     

Bridge building within the province of proactivity

The research questions posed in this study highlight the importance of valuing proactivity in both prompting an individual to engage in proactive behavior and encouraging the expression of that behavior. We integrate a variety of constructs from the proactivity literature to gain a deeper understanding of proactive behavior as it relates to proactive motivation and supervisory performance evaluations. First, we draw upon self‐determination theory, expectancy–value theory, and the recent integration of the proactive motivation literature to hypothesize that proactive behavior is predicted by the interaction of “can do” and “reason to” proactive motivational states. Second, on the basis of performance theory, we hypothesize that the relationship between proactive behavior and performance depends upon the extent to which the supervisor values proactivity. Specifically, we argue that supervisors with proactive personalities are more likely to value and reward subordinate proactive behavior than passive supervisors. Results provide support for both of our hypotheses. Interestingly, results show that proactive behavior did not result in negative consequences but rather that there was a cost (i.e., lower performance rating) for not taking charge for employees with proactive supervisors. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.