轨道交通电连接器国内环境试验标准分析

铁路作为国民经济大动脉、国家重要基础设施和大众化交通工具,在国民经济和社会生活中的作用至关重要。电连接器是铁路车辆设备的关键器件之一,有着很高的安全性和可靠性要求。着重分析了轨道交通电连接器标准中的电性能、机械性能和环境适应性的试验方法,并对这些标准进行了对比总结。经分析发现,更新版本的标准比被替换的标准增加了试验项目,细化了试验条件。然而,目前国内轨道交通电连接器的标准版本相对落后,仅GB/T 25022和GB/T 25023为2010年发布实施。亟需新的标准或试验方法以指导轨道交通电连接器的质量检测和认证。     

电厂电连接器接触性能退化控制适应性分析

针对传统电连接器接触性能退化控制方法下控制有效率较低的问题,提出研究电厂电连接器接触性能退化控制适应性方法。该方法为构建一种稳定装置,通过该装置对电连接器的运行状态进行控制。因此通过抗混滤皮器采集电流信号并采用分算法进行信号处理,根据定量分析法提取接触电阻变化特征,利用扩散系数进行控制适应性分析。结果表明:与传统控制方法相比,本方法应用下,电连接器退化率有所降低。由此可知,提出方法性能更有效。     

电连接器霉菌试验方法与结果分析

本文介绍了电连接器的霉菌试验方法和标准,并整理了大量的电连接器霉菌试验结果。通过对试验数据的分析,比较了电连接器不同部位之间的抗霉菌侵蚀能力差异,以及不同菌种对电连接器侵蚀作用的强弱。结果表明,电连接器各部位中,热缩管和线缆具有较高的抗霉菌侵蚀能力,而结构相对复杂的公母端,及使用单一塑料材质的电缆组件抗霉菌侵蚀能力较低;当试验菌种增加黄曲霉后,电连接器在霉菌试验后长霉等级显著提高。     

电连接器的混合流动气体腐蚀试验标准方法探讨

混合流动气体腐蚀试验是评价电连接器抗大气腐蚀性能的重要手段,本文在分析国内外相关标准方法的基础上,重点针对IEC 60068-2-60-2015、EIA-364-65B-2009和ASTM B845-97三个常用标准的试验方法进行对比,详尽分析了不同标准方法中关键试验条件的异同,为开展电连接器混合流动气体腐蚀试验提供技术指导。     

电连接器可靠性试验方案设计

电连接器要求在不同的环境、条件下能够有效地连接电路、传递信号、实现既定的功能,其可靠性直接关系到系统工程能否正常工作,本文在多方调研的基础上,模拟电连接器实际使用环境条件,分析影响电连接器可靠性的因素以及可靠性提高的措施,最终制定电连接器可靠性试验方案。     

电连接器可靠性试验夹具的设计方法研究

文章简要阐述了电连接试验测试夹具的种类及其使用必要性,对电连接器电气参数测试夹具和力学振动夹具这两种夹具的设计原则、参数确定和试验验证等方面进行了重点阐述,并给出力学振动夹具的验证方法和验证指标。     

海洋大气自然环境下电连接器线缆密封措施验证分析

研究海洋大气环境下,电连接器线缆不同密封工艺方法的环境适应性。试验选取航空常用的GJB599系列圆形连接器,实施4种不同的线缆密封防护措施,在某南海环境自然暴晒站开展了3年自然环境暴露试验,通过电连接器的绝缘电阻和耐电压测试结果的变化,验证不同线缆密封防护工艺的环境适应性。试验结果与试验室模拟海洋环境的加速试验存在一定偏差,通过原因分析和对试验结果的综合评估,给出工程应用上给出了一些实用的建议。     

连接器和继电器自然暴露和盐雾试验腐蚀效应分析

在热带海洋气候环境自然暴露试验站开展了连接器、继电器自然暴露棚下试验,同时实验室开展了模拟盐雾试验,获得了电连接器、继电器腐蚀效应试验结果。通过自然暴露试验与模拟试验的元器件腐蚀生成物形貌、成分和腐蚀机理对比分析,得出了自然暴露试验和模拟环境试验在腐蚀形貌和机理上的不同,为后续实验室模拟试验条件的制定提供参考,为器件的防腐蚀提供基础数据。     

电-袋组合式除尘技术应用评述

简要介绍了电-袋组合式除尘器的类型及在我国的发展概况,重点评述了电-袋组合式除尘器的优点,简要分析了电-袋组合式除尘器滤袋过早破损的原因,并对今后电-袋组合技术的推广和应用提出了建议。     

电袋复合除尘技术的试验研究

通过对电袋复合除尘器性能试验及对喷吹清灰过程的研究,分析了荷电粉尘对滤料过滤性能的影响,探讨了高强滤料的研究开发及电袋复合除尘器的大型化技术等问题。     

中国高铁出行的环境健康影响分析

本文旨在对中国各城市高铁出行情况与人群环境健康影响进行大数据分析。文中的环境健康影响指将高铁出行过境次数引入经典泊松回归模型,进而直接得到各城市人群环境健康受到高铁出行的影响。另外,为了更好地分析高铁出行下的人群环境影响,笔者在计算环境影响指数时将受影响人群分为高铁沿线城市本地人群(PED)和过境人群(TPED)。最后总结分析了全国范围内环境健康受过境次数影响的程度大小。通过计算结果可得,华北、华中、四川盆地等地区的大城市,人口多、过境车次多、空气质量相对较差,PED和TPED值较高。华中、华南、西南边境地区城市的空气质量较好,PED和TPED值较低。另外,就特定高铁线路的环境健康影响而言,京津、郑西高铁沿线的PED和TPED值较高;广深、合福、沪昆高铁沿线的PED和TPED值较低。     

A GIS-based approach for the screening assessment of noise and vibration impacts from transit projects

Urban transportation projects are essential in increasing the efficiency of moving people and goods within a city, and between cities. Environmental impacts from such projects must be evaluated and mitigated, as applicable. Spatial modeling is a valuable tool for quantifying the potential level of environmental consequences within the context of an environmental impact assessment (EIA) study. This paper presents a GIS-based tool for the assessment of airborne-noise and ground-borne vibration from public transit systems, and its application to an actual project. The tool is based on the US Federal Transit Administration's (FTA) approach, and incorporates spatial information, satellite imaging, geostatistical modeling, and software programming. The tool is applied on a case study of initial environmental evaluation of a light rail transit project in an urban city in the Middle East, to evaluate alternative layouts. The tool readily allowed the alternative evaluation and the results were used as input to a multi-criteria analytic framework.     

城市电动汽车规模化发展的大气环境影响研究

发展电动汽车被认为是有效缓解城市交通污染的重要措施,但大规模的电动汽车发展不仅有增加电力部门排放的风险,而且可能影响电网运营的稳定性。本研究以南京市为例,综合应用充电行为模式调研、蒙特卡洛模拟、COPERT模型、排放因子法等方法,系统研究了私家车、出租车和公交车三种类型电动汽车的充电特征及其对区域交通和电力部门排放的影响。结果表明,当三种车型的电动化率分别达到50%、100%和100%时,城市的NOx、PM_(2.5)、CO、VOCs和CO_2排放量将分别比基准情景减少378t、305t、20 223t、3649t和480万t。但是,SO_2排放增加了1152t,并且导致南京市电网的夏季峰值负荷增加10%。为更好地改善中国城市环境空气质量,应综合考虑电动汽车有序充电、协同促进清洁电力等发展策略,最大限度地实现电动汽车的环境效益。     

Light rail use is more likely on “walkable” blocks: Further support for using micro-level environmental audit measures

The primary purpose of the study was to address the claim that people are more likely to walk to a transit stop if they live on a “walkable” block. An additional purpose was to evaluate the Irvine Minnesota Inventory (IMI) as an environmental audit tool. The IMI was used to measure walkability features of 19 blocks in a revitalizing neighborhood. We hypothesized that residents who walked to a light rail TRAX stop (n = 22) would live on blocks with higher walkability ratings compared to residents who did not walk to TRAX (nonriders, n = 15), or who walked only after a closer TRAX stop was built (new users, n = 11). A MANCOVA indicated the IMI scales differentiated the blocks; the strongest differences were obtained in subscales that measured the block's diversity, safety from crime and density (marginally significant). Participants' perceptions of their complete walk to the transit stop were consistent with the home block IMI scores, with the continuing riders having more positive views than the other two groups. The results show the ability of the IMI to distinguish among blocks in walkability, and support further use of this audit tool in environmental analyses and active living research. We end with a discussion of conceptual and methodological issues in the use of audit tools and provide recommendations for using these measures for local, immediate interests, as well as for building a broader science of environmental measurement.     

WATER SUPPLY AS A LIMITING FACTOR IN WESTERN ENERGY DEVELOPMENT1

ABSTRACT: This paper discusses the consumptive water needs of the various energy conversion processes including oil shale retorting, coal gasification and liquefaction, electric power generation, and slurry pipelines. Projected energy development water needs in the upper Colorado River and Upper Missouri River basins are compared with projected agricultural needs and water available. The comparative cost and values of water to energy and agricultural development are discussed to emphasize this as well as the political and social factors entering into the picture.     

Can developing countries benefit from innovative pricing in the power sector?

This study explores electricity pricing as a demand-side management (DSM) strategy, looking to the developed country experience for insights into the types of approaches currently used, their effects, and the direction in which electricity pricing is headed. The discussion should be especially useful for electric utilities in developing countries that are exploring alternatives to capacity expansion to meet current and future electric power demand. For these electric utilities, demand-side options are especially important under today's conditions in which the capital cost of new generating capacity is increasing rapidly, international funds for expanding power sectors are not expected to be sufficient for meeting projected capacity needs and environmental concerns over fossil fuel emissions have raised new questions about constructing thermal power plants.     

变电站与输电线路的电磁环境影响水平分析与测试评估——以部分220kV及110kV输变电设施为例

通过对220kV及110kV户内布置、户外布置方式的变电站,架空输电线路以及地下电缆线的工频电场强度、工频磁场强度的监测,分析比较了变电站及输电线路对环境的贡献水平以及衰减规律。结果表明输变电设施对环境的贡献值非常有限,且随与之距离的增加而明显衰减。     

Transportation energy in global cities: sustainable transportation comes in from the cold?

The energy, environmental and social benefits of sustainable transportation, i.e. public transit, biking and walking, have long been recognized but are now mainstream in global and local transportation policy debates. However, the economic value of sustainable transportation has always been seen as secondary, unless many external costs were included. The results of a new global study show that cities with significant sustainable transportation systems have reduced costs on road construction and maintenance; better operating cost recovery and fuel-efficiency; fewer road accidents and less air pollution. In overall terms, the percentage of city funds going to transportation is reduced. The data show that cities with the most roads have the highest transportation costs and the most rail-oriented cities have the lowest. Further, the most sprawling cities have the highest direct and indirect costs for transportation. Thus, strategies to contain sprawl, to reurbanize, to build new rail systems into car-dependent suburbs with focussed sub-centers, and to facilitate biking and walking, not only will improve energy efficiency but will reduce costs to the economy of a city. Strategies that build freeways and add to sprawl will do the opposite. Trends indicate that moves toward sustainable urban patterns are beginning. The need to operationalize sustainable transportation strategies in planning and engineering practice and in the politics of infrastructure funding remains a major challenge. Some cities are showing how this can be done.     

铝合金/高强度钢连接件西沙暴露试验

选取某飞机铝合金/高强度钢连接件开展西沙暴露试验,掌握连接件腐蚀变化趋势。结果表明,连接件保护涂层耐老化性能良好,采用湿装配有效避免了电偶腐蚀和缝隙腐蚀,连接件背面螺栓、螺母和铆钉（30CrMnSiA,表面镀镉）为其腐蚀薄弱环节,需加强防护。