Trophic state, ecosystem efficiency and biodiversity of transitional aquatic ecosystems: analysis of environmental quality based on different benthic indicators

Estuaries and coastal lagoons are characterized by a strong spatial and temporal variability of physicochemical characteristics and productivity patterns. In these environments, the magnitude and direction of the ecological responses to inorganic nutrient increase (i.e. eutrophication) are difficult to predict. In the framework of the project, New Indicators of Trophic state and environmental quality of marine coastal ecosystems and transitional environments (NITIDA), we analysed benthic indicators of trophic state, ecosystem efficiency, and environmental quality in four different transitional environments. The trophic state of the sediments was assessed in terms of quantity and bioavailability of sediment organic C pools; ecosystem efficiency was determined in terms of the prokaryote efficiency in exploiting enzymatycally degraded organic C; environmental quality was determined in terms of meiofaunal diversity. Here, we provide a synopsis of the results obtained and a meta-analysis of the scores assessments obtained using the different ecological indicators of environmental quality and demonstrate that trophic state, ecosystem efficiency, and biodiversity in transitional ecosystems are closely linked. We conclude that the assessment of the environmental quality of transitional ecosystems should be based upon a battery of trophic state indicators and 'sensors' of ecosystem functioning, efficiency, and quality.     

湿地生态系统固碳潜力研究进展

固碳是湿地生态系统一项重要的服务功能。文章通过对各种类型湿地的固碳量及其潜力进行分析,发现湿地的固碳潜力要高于其他类型的生态系统,维持和恢复湿地的固碳潜力对全球碳循环具有重要的意义。如果湿地遭到破坏或转为他用,其固碳能力就会随之下降,所以保护湿地是保证湿地固碳潜力优先考虑的管理措施。此外通过对泥炭湿地、沿海湿地、森林湿地和人工湿地的恢复措施及效果的分析,发现恢复和创造湿地可以恢复并增强湿地生态系统的固碳潜力,但针对湿地碳库的固碳措施需要进一步的探索和实践。     

大气CO_2增加对生态系统的影响

根据Ｃ＿３植物和Ｃ＿４植物对高浓度ＣＯ＿２的不同反应，评述了富ＣＯ＿２大气对生态系统的影响。结论是大气ＣＯ＿２浓度增加将导致生态系统发生一系列变化，包括生物多样世的减少、营养循环受阻、虫灾发生和温室效应加剧等。     

土地利用/覆被变化对土地生态系统有机碳库的影响——以吉林省通榆县为例

土地利用/覆被变化对陆地碳循环影响显著.文章基于实地采集的土壤、植物样品的测试数据和1989、2004两年8月陆地卫星TM遥感影像数据,采用生态系统类型法分析吉林省通榆县1989-2004年耕地、林地、草地、盐碱地、沙地等11 种地类之间土地利用变化对土地生态系统有机碳库的影响.计算结果表明1989-2004年通榆县土地生态系统有机碳库共损失了3.18 TgC(1Tg=106t),年均损失约为0.265 Tgc.其中,湿地、草地有机碳库分别损失5.54 TgC和3.71 TgC,盐碱地面积的增加导致有机碳库损失4.75 TgC.林地面积增加和沙地面积减少分别使有机碳库增加了4.58 TgC和3.75 TgC.研究区总体上为一个碳失汇,草地退化、湿地萎缩、土地沙化和盐碱化造成了有机碳库的碳损失,而植树造林、草地植被的恢复和重建等活动则可以显著增加土壤有机碳储量.该研究对于评估自然环境与人为活动影响下,特别是大规模土地整治与生态修复对土壤有机碳的增汇潜力和固碳效应的影响具有重要的理论意义和应用价值.     

Spatial and mass balanced trophic models of La Rinconada Marine Reserve (SE Pacific coast), a protected benthic ecosystem: Management strategy assessment

Steady-state, dynamic, and spatial models were constructed for the benthic system of La Rinconada Marine Reserve off northern Chile (SE Pacific coast). We examined data on biomass, P/B ratios, catches, food spectrum, consumption, and the dynamics of commercial and non-commercial populations using three theoretical frameworks: Ecopath, Ecosim, and Ecospace. The biomass of the scallop Argopecten purpuratus and the clam Tagelus dombeii were the most relevant compartments of the studied ecosystem. Among the carnivores, the functional crab group Cancer spp. was the most relevant. The Rhodophyta was the dominant macroalga compartment of the system. The results obtained using mixed trophic impacts (MTI) showed that the predatory snail Thais chocolata propagated higher magnitudes of direct and indirect effects on the other species or functional groups. The sea star Luidia magallanica and Rhodophyta had the least effects on the remaining compartments. According to the Ecosim estimates (increasing mortality by fishing), the scallop A. purpuratus had the highest impact on the other compartments. The Ecospace model showed similar qualitative and quantitative effects for changes in biomass under three different exploitation scenarios (by subsystems and globally). Nevertheless, the greatest changes were provoked by using the top-down control and the vulnerabilities estimated by Ecosim. System recovery times were highest with increased mortality of the asteroid L. magallanica and the carnivorous snail T. chocolata, suggesting that the sea star could be considered to be a top predator with a top-down control. The F_MSY estimated for the scallop A. purpuratus was close to the F_i originally entered in Ecopath, limiting the design and execution of an exploitation plan within ecologically sustainable boundaries. The situation was different (F_MSY ? F_i) for the other commercial species, making possible multi-species exploitation programs. The Ecospace trophic-spatially explicit model shows a similar pattern of direct and indirect effects generated when exerting exploitation separately by subsystems. Therefore, habitat rotation of fisheries is not justified.     

Estimating the critical phosphorus loading of shallow lakes with the ecosystem model PCLake: Sensitivity, calibration and uncertainty

There is a vast body of knowledge that eutrophication of lakes may cause algal blooms. Among lakes, shallow lakes are peculiar systems in that they typically can be in one of two contrasting (equilibrium) states that are self-stabilizing: a ‘clear’ state with submerged macrophytes or a ‘turbid’ state dominated by phytoplankton. Eutrophication may cause a switch from the clear to the turbid state, if the P loading exceeds a critical value. The ecological processes governing this switch are covered by the ecosystem model PCLake, a dynamic model of nutrient cycling and the biota in shallow lakes. Here we present an extensive analysis of the model, using a three-step procedure. (1) A sensitivity analysis revealed the key parameters for the model output. (2) These parameters were calibrated on the combined data on total phosphorus, chlorophyll-a, macrophytes cover and Secchi depth in over 40 lakes. This was done by a Bayesian procedure, giving a weight to each parameter setting based on its likelihood. (3) These weights were used for an uncertainty analysis, applied to the switchpoints (critical phosphorus loading levels) calculated by the model. The model was most sensitive to changes in water depth, P and N loading, retention time and lake size as external input factors, and to zooplankton growth rate, settling rates and maximum growth rates of phytoplankton and macrophytes as process parameters. The results for the ‘best run’ showed an acceptable agreement between model and data and classified nearly all lakes to which the model was applied correctly as either ‘clear’ (macrophyte-dominated) or ‘turbid’ (phytoplankton-dominated). The critical loading levels for a standard lake showed about a factor two uncertainty due to the variation in the posterior parameter distribution. This study calculates in one coherent analysis uncertainties in critical phosphorus loading, a parameter that is of great importance to water quality managers.     

海峡两岸碳汇农业研究与交易平台建设的思考与对策——以闽台农业碳汇交易中心规划研究为例

在全球气候变化的大背景下,发展低碳经济已经成为全球性共识;同时作为发展低碳经济前沿领域的碳交易市场也得以迅速发展。本文简要综述了我国农业碳汇交易研究和碳交易市场发展的现状及其存在的问题,分析了在福建建立海峡两岸农业碳汇交易平台的政策机遇和区域优势,提出了构建闽台农业碳汇交易中心的规划设想,并结合规划设想提出了要加强碳汇农业理论与节能减排技术、低碳农业发展规划与综合评估体系、农业碳汇交易机制、监测及其认证体系等农业碳汇研究的方向与建议。     

滤层厚度对慢滤池深度处理污水的性能影响

将慢滤池用于污水二级出水的深度处理,并利用小试装置研究了滤层厚度对慢滤池性能的影响。选取浊度、COD和色度三个指标,在滤层不同深度处多次取样,分析各指标沿滤层厚度的变化。结果表明,采用粒径为0．4～0．6mm,滤层厚度为800mm的石英砂做滤床时,慢滤池对二级出水具有较好的净化效果：当进水浊度、COD和色度分别为1.3～6．9NTU、30．4～70．0mg·L^-1和20．6°～57．6°时,平均去除率分别达到86．5％、45．0％和46．3％。从试验结果可以看出,慢滤池类似一个微缩的污水二级处理系统,滤层表面的粘性滤膜起到类似初沉池的作用,可以对各指标实现较好的去除,58．6％的浊度、52．7％的COD和45．7％的色度是在滤层上部去除的;慢滤池中部起到类似曝气池的作用,下部起到类似二沉池的作用,对水质指标也能实现一定的去除。     

不同底质和透明度下马来眼子菜的表型可塑性研究

马来眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianusMiq.)是目前太湖沉水植物优势种之一。文章比较分析了3种不同底质和透明度情况下马来眼子菜的生长特征,探索其在太湖不断扩展的原因及其适应性。分别选取粘土质粉砂、粉砂和下蜀黄土底质上生长的马来眼子菜进行观察试验。结果表明,这3种底质在粒度组成、营养盐和分布特征上具有显著差异。在太湖粘土质粉砂和粉砂底质上马来眼子菜的生物量比下蜀黄土底质上的马来眼子菜高,其生物量随着底质营养盐的增加而增加。马来眼子菜与觅光相关的形态指标,如高度、节间距、节数、叶数、叶长及叶面积均随着底质营养盐的增加而显著增加。马来眼子菜的冠层高度与水体的透明度呈显著负相关,表明其对剧烈变化的湖泊光环境具有很强的适应能力。马来眼子菜在不同底质上的形态可塑性是其优先占据湖泊资源成为优势种的重要原因。     

秸秆不同还田方式对土壤中溶解性有机碳的影响

土壤溶解性有机质及其可利用性与土壤质量密切相关。通过研究秸秆不同还田方式(粉碎还田、覆盖还田、高茬还田)对农田土壤溶解性有机碳的影响,探讨了土壤溶解性有机碳对土壤质量的贡献。水溶性有机碳(WSOC)和热水溶性有机碳(HWSOC)通过冷水和热水提取获得。结果表明:秸秆还田能够增加土壤有机质的含量,影响土壤中水溶性有机碳和热水溶性有机碳的含量。在粉碎还田、覆盖还田、高茬还田处理中,粉碎还田的农田土壤中WSOC和HWSOC的含量比覆盖还田、高茬还田的高,粉碎还田的农田土壤中的WSOC和HWSOC占土壤有机碳的百分比也最高。另外,WSOC和HWSOC与土壤呼吸有很好的相关性(相关系数分别为0.75,0.85)。     

活性有机碳含量在凋落物分解过程中的作用

土壤凋落物的分解不仅是生态系统养分循环的重要环节,也是生态系统碳释放源之一。将呼伦贝尔森林草原过渡带的草原凋落物、白桦林凋落物、落松林凋落物分别添加在棕色针叶林土里进行恒温培养,探讨了不同凋落物类型有机碳分解速率差异及其影响因子。结果表明:不同凋落物的有机碳矿化速率和矿化累积总量在分解初期不一致,但由高到低的次序均为:草原凋落物→白桦林凋落物→落叶松林凋落物,40d的有机碳矿化累积量分别为76.53、47.42、20.56mg/g。这主要与凋落物的化学性质有关,主要决定于凋落物中易被微生物分解的热水溶性有机碳含量和易分解有机物含量,而与凋落物的总有机碳含量、全氮含量、w(C)/w(N)比等关系不明显。     

环境因素对六氯苯厌氧降解活性的影响

在厌氧污泥具备了较好的六氯苯（HCB）降解能力的基础上,采用标准血清瓶实验方法考察了反应温度、初始pH、摇床转速和营养元素等环境因素对厌氧污泥降解HCB活性的影响。实验设计的反应温度为25、30、35和40℃;初始pH为5.0、6.0、7.0和8.0;摇床转速为0和150r·min-1;营养元素有葡萄糖和维生素b12。用HCB浓度随时间的减少来表征微生物对其的降解活性。结果表明,反应温度对HCB的降解速率有很大影响,适宜温度为35℃左右。初始pH对HCB降解活性没有显著影响,但显示出有随初始pH增大而HCB降解活性增加的趋势。与静置条件相比,一定的混合作用有利于提高HCB的降解活性。有葡萄糖存在条件下,维生素b12对HCB的降解活性有明显的促进作用。温度及外加碳源（葡萄糖）是影响HCB厌氧降解活性的重要因素,并推测葡萄糖在HCB降解过程中提供电子供体方面发挥了重要作用。     

不同微波条件对活性炭微波再生效率的影响研究

研究了吸附药厂废水COD的粉末活性炭在不同微波条件下的微波再生。以碘吸附值为指标,通过单因素实验考查了微波功率、微波辐照时间对粉末活性炭性能恢复率、再生损耗率、综合恢复率的影响,结合实验拟合曲线特点,分析了呈现的规律和原因。实验结果表明,在微波功率为648W、辐照时间为180s时活性炭性能恢复率达到最大,为99.73%;在功率为464W、时间为180s时综合恢复率最佳,为96.81%。     

外加碳源及沉水植物对沉积物各形态磷的影响

以原沉积物(处理1)和添加0.4%葡萄糖(碳源,处理2)的沉积物作为底质培养狐尾藻,采用室内模拟实验,研究了外加碳源及沉水植物对沉积物有机和无机磷形态的影响。结果表明:随着培养时间的延续,狐尾藻的生长促进了沉积物中磷的释放,其衰退增加了沉积物中磷的沉积;沉水植物对磷的不同赋存形态的影响并不相同,其中对无机磷形态中的Fe/Al-P和有机形态磷中的活性有机磷有显著的影响(p<0.05),而对其它形态磷的影响没有表现出统计差异;无论有无种植沉水植物,外加碳源可促进了沉积物Fe/Al-P和有机磷释放,增加了Ca-P固定;外加碳源显著提高了有机磷中活性有机磷的质量分数(p<0.05),降低了稳定性有机磷的质量分数,而种植沉水植物可显著降低活性有机磷质量分数。说明碳源和沉水植物对沉积物中磷形态分布有重要影响。     

Effect of TiO2 nanoparticles and multiwall carbon nanotubes on the freshwater diatom Nitzschia frustulum: evaluation of growth,cellular components and morphology

Great attention should be paid to the possible impacts of various nanoparticles on aquatic organism. Freshwater diatoms are essential components of phytoplankton and play a critical role in bioassessment of nanoparticle exposure in the environment. In this study, cell growth was inhibited by TiO₂-NPs and MWCNTs, the 24?h EC₅₀ values of TiO₂-NPs and MWCNTs to Nitzschia frustulum were 20.75 and 24.64?mg?L^?1, respectively. Significant decreases of Chl a content after TiO₂-NPs exposures were detected and the Chl a content of N. frustulum was obviously increased by MWCNTs treatment at lower concentration. The ROS was detected in N. frustulum after TiO₂-NPs and MWCNTs exposures. The MDA content was significantly induced by TiO₂-NPs at lower concentrations of 24 and 48?h exposure; meanwhile, it increased at all tested concentrations at 24?h MWCNTs exposure. The SOD enzyme was induced by 72 and 96?h TiO₂-NPs exposure, and increased by MWCNTs treatment at 96?h in N. frustulum. Scanning electron microscopy results revealed that N. frustulum had obvious cell deformation after TiO₂-NPs treatment. The result showed that the physiological and biochemical response mechanisms after NPs exposure of diatom were species-specific, and in relation to the exposure concentration and time.     

Effects of salinity on soil bacterial and archaeal community in estuarine wetlands and its implications for carbon sequestration: verification in the Yellow River Delta

Soils from two typical tidal salt marshes with varied salinity in the Yellow River Delta wetland were analysed to determine possible effects of salinity on soil carbon sequestration through changes in soil microbiology. The mean soil respiration (SR) of the salt water–fresh water mixing zone (MZ) was 2.89 times higher than that of the coastal zone (CZ) (4.73 and 1.63?μmol?m^?2?s^?1, respectively, p?Pseudomonas sp. and Limnobacter sp. that might have led to its higher dehydrogenase activity and respiratory rates. Additionally, the CZ possessed more Halobacteria and Thaumarchaeota with the ability to fix CO₂ than the MZ. Significantly lower soil salinity in MZ (4.25?g?kg^?1) was suitable for β-Proteobacteria, but detrimental for Halobacteria compared with CZ (7.09?g?kg^?1, p?相似文献   

Invasive species impacts on ecosystem structure and function: A comparison of the Bay of Quinte, Canada, and Oneida Lake, USA, before and after zebra mussel invasion

As invasion rates of exotic species increase, an ecosystem level understanding of their impacts is imperative for predicting future spread and consequences. We have previously shown that network analyses are powerful tools for understanding the effects of exotic species perturbation on ecosystems. We now use the network analysis approach to compare how the same perturbation affects another ecosystem of similar trophic status. We compared food web characteristics of the Bay of Quinte, Lake Ontario (Canada), to previous research on Oneida Lake, New York (USA) before and after zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) invasion. We used ecological network analysis (ENA) to rigorously quantify ecosystem function through an analysis of direct and indirect food web transfers. We used a social network analysis method, cohesion analysis (CA), to assess ecosystem structure by organizing food web members into subgroups of strongly interacting predators and prey. Together, ENA and CA allowed us to understand how food web structure and function respond simultaneously to perturbation. In general, zebra mussel effects on the Bay of Quinte, when compared to Oneida Lake, were similar in direction, but greater in magnitude. Both systems underwent functional changes involving focused flow through a small number of taxa and increased use of benthic sources of production; additionally, both systems structurally changed with subgroup membership changing considerably (33% in Oneida Lake) or being disrupted entirely (in the Bay of Quinte). However, the response of total ecosystem activity (as measured by carbon flow) differed between both systems, with increasing activity in the Bay of Quinte, and decreasing activity in Oneida Lake. Thus, these analyses revealed parallel effects of zebra mussel invasion in ecosystems of similar trophic status, yet they also suggested that important differences may exist. As exotic species continue to disrupt the structure and function of our native ecosystems, food web network analyses will be useful for understanding their far-reaching effects.