新的NIOSH研讨会报告对全面员工健康战略的最佳做法作出总结

<正>由美国国家科学院出版社发表的一项新的报告对NIOSH的全面员工健康战略研讨会的成果进行了总结。NIOSH的全面员工健康战略旨在将实际的利益相关方集中在一起,共同商讨可以将职业健康与安全防护及健康促进整合到一起的办法。报告中介绍了由利益相关方确定的,在大、中、小型企业,雇主及雇员协会,学术界,政府机构及其他工作场所中,将职业健康与安全防护及健康促进结合在一起的最盛行和最佳的实践做法。     

NIOSH采用新方法测量射击场暴露的脉冲噪声

<正>美国国家职业安全健康研究所(NIOSH)在2014年8月发布的健康危害评估(HHE)报告发现,枪支教官在战术训练演习时暴露于高强度的脉冲噪声,显著高于NIOSH上限值140 dB。一联邦机构已要求NIOSH对教官在训练枪械和武器系统时所暴露于的脉冲噪声进行测量,并计算教官每天可以暴露于多少武器射击之内才不会造成显著的听力损失风险。     

袋式除尘器滤袋接缝方法对PM_(2.5)过滤效率的影响

针对袋式除尘器超低排放及对PM_(2.5)细颗粒物的捕集控制问题,选用分别经缝合、热熔两种制袋工艺制作的滤袋进行试验,探讨不同袋身接缝方法对袋式除尘器滤袋PM_(2.5)过滤效率的影响。结果表明:1 m/min过滤风速时,清洁状态下热熔滤袋对PM_(2.5)的过滤效率要比缝合滤袋高12.59%,而集尘状态下随滤袋表面粉尘负荷的不同,热熔滤袋对PM_(2.5)的过滤效率要比缝合滤袋高8.68%~11.18%;随过滤风速增加,缝合滤袋对PM_(2.5)过滤效率的衰减幅度要远大于热熔滤袋;滤袋表面尘饼的形成和分布的均匀性是缩小缝合滤袋与热熔滤袋间过滤效率差距的重要因素。     

熔喷聚丙烯驻极体过滤材料对医用消毒剂的耐受性研究

本文在前期工作的基础上,采用浸泡方法研究了材料在医用消毒剂作用下的过滤效率稳定性。结果表明:经双氧水、苯酚、戊二醛、含氯消毒剂、硼酸、甲醛、过氧乙酸和消毒酒精等医用消毒剂浸泡后,其过滤效率几乎不会衰减。但材料用洗洁精和洗衣粉清洗时,其过滤性能下降较大。因此,熔喷聚丙烯驻极体过滤材料在医用环境中使用具备良好的稳定性,可作为医用防护口罩的首选材料,并建议作为一次性呼吸防护用品使用。     

防雾霾纱窗对微细颗粒的过滤性能研究

防雾霾纱窗作为一种防止微细颗粒进入室内的新型民用产品,正在逐渐被社会重视与应用。以4种典型的防雾霾纱窗为例,研究了在不同风速下的阻力,以及对不同粒径微细颗粒物的过滤效率,并基于单纤维过滤机理研究了防雾霾纱窗对颗粒物捕集的理论模型,理论计算结果与实际结果基本相符。结果表明,与普通密网纱窗相比,带纤维夹层的纱窗和覆有纳米纤维膜纱窗对微细颗粒过滤效率有明显提升,综合考虑对微细颗粒物的过滤效率、阻力、透气性等因素,覆有纳米纤维膜的纱窗的防雾霾性能更为优越。     

风速及消杀手段对过滤材料效率影响的研究

探究了3～20 cm/s过滤风速及75%酒精和紫外线消杀处理对两种非静电滤料与两种带静电滤料过滤效率的影响,研究结果表明:风速的增加直接导致4种滤料穿透率增大,过滤效率降低。两种消杀手段对非静电滤料的影响很小,对带静电滤料的影响很大,且表现不同。酒精喷洒后,两种带电滤料效率显著降低,在5 cm/s下过滤效率低于未经处理滤料在20 cm/s下的效率;紫外线照射后,带静电滤料效率有所下降,带静电滤料B下降的幅度甚至达到了滤速增加1倍的水平。研究结论可为进一步认识空气过滤器在增大风速及消杀后过滤性能的变化提供参考。     

NIOSH测量一个聚合物添加剂生产厂的化学品接触情况

<正>在NIOSH于2014年10月发布的一份健康危害评估(HHE)报告中,详细介绍了其对一个聚合物添加剂生产厂员工的化学品接触情况进行评估的结果。该厂的工人们非常担心会因接触化学品而导致慢性健康问题,如得肾病或癌症。在NIOSH进行评价的过程中,调查者们对甲苯、苯、二氯甲烷、硫化氢、苯胺及含有OTOS(N-氧二亚乙基硫代氨基甲酰-N'-氧二亚乙基次磺酰胺)的粉尘进行了采样。     

呼吸道防护基础理论及产品生产技术

本文重点论述了有关呼吸道防护的相关基础理论和用于呼吸道防护非织造布的生产技术.首先介绍了呼吸道防护中最基础的过滤理论,其中包括纤维束结构中的速度场和过滤效率以及单纤维过滤机理;其次介绍了非织造过滤材料的分类和非织造布的生产技术;最后介绍了呼吸道防护滤材的性能评估标准.     

气溶胶过滤捕集效率的理论研究

本分析了气溶胶过滤理论的研究与发展，推导了稳定过滤过程捕集效率计算模型，并在此基础上，考虑颗粒在纤维表面的沉积，根据质量守恒定律，建立非稳定过滤过程数学模型，通过理论求解，得出非稳定过滤捕集效率理论计算公式。通过相关实验研究对比表明：该模型可描述非稳定过滤过程随时间的变化趋势，为预测捕集效率、延长滤料使用寿命提供理论依据。     

2种铀矿井下常用口罩对气溶胶粒子的过滤特性研究

为探究铀矿井下常用的2种口罩对气溶胶粒子的过滤特性,在我国南方某铀矿山,利用APS3321型空气动力学粒径谱仪对井下工作人员常用纱布口罩和KN95型口罩的过滤特性进行了研究.井下气溶胶监测数据显示,该铀矿井下典型作业场所PM10的质量浓度介于0.069～ 9.800 mg/m3,个数浓度介于173.918 ～2 561.600个/cm3;PM2.5的质量浓度介于0.039～0.479 mg/m3之间,个数浓度介于173.100～2 556.382个/cm3之间.口罩过滤特性试验结果表明:1)KN95型口罩和纱布口罩对PM10的平均过滤效率分别为95％和76％,对PM2.5的平均过滤效率分别为93％和61％,可见KN95型口罩过滤效率明显高于纱布口罩;2)在0.5～3.5 μm粒径范围内,2种口罩对颗粒物的过滤效率均随粒径增大而增大,在3.5～ 10μm粒径范围内,2种口罩对不同粒径颗粒物的过滤效率均接近100％;3)无论从质量浓度还是个数浓度来看,经口罩过滤后的气溶胶粒子大多数分布在2.5μm粒径范围内,表明PM2.5是主要的气溶胶污染物.     

An Evaluation of the NIOSH Lifting Equation: A Psychophysical and Biomechanical Investigation

Using the results of psychophysical and biomechanical experiments, NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) Recommended Weight Limit (RWL), the Lifting Index (LI), the form of the asymmetry multiplier, and the criterion for compression force were investigated. Analysis of the results indicated a significant difference between the NIOSH RWL and the reported Maximum Acceptable Weight of Lift (MAWL). Contrary to the NIOSH lifting equation, the form of the asymmetry multiplier was found to be non-linear. The overall average of peak compression force on the L5/S1 was 3685 N. Fifty-eight percent of all compression forces reported in the biomechanical experiment were found to exceed the suggested 3400 N set by NIOSH guidelines. These results support previous research findings on the validity of NIOSH guidelines.     

NIOSH手工提举方程在缸盖搬运中的应用

为了平衡操作人员的精力和体力,在保证人安全的前提下,提高生产力。采用NIOSH（National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health）提举方程对机加工车间缸盖搬运上线工位进行人机工程安全评估,通过对操作工作业的水平距离（H）、垂直距离（V）、提升距离（D）以及频率（F）进行研究,并对修订版NIOSH提举方程的重量常量与高度系数进行了修正。结果表明,经过合理调整四大参数,可在不设起吊、机器人等设备的情况下,保证人的身心健康,节约成本,提高人的工作效能。     

Epidemiological and biomechanical evaluation of airline baggage handling

Objectives. Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are prevalent among airline baggage handlers due to manual materials handling. In this study, the Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire (NMQ), the revised National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) lifting equation, and the University of Michigan 3D Static Strength Prediction Program? (3DSSPP) were used to analyze MSDs among baggage handlers. Methods. The NMQ was filled out by 209 baggage handlers and 46 arbitrarily selected baggage handlers were evaluated using the NIOSH method and 3DSSPP. Results. The obtained results showed that the most common MSDs occurred in the lower back region. The next risky regions included knees, neck, and upper back, respectively. The NIOSH results confirmed that the subjects lifted loads heavier than the permitted limit and their lifting postures were inappropriate. The results of the 3DSSPP also indicated that compression forces exceeded the NIOSH limit in these awkward postures. Conclusions. Relying on this study, holding compulsory ergonomic lifting training courses could be proposed for workers and regulations adjusting an upper limit for maximum baggage weight must be also enacted in order to improve occupational health and prevent the prevalence of increasing MSDs.     

纳米TiO2粉尘的采集与控制试验研究

利用硫酸-硫酸铵混合溶液作为吸收及消解液,开发了直接吸收、消解、显色分析纳米TiO2生产现场空气中的纳米TiO2粉尘的方法。并研究了各类口罩对于纳米TiO2的拦截效率。结果表明,在流速为400L/h,采集时间为2.5 h的情况下,采用两级吸收瓶形式,总采集效率可以达到94%以上。对纳米TiO2生产现场粉尘的控制研究表明,佩戴无纺布型口罩是非常有效的防护手段,单只口罩2.5 h平均截留效率大于86%,两只口罩2.5 h平均截留效率大于90%。根据口罩的拦截效果,参照NIOSH的推荐标准,建议将纳米TiO2生产现场的粉尘质量浓度定为小于1.0mg/m3。     

掘进面“三压带”分段注水机理及应用研究

针对高瓦斯、大风量及突出掘进面的治尘难题,提出掘进面"三压带"分段注水新方法,采用理论分析法对"三压带"分段注水机理进行研究;根据钻煤屑全水分分析法、滤膜测尘法及钻屑量称重法,分别对"三压带"采用分段注水前后煤体湿润半径、降尘效率及应力分布规律进行测试。结果表明,掘进面"三压带"采用分段注水后,煤层湿润半径达2 m左右;司机处及其后10 m处降尘效率分别达到66.5%、67.6%;卸压带被延伸到9 m左右,9～12 m范围内的集中应力带峰值相比注水前明显降低,能取得较好的防尘及防突效果。     

Classification of dispersibility for combustible dust based on Hausner ratio

Mixing of combustible dust and oxidant is one of five essential prerequisites in the dust explosion pentagon, requiring that particles originally in mutual contact within the deposits be separated and suspended in the air. However, dust dispersion never proceeds with 100% efficiency, with inevitable particle agglomeration, and an inherent trend toward settling out of suspension. Dispersibility is defined to describe the ease of dispersion of a dust and the tendency of the particulate matter to remain airborne once a dust cloud has been formed. Pioneers made contributions to classify dust dispersibility by introducing dustiness group (DG), dustability index (DI), NIOSH dispersion chamber and in-situ particle size analysis. Issues remained including the difficulty in comparing results from different methods, as well as the availability of some high-tech testing apparatus.This study aims to provide a quick and universal testing method to estimate the dispersion property of combustible dust. A new dispersibility classification was developed based on dimensionless numbers Hausner ratio and Archimedes number. Four dispersibility classes (DCs) were proposed from one to four, with a larger number meaning better dispersibility. Results for more than a dozen dust samples and mixtures thereof showed the new method is useful in dust explosion research. The consistency in classifying dust dispersion properties between the DC method and previous methods was good. Changes in DC well explained our earlier findings on suppressant enhanced explosion parameter (SEEP) phenomenon attributed to the improvement in dust dispersibility. Hausner ratio and Archimedes number, as easily measured parameters, can be quite advantageous to assess dust dispersibility, permitting a proper risk assessment for the formation of explosible dust clouds.     

The NIOSH Construction Program: Research to practice, impact, and developing a National Construction Agenda

The U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) conducts research to improve and protect the health and safety of workers. This paper describes the experience of the NIOSH Construction Program with two recent program planning initiatives intended to improve the program: (a) an independent external review of work over the past decade and (b) the development of strategic goals organized into a “National Construction Agenda” to guide a decade of future work. These goals, developed with input from construction industry stakeholders and researchers, are a part of the NIOSH National Occupational Research Agenda (NORA) initiative. The NORA goals are intended to provide an ambitious set of goals for all construction stakeholders to work together on. Both efforts relate to insuring the relevance and impact of research, reflecting an emerging policy perspective that research programs should be judged not just by the quality and quantity of science produced, but by the industry impact and tangible benefit resulting from the research. This paper describes how views on research planning have evolved to incorporate lessons learned about how research leads to improved safety and health for workers. It also describes the process used to develop the goals and the resulting strategic and intermediate goals that comprise the National Construction Agenda.     

粒子阻隔效率测试仪串行通信数据处理系统

在GB2626—2006《呼吸防护用品——自吸过滤式防颗粒物呼吸器》中防尘面罩粒子阻隔效率测定是一项评价防尘面罩性能的关键指标。为实现数据通信及处理的自动化操作,提高检测效率,本研究针对装置的串行数据通信的底层接口,开发基于EXCELVB脚本的串行通信数据处理系统。该系统为更好地研究实粒子阻隔效率测定方法和阻隔效率相关规律提供了便利条件。     

Foundational workplace safety and health competencies for the emerging workforce

IntroductionYoung workers (aged 15–24) suffer disproportionately from workplace injuries, with a nonfatal injury rate estimated to be two times higher than among workers age 25 or over. These workers make up approximately 9% of the U.S. workforce and studies have shown that nearly 80% of high school students work at some point during high school. Although young worker injuries are a pressing public health problem, the critical knowledge and skills needed to prepare youth for safe and healthy work are missing from most frameworks used to prepare the emerging U.S. workforce.MethodsA framework of foundational workplace safety and health knowledge and skills (the NIOSH 8 Core Competencies) was developed based on the Health Belief Model (HBM).ResultsThe proposed NIOSH Core Competencies utilize the HBM to provide a framework for foundational workplace safety and health knowledge and skills. An examination of how these competencies and the HBM apply to actions that workers take to protect themselves is provided. The social and physical environments that influence these actions are also discussed.ConclusionsThe NIOSH 8 Core Competencies, grounded in one of the most widely used health behavior theories, fill a critical gap in preparing the emerging U.S. workforce to be cognizant of workplace risks.Practical applicationsIntegration of the NIOSH 8 Core Competencies into school curricula is one way to ensure that every young person has the foundational workplace safety and health knowledge and skills to participate in, and benefit from, safe and healthy work.     

袋式除尘用过滤材料的性能测试与对比

针对袋式除尘用过滤材料选用时的低阻、高效要求,对PPS、P84、FMS9806、PPS覆膜、FMS9806覆膜、HBT等6种常用的过滤材料的过滤效率、过滤阻力等性能指标进行测试与对比.测试结果表明:HBT的过滤效率较高,仅次于FMS9806覆膜,且过滤阻力较低;FMS9806覆膜滤料的过滤效率明显高于其他过滤材料,但阻力也是最高的;其余过滤材料的过滤效率均低于这2种材料,同时阻力相对较高.