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1.
Gucia M Jarzyńska G Rafał E Roszak M Kojta AK Osiej I Falandysz J 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2012,19(2):416-431
Caps and stipes of 141 fruiting bodies of Parasol Mushroom (Macrolepiota procera) and surface layer of soils collected from 11 spatially distant and background (pristine) areas in Northern Poland were analyzed
for Ag, Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, Sr, and Zn by inductively coupled plasma optical
emission spectroscopy and cold vapor atomic absorption spectroscopy. In terms of bioconcentration and bioexclusion concept,
K, Ag, Cu, Rb, and P were highly bioconcentrated in caps, and their bioconcentration factor values varied for the 11 sites
between 120 and 500—67–420, 70–220, 10–170, and 45–100, respectively. Cd, Zn, Mg, and Na showed bioconcentration factors (BCFs)
between 3.3 and 36, 3.7–15, 0.92–6.3, and 1.4–44 while Al, Ba, Ca, Co, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Sr were excluded (BCF < 1). The
Parasol Mushroom is a species harvested in the wild, and its caps are of unique taste and can contain a spectrum of essential
and hazardous mineral compounds accumulated at elevated concentrations, even if collected at the background (pristine) areas.
These elevated mineral concentrations of the caps are due to the efficient bioconcentration potential of the species (K, Ag,
Cu, Rb, P, Cd, Zn, Mg, and Na) and abundance in the soil substrates (Al, Ca, Fe, Mn). The estimated intake rates of Cd, Hg,
and Pb contained in Parasol Mushroom’s caps show a cause for concern associated with these metals resulting from the consumption
of between 300- and 500-g caps daily, on a frequent basis in the mushrooming season. 相似文献
2.
Jovandićević B Antić MP Solević TM Vrvić MM Kronimus A Schwarzbauer J 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2005,12(4):205-212
Background, Aims and Scope In oil spill investigations, one of the most important steps is a proper choice of approaches that imply an investigation
of samples taken from different sedimentary environments, samples of oil contaminants taken in different periods of time and
samples taken at different distances from the oil spill. In all these cases, conclusion on the influence of the environment,
microorganisms or migration on the oil contaminants' composition can be drawn from the comparison of chemical compositions
of the investigated contaminants. However, in case of water contaminants, it is very important to define which part of organic
matter has been analyzed. Namely, previous investigations showed that there were some differences in chemical composition
of the same oil contaminant depending on the intensity of its contact with ground water. The aim of this work is to define
more precisely the interactions between oil contaminant and water, i.e. the influence of the intensity of interaction between
the oil contaminant and water on its chemical composition. The study was based on a comparison of four fractionated extracts
of an oil pollutant, after they had been analyzed in details.
Methods Oil polluted surface water (wastewater canal, Pančevo, Serbia) was investigated. The study was based on a comparison of four
extracts of an oil contaminant: extract 1 (decanted part), and extracts 2, 3 and 4 (extracted by shaking for 1 minute, 5 minutes
and 24 hours, respectively). The fractionated extracts were saponified with a solution of KOH in methanol, and neutralized
with 10% hydrochloric acid. The products were dissolved in a mixture of dichloromethane and hexane, and individually fractionated
by column chromatography on alumina and silica gel (saturated hydrocarbon, aromatic, alcohol and fatty acid fractions). n-Alkanes
and isoprenoid aliphatic alkanes, polycyclic alkanes of sterane and triterpane types, alcohols and fatty acids were analyzed
using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). δ13CPDB values of individual n-alkanes in
the aliphatic fractions were determined using gas chromatography-isotope ratio monitoring-mass spectrometry (GC-irmMS).
Results and discussion. Extracts 1 and 2 are characterized by uniform distribution of n-alkanes, whereas extract 3 is characterized
by an even-numbered members dominating the odd-ones, and extract 4 showed a bimodal distribution. Extract 1 is characterized
by the least negative δ13CPDB values of C19-C26 n-alkanes. Sterane and triterpane analysis confirmed that all extracts originated
from the same oil contaminant. n-Fatty acids, C19-C24, in all extracts are very low, being somewhat higher in extract 4. Even-numbered
n-alcohols, C12–C16, were identified in the highest concentration in extract 3. It was assumed that algae were responsible
for the composition of extract 3. Furthermore, a possible reason for higher concentrations of C19–C26 n-alkanes and C19–C24
fatty acids in extract 4 is the formation of inclusion compounds with colloidal micelles formed between the oil contaminant's
NSO-compounds and water.
Conclusion It was undoubtedly confirmed that there were specific differences in the compositions of the different extracts depending
on the intensity of the interaction between the oil contaminant and the surface water.
Recommendation and Outlook. When comparing the composition of oil contaminants from different water samples (regardless of
the ultimate investigation goal) it is necessary to compare the extracts isolated under the same conditions, in other words,
extracts that were in the same or very similar interaction with water. 相似文献
3.
Sergio Caroli Francesco La Torre Francesco Petrucci Nicola Violante 《Environmental science and pollution research international》1994,1(4):205-208
The separation and determination of sub-μmol/l levels of six environmentally significant As compounds was accomplished by
means of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) combined online with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).
The species of interest (arsenite and arsenate, monomethylarsonic acid, dimethylarsinic acid, arsenobetaine and arsenocholine)
were quantified in fish and mussel extracts after separation on a Dionex AS7 column equipped with an on-guard AG7 column using
a bicarbonate buffer as the mobile phase in a gradient mode. The species thus eluted were directly forwarded to the ICP-MS
detector. The detection power of the overall system allows each As form to be determined at concentrations as low a 0.0013–0.0027
μmol 1−1. 相似文献
4.
S. Fadnavis G. Beig P. Buchunde Sachin D. Ghude T. N. Krishnamurti 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2011,18(2):301-315
Vertical profiles of carbon monoxide (CO) and ozone retrieved from Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer have been analyzed during
two super cyclone systems Mala and Sidr. Super cyclones Mala and Sidr traversed the Bay of Bengal (BOB) region on April 24–29,
2006 and November 12–16, 2007 respectively. The CO and ozone plume is observed as a strong enhancement of these pollutants
in the upper troposphere over the BOB, indicating deep convective transport. Longitude–height cross-section of these pollutants
shows vertical transport to the upper troposphere. CO mixing ratio ~90 ppb is observed near the 146-mb level during the cyclone
Mala and near 316 mb during the cyclone Sidr. Ozone mixing ratio ~60–100 ppb is observed near the 316-mb level during both
the cyclones. Analysis of National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis vertical winds (omega) confirms
vertical transport in the BOB. 相似文献
5.
Survey of patterns,levels, and trends of perfluorinated compounds in aquatic organisms and bird eggs from representative German ecosystems 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Rüdel H Müller J Jürling H Bartel-Steinbach M Koschorreck J 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2011,18(9):1457-1470
Purpose
Samples from the German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB) covering particularly the years 1994–1996, 2000–2002, and 2006–2009 were analyzed for perfluorinated compounds (PFC; mainly C4–C13 carboxylic and sulfonic acids) to gain an overview on current PFC levels and patterns in marine, limnetic, and terrestrial biota; to assess their concentrations in different trophic levels; and to investigate whether risk management measures for PFC are successful. 相似文献6.
Decomposition studies were carried out at sites throughout Sweden, including the four Integrated Monitoring sites. Scots pine
needle litterbag weight loss measurements over 3 or 5 years were determined at 26 sites and repeated up to 27 times, depending
on the site. Humus layer respiration rates were determined for 20 sites in 1987–1989 and repeated in 2007–2008. Partial Least
Squares (PLS) regression was used to elucidate the relative importance of climatic and soil factors. Annual needle weight
losses decreased only slowly (20–10%) over 3–5 years for all northern (>60°N) sites but decreased sharply from 30 to 10% in
the third year in southern (<60°N) sites. Respiration rates of southern sites were less (40% on average) than those of northern
sites. Humus layer N was positively correlated to needle weight loss during the first and the second years, but negatively
correlated in the third year and to respiration rates. The results indicated that litter formed in southern Sweden became
more recalcitrant in later stages of decomposition compared to litter produced in northern Sweden. 相似文献
7.
María Pilar Martín Porrero Maria Paz Gallego-Iniesta García Jose Luis Espinosa Ruiz Araceli Tapia Valle Beatriz Cabañas Galán Maria Sagrario Salgado Muñoz 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2010,17(3):539-546
Background, aim, and scope
Acrylate and methacrylate esters are α,β-unsaturated esters that contain vinyl groups directly attached to the carbonyl carbon (CH2=CHCOO– and CH2=CCH3COO–, respectively) and are widely used in the polymer plastic and resin production. Rate coefficients for Cl reactions for most of the unsaturated esters have not been previously determined, and a good understanding is needed of all the atmospheric oxidation processes of these compounds in order to determine lifetimes in the atmosphere and to evaluate the impact of these reactions on the formation of photo-oxidants and therefore on health and environment. 相似文献8.
Jean-Franois Picron Mlanie Herman Els Van Hoeck Sverine Goscinny 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2020,27(6):5693-5708
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) and related N-oxides (PANOs) are secondary plant metabolites thought to be found in approximately 3% of the flowering plants worldwide and exhibiting hepatotoxic properties to humans. As a consequence, beehive products are prone to be contaminated with those compounds by bees foraging PA-producing plants. Downstream contamination can also occur through food items containing honey. Analytical methods based on UHPLC separation and MS/MS detection were developed with a focus on very low LOQs and validated for the analysis of 16 PAs and 14 PANOs in honey, honey-based candies and snacks, as well as beehive product–based food supplements. A maximum level of 182 ng/g of PAs was detected in a Mediterranean honey, and high levels of heliotrine-type compounds were reported for the first time. An extensive sampling of honeys harvested in Belgium was performed (N = 374), the concentration levels were more limited with a maximum of 60 ng/g, and the contamination pattern was dominated by senecionine-type PAs. The PA levels in honey-based candies and snacks were very low, with respective maxima of 7.61 ng/g and 0.36 ng/g. Seventy-five percent among the pre-dosed food supplements based on beehive products were contaminated, with a maximum of 43 ng/g. The highest level was detected in a bee-collected pollen sample (1672 ng/g). The analytical results were consistent with the previously reported data for beehive products and confirmed that PA/PANO contamination in these food commodities is recurrent. 相似文献
9.
M. T. Zahn 《Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung》1992,4(2):72-73
Zum Beitrag „Atrazin — Atmosph?rischer Eintrag und Immissions-Konzentrationen” vonR. Herterich (UWSF 3/4, S. 196–200, 1991) 相似文献
10.
P. C. Abhilash Nandita Singh 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2009,16(6):727-740
Background, aim, and scope
Lindane, technically 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6-hexachlorocyclohexane (γ- HCH), is the most commonly detected organochlorine pesticide from diverse environmental compartments. Currently, India is the largest consumer and producer of lindane in the world. The production of lindane results in the generation of large quantities of waste HCH isomers (mainly α-, β- and δ-). All these isomers are toxic and have a long-range environmental transport potential. The aim of this study was to monitor the seasonal variation of HCH isomers in an open soil–plant–rhizospheric soil system of a contaminated industrial area. For this, selected plant species and their rhizospheric soil (soil samples collected at a depth range of 0–45 cm near to the root system) and open soil samples (soil samples collected (0–30 cm depth) from 1–1.5 m away from the plant root system) were collected for 2 years (two summer seasons and two winter seasons). 相似文献11.
Background, Aims and Scope Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are known for their adverse and cumulative effects at low concentration. In particular,
the PAHs accumulate in sewage sludge during wastewater treatment, and may thereafter contaminate agricultural soils by spreading
sludge on land. Therefore, sludge treatment processes constitute the unique opportunity of PAH removal before their release
in the environment. In this study, the ability of aerobic microorganisms to degrade light and heavy PAHs was investigated
in continuous bioreactors treating trace-level PAH-contaminated sludge.
Methods Several aerobic reactors were operated under continuous and perfectly mixed conditions to simulate actual aerobic sludge
digesters. Three sterile control reactors were performed at 35°C, 45°C or 55°C to assess PAH abiotic losses under mesophilic
and thermophilic conditions. Three biological reactors were also operated at 35°C, 45°C or 55°C. Furthermore, 250 mM methanol
were added in an additional mesophilic reactor (35°C). All reactors were fed with long-term PAH-contaminated sewage sludge,
and PAH removal was assessed by inlet/outlet mass balance. In this study, PAH compounds ranged from 2 to 5-unsubstituted aromatic
rings, i.e. respectively from Fluorene to Indeno(123cd)pyrene.
Results and Discussion Significant abiotic losses were observed for the lightest PAHs (fluorene, phenanthrene and anthracene), while biodegradation
occurred for all PAHs. More than 80% of the lightest PAHs were removed. Biodegradation rates inversely correlated with the
increasing molecular weight, and seemed limited by the low bioavailability of the heaviest PAHs (only 50% of removal). The
enhancement of PAH bioavailability by increasing the process temperature or adding methanol was tested. A temperature increase
from 35°C to 45°C and then to 55°C significantly enhanced the biodegradation of the heaviest PAHs from 50% to 80%. However,
high abiotic losses were observed for all PAHs at 55°C, which was attributed to volatilization. Optimal conditions were found
at 45°C considering the low abiotic losses and the high PAH biodegradation rates. Similar performances were achieved by addition
of methanol in the sludge. It was concluded that increasing temperatures or addition of methanol favored PAH diffusion from
solids to an aqueous compartment, and enhanced their bioavailability to PAH-degrading microorganisms.
Conclusion In this study, the use of long-term acclimated aerobic ecosystems showed the high potential of aerobic microorganisms to
degrade a wide range of PAHs at trace levels. However, PAH biodegradation was likely controlled by their low bioavailability.
Two aerobic processes have been finally proposed to achieve efficient decontamination of sewage sludge, at 45°C or in the
presence of methanol. The PAH concentrations in reactor outlet were lower than the French requirements, and allow the treated
sludge to be spread on agricultural land.
Recommendations and Outlook The two proposed aerobic processes used physical or chemical diffusing agents. The global ecological impact of using the
latter agents for treating trace level contamination must be considered. Since methanol was completely removed during the
process, no additional harm is expected after treatment. However, an increase of temperature to 45°C could drastically increase
the energy demand in full-scale plants, and therefore the ecological impact of the process. Moreover, since bioavailability
controls PAH biodegradation, efficiency of the processes could also be influenced by the hydraulic parameters, such as mixing
and aeration rates. Further experimentations in a pilot scale are therefore recommended, as well as a final assessment of
the global environmental benefit of using such aerobic processes in the bioremediation of trace level compounds.
- Abbreviations (PAHs): Ant – anthracene; B(a)A – benzo(a)anthracene ; B(b)F – benzo(b)fluoranthene; B(k)F – benzo(k)fluoranthene;
B(ghi)P – benzo(g,h,i)perylene; B(a)P – benzo(a)pyrene; Chrys – chrysene; DB – dibenzo(a,h)anthracene; Fluor – fluoranthene;
Fluo - fluorene; Ind – indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene; Phe - phenanthrene; Pyr – pyrene
- * The basis of this peer-reviewed paper is a presentation at the 9th FECS Conference on 'Chemistry and Environment', 29 August
to 1 September 2004, Bordeaux, France. 相似文献
12.
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) in soil solution is considered to interact with herbicides enhancing their mobility and promoting
subsequent leaching.
Batch experiments were conducted to test if free and DOM-bound herbicides can be separated by a DOM-flocculation technique
with Cu as a coagulant.
DOM was extracted from the H and A horizons of two soils (Terric Histosol, Cumuli-Calcaric Cambisol) and from the O horizon
of a forest soil (Humic Cambisol). DOM-solutions (100 mL) were fortified with the herbicides terbuthylazine and pendimethalin
(100 μg active ingredient each) and equilibrated for 14 hours. After DOM-flocculation with Cu (addition of 0,5 mM CuCl2) herbicide recovery was determined in the supernatant solutions and in the precipitate of Humic Cambisol-DOM, respectively.
Recovery of the herbicides from pure water was 85–99% and was not influenced by the addition of Cu. At low pH (4,8–5,3) DOM-flocculation
of different DOM-extracts was insufficient and varied in a range of 18 – 90%. Herbicide recovery from DOM-solutions decreased
moderately for terbuthylazine (60–90%) and strongly for pendimethalin (5 – 30%). In general, the addition of Cu caused no
further reduction of herbicide recovery from supernatant solutions, except for Humic Cambisol-DOM. The effects of Cu-addition
were most evident for pendimethalin (strongly reduced concentration in the supernatant solutions) and were considered to be
caused by a flocculation of DOM-bound moieties. Flocculation of Humic Cambisol-DOM increased from 18 – 24% at pH 5 to > 95%
at pH 8. However, at this pH the formation of Cu(OH)2 as a sorbing subcomponent of the flocculated matter lead to an overestimation of DOM-bound pendimethalin. Calculating this
side effect 6% of pendimethalin added was DOM-bound. Only traces of terbuthylazine (< 1%) were found in the solid matter of
flocculated Humic Cambisol-DOM.
To sum up, the new approach to separate freely dissolved herbicides from DOM-bound moieties not fully corresponded to our
expectations. DOM-flocculation was found to depend strongly on pH-environment influencing not only DOM-herbicide interactions
but also the clear separation of DOM-bound herbicides from herbicides in solutions. 相似文献
13.
Long-range atmospheric transport of three toxaphene congeners across Europe. Modeling by chained single-box FATEMOD program 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Jaakko Paasivirta Seija Sinkkonen Vladimir Nikiforov Fedor Kryuchkov Erkki Kolehmainen Katri Laihia Arto Valkonen Manu Lahtinen 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2009,16(2):191-205
Background, aims, and scope Since toxaphene (polychlorocamphene, polychloropinene, or strobane) mixtures were applied for massive insecticide use in the
1960s to replace the use of DDT, some of their congeners have been found at high latitudes far away from the usage areas.
Especially polychlorinated bornanes have demonstrated dominating congeners transported by air up to the Arctic areas. Environmental
fate modeling has been applied to monitor this phenomenon using parallel zones of atmosphere around the globe as interconnected
environments. These zones, shown in many meteorological maps, however, may not be the best way to configure atmospheric transport
in air trajectories. The latter could also be covered by connecting a chain of simple model boxes. We aim to study this alternative
approach by modeling the trajectory chain using catchment boxes of our FATEMOD model. Polychlorobornanes analyzed in biota
of the Barents Sea offered one case to study this modeling alternative, while toxaphene has been and partly still is used
massively at southern East Europe and around rivers flowing to the Aral Sea.
Materials and methods Pure model substances of three polychlorobornanes (toxaphene congeners P26, P50, and P62) were synthesized, their environmentally
important thermal properties measured by differential scanning calorimetry, as evaluated from literature data, and their temperature
dependences estimated by the QSPR programs VPLEST, WATSOLU, and TDLKOW. The evaluated property parameters were used to model
their atmospheric long-range transport from toxaphene heavy usage areas in Ukraine and Aral/SyrDarja/AmuDarja region areas,
through East Europe and Northern Norway (Finnmarken) to the Barents Sea. The time period used for the emission model was June
1997. Usual weather conditions in June were applied in the model, which was constructed by chaining FATEMOD model boxes of
the catchment’s areas along assumed maximal air flow trajectories. Analysis of the three chlorobornanes in toxaphene mixtures
function as a basis for the estimates of emission levels caused by its usage. High estimate (A) was taken from contents in
a Western product chlorocamphene and low estimate (B) from mean contents in Russian polychloroterpene products to achieve
modeled water concentrations. Bioaccumulation to analyzed lipid of aquatic biota at the target region was estimated by using
statistical calculation for persistent organic pollutants in literature.
Results The results from model runs A and B (high and low emission estimate) for levels in sea biota were compared to analysis results
of samples taken in August 1997 at Barents Sea. The model results (ng g−1 lw): 4–95 in lipid of planktovores and 7–150 in lipid of piscivores, were in fair agreement with the analysis results from
August 1997: 21–31 in Themisto libellula (chatka), 26–42 in Boreocadus saida (Polar cod), and 5–27 in Gadus morhua (cod) liver.
Discussion The modeling results indicate that the application of chained simple multimedia catchment boxes on predicted trajectory is
a useful method for estimation of volatile airborne persistent chemical exposures to biota in remote areas. For hazard assessment
of these pollutants, their properties, especially temperature dependences, must be estimated by a reasonable accuracy. That
can be achieved by using measurements in laboratory with pure model compounds and estimation of properties by thermodynamic
QSPR methods. The property parameters can be validated by comparing their values at an environmental temperature range with
measured or QSPR-estimated values derived by independent methods. The chained box method used for long-range air transport
modeling can be more suitable than global parallel zones modeling used earlier, provided that the main airflow trajectories
and properties of transported pollutants are predictable enough.
Conclusions Long-range air transport modeling of persistent, especially photo-resistant organic compounds using a chain of joint simple
boxes of catchment’s environments is a feasible method to predict concentrations of pollutants at the target area. This is
justified from model results compared with analytical measurements in Barents Sea biota in August 1997: three of six modeled
values were high and the other three low compared to the analysis results. The order of magnitude level was similar in both
modeled (planktovore and piscivore) and observed (chatka and polar cod) values of lipid samples. The obtained results were
too limited to firm validation but are sufficient to justify feasibility of the method, which prompts one to perform more
studies on this modeling system.
Recommendations and perspectives For assessment of the risk of environmental damages, chemical fate determination is an essential tool for chemical control,
e.g., for EU following the REACH rules. The present conclusion of applicability of the chained single-box multimedia modeling
can be validated by further studies using analyses of emissions and target biota in various other cases. To achieve useful
results, fate models built with databases having automatic steps for most calculations and outputs accessible to all chemical
control professionals are essential. Our FATEMOD program catchments at environments and compound properties listed in the
database represent a feasible tool for local, regional, and, according our present test results, for global exposure predictions.
As an extended use of model, emission estimates can be achieved by reversed modeling from analysis results of samples corresponding
to the target area.
This article is dedicated to the memory of Professor Alexander B Terentiev (who passed away in November 2006), our true friend.
With his Institute of Organo-Element Compounds, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, he was an important main organizer of
the six joint Finnish–Russian seminars (every third year since 1989) on the field (‘Chemistry and Ecology of Organo-Element
Compounds’). He prompted us especially to search properties and environmental fates for various polyhalogen compounds. We
remember him for his friendly character and great sense of humor. 相似文献
14.
Günther Umlauf Michael McLachlan 《Environmental science and pollution research international》1994,1(4):209-222
The accumulation of atmospheric HCB, Lindane, DDT, DDE and the PCB congeners 52, 101, 138, 153 and 180 in spruce needles (Picea abies) was investigated at outdoor locations and in greenhouses supplied with ambient air. The air supply of the greenhouses was
modified to dinstinguish between gaseous and particle-associated deposition of the compounds. Accumulation of the compounds
occurred in all spruce except those grown in the greenhouse where the gaseous concentration of the compounds was reduced.
Spruce grown in the greenhouse supplied with particle-free ambient air behaved similarity to those grown outdoors. Protecting
the spruce located outdoors from rain did not affect the accumulation. The results show that under spring and summer conditions
at a typical central European rural environment dry gaseous deposition is the dominant pathway of these compounds to needles.
For Part I “Calculation of Dry and Wet Fluxes” see issue 3, pp. 146–150. 相似文献
15.
Assessment of human health risks and pollution index for heavy metals in farmlands irrigated by effluents of stabilization ponds 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Azam Karimi Ali Naghizadeh Hamed Biglari Roya Peirovi Aliyeh Ghasemi Ahmad Zarei 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2020,27(10):10317-10327
Areas contaminated with heavy metals can pose major risks to human health and ecological environments. The aims of this study are to assess human health risk and pollution index for heavy metals in agricultural soils irrigated by effluents of stabilization ponds in Birjand, Iran. The results revealed that the levels of Cr, Mn, Zn, Fe, Cu, Cd, and Pb were in range of 70.3–149.65, 355–570, 31.15–98.45, 23,925–29,140, 22.75–25.95, 0.17–6.51, and 8.5–23.5 mg/kg in topsoils, respectively. Total hazard index values from heavy metals through three exposure routes for adults and children were 9.13E−01 and 1.10, respectively, indicating that there was non-carcinogenic risk for children. The total risk of carcinogenic metals (Cr, Cd, and Pb) through the three exposure routes for adults and children was 1.06E−04 and 9.76E−04, respectively, which indicates that the metals in the soil will not induce carcinogenic risks to these age groups. Pollution levels of heavy metals in soil samples including enrichment factor (EF), contamination factor (CF), pollution load index (PLI), and geo-accumulation index (Igeo) showed heavy metal contamination of agricultural soils. The results of the present study provide basic information about heavy metal contamination control and human health risk assessment management in the study area. 相似文献
16.
Monica Ferreira Costa Scheyla C. T. Barbosa Mário Barletta David V. Dantas Helena A. Kehrig Tércia G. Seixas Olaf Malm 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2009,16(4):423-430
Background, aim, and scope At tropical latitudes, and especially on the semi-arid coasts of the Brazilian Northeast, the rainfall regime governs the
water quality of estuaries due to the pronounced difference between the rainy and dry seasons. These changes may be responsible
for seasonal changes in bioavailability of mercury (Hg) and other pollutants to the estuarine and coastal biota. Mercury bioaccumulates
along estuarine–marine food chains usually result in higher concentrations in tissues of top predators and posing a risk to
both marine mammals and humans alike. The Goiana River Estuary (7.5° S) is a typical estuary of the semi-arid tropical regions
and supports traditional communities with fisheries (mollusks, fish, and crustacean). It is also responsible for an important
part of the biological production of the adjacent coastal waters.
Materials and methods
Trichiurus lepturus (Actinopterygii: Perciformes) is a pscivorous marine straggler. Fish from this species (n = 104) were captured in a trapping barrier used by the local traditional population and using an otter trawl net along the
main channel of the low estuary during two dry seasons (D1 = November, December 2005, January 2006; D2 = November, December
2006, January 2007) and the end of a rainy season (R = August, September, October 2006). Fish muscle samples were preserved
cold and then freeze-dried prior to analysis of its total mercury (Hg-T) contents. Total mercury was determined by cold vapor
atomic absorption spectrometry (CV-AAS) with sodium borohydride as a reducing agent.
Results The studied individuals (n = 104) were sub-adult (30–70 cm, 71 ind.) and adult fish (>70 cm, 33 ind.). Weight (W) (204.1 ± 97.9 g, total biomass = 21,229.7 g)
and total length (TL) (63.1 ± 10.1 cm, range 29.5–89.0 cm) presented a significant (p < 0.05) correlation. Two-way ANOVA (n = 81) showed that TL and W had significant differences (p < 0.05) among seasons, being higher in D1 than in D2 and R, respectively. Moreover, season vs. month interaction were detected
for the variables length and weight. For the variable weight was detected significant difference for the factor month (p < 0.05). It suggests that the fish enter the estuary at the end of the rainy season and increase in length and weight during
the time they spend in the estuary. Fish from this estuary are shown to be fit for human consumption (125.3 ± 61.9 μgHg-T
kg–1 w.wt.; n = 104). Fish mercury contents increased with size and weight. Correlations between TL and Hg-T (r = 0.37286) and between W and Hg-T (r = 0.38212) were significant (p < 0.05). Dryer months showed higher mercury concentrations in fish (D1 773.4 ± 207.5 μgHg-T kg–1 d.wt., n = 27; D2 370.1 ± 78.8 μgHg-T kg–1 d.wt., n = 27; R 331.2 ± 138.5 μgHg-T kg–1 d.wt., n = 27). The variable mercury concentration showed differences in relation to the factor season (p < 0.05), where fish captured during the first dry season showed the highest concentration of mercury. The correlation between
Hg-T and rainfall (Rf) showed a negative correlation (r = –0.56; p < 0.05).
Discussion The main likely source of mercury to this estuary is diffuse continental run off, including urban and industrial effluents.
Since concentration of mercury in fish tissue is negatively correlated to rainfall, but positively correlated with fish length
and weight, it suggests that fish growth in this estuary results in mercury uptake and concentration on the fish tissue. In
the dry season of 2005–2006, when rainfall remained below the historic average, fish bioaccumulated significantly more mercury
than in the dry season 2006–2007, when rainfall was within the predictable historic average. It is suggested that less rainfall,
and consequently less particulate matter and less primary production in the estuary, make mercury more available to the higher
levels of the estuarine food chain. In the case of higher rainfall, when river flow increases and water quality in the estuary
is reduced, mercury probably is quickly exported associated to the particulate matter to the adjacent coastal waters where
it then disperses. This species is a potential routine bioindicator for mercury contamination of the biota, but so far was
used only with a limited number of individuals and contexts.
Conclusions Fish from the Goiana River estuary can still be safely consumed by the local population. However, any further contamination
of this resource might lead to total mercury levels above the recommended limits for pregnant women and small children. The
proposed heavy dependency of total mercury levels in fish on water quality indicates that land use and water quality standards
must be more closely watched in order to guarantee that best possible practices are in place to prevent bioaccumulation of
mercury and its transfer along the food chain. Human interventions and climatic events which affect river water flow are also
playing a role in the mercury cycle at tropical semi-arid estuaries.
Recommendations and perspectives
T. lepturus is largely consumed by coastal populations of tropical and sub-tropical countries all over the world. It is also consumed
by a number of marine mammals over which we have a strong conservation interest. This species is also a link among different
ecosystems along the estuarine ecocline. Therefore, knowledge of its degree of contamination might contribute to public health
issues as well as marine conservation actions. Studies on mercury and other contaminants using this species as bioindicator
(cosmopolitan, readily available) could help elucidating mechanisms through which pollutants are being transferred not only
through the food chain, but also from estuarine–coastal–open waters. In addition, using the same species in marine pollution
studies, especially as part of a mosaic of species, allows for wide range comparisons of marine food chain contamination. 相似文献
17.
Liu J Yan C Macnair MR Hu J Li Y 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2007,14(5):345-349
Background Acid-volatile sulfide (AVS) is operationally defined as sulfides in sediment, which are soluble in cold acid, and is reported
as the most active part of the total sulfur in aquatic sediments. It is a key partitioning phase controlling the activities
of divalent cationic heavy metals in sediment.
Methods In order to examine this in mangrove environments, six sites were selected along the Jiulong River Estuary in Fujian, China,
which had previously been reported to be polluted by heavy metals. Sediments were sampled from 0–60 cm depth at each site,
and the spatial distribution of AVS and SEM (simultaneously extracted metals: copper, cadmium, zinc, and lead) were determined.
Results and Discussion The results indicate that the AVS concentrations had a spatial variation, ranging from 0.24 to 16.10 μmol g−1 sediment dry weight. The AVS concentration in the surface layer is lower than that of the deeper sediment, with peak values
in the 15–30 cm horizon. There was no correlation between the AVS value and organic matter content or total dissolved salts,
but a significant positive correlation of AVS with surface sediment (0–5 cm) moisture content was found. This indicates that
water logged sediments tend to have a high AVS value. The amount of SEM was within the range of 0.33–2.80 μmol g−1 sediment dry weight and decreased with sediment depth.
Conclusions There was a marked variation in AVS and SEM among different sites studied. AVS concentrations were generally lower in the
surface sediments, while SEM concentrations slightly decreased with the depth. Higher concentrations of SEM found in the upper
layers of the sediments confirm the earlier suggestions that this study area may suffer from increasing heavy metal pollution.
Recommendations and Perspectives When monitoring environmental impacts by using AVS, the micro and large-scale spatial variation as well as vertical distribution
need to be estimated to avoid misleading results. Both AVS and SEM concentrations in different sediment layers should be taken
into account in assessing the potential impact of heavy metals on the biotic environment. 相似文献
18.
Díaz-de-Mera Y Aranda A Bravo I Rodríguez D Rodríguez A Moreno E 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2008,15(7):584-591
Background, aim, and scope The adverse environmental impacts of chlorinated hydrocarbons on the Earth’s ozone layer have focused attention on the effort
to replace these compounds by nonchlorinated substitutes with environmental acceptability. Hydrofluoroethers (HFEs) and fluorinated
alcohols are currently being introduced in many applications for this purpose. Nevertheless, the presence of a great number
of C–F bonds drives to atmospheric long-lived compounds with infrared absorption features. Thus, it is necessary to improve
our knowledge about lifetimes and global warming potentials (GWP) for these compounds in order to get a complete evaluation
of their environmental impact. Tropospheric degradation is expected to be initiated mainly by OH reactions in the gas phase.
Nevertheless, Cl atoms reaction may also be important since rate constants are generally larger than those of OH. In the present
work, we report the results obtained in the study of the reactions of Cl radicals with HFE-7000 (CF3CF2CF2OCH3) (1) and its isomer CF3CF2CF2CH2OH (2).
Materials and methods Kinetic rate coefficients with Cl atoms have been measured using the discharge flow tube–mass spectrometric technique at 1 Torr
of total pressure. The reactions of these chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) substitutes have been studied under pseudo-first-order
kinetic conditions in excess of the fluorinated compounds over Cl atoms. The temperature ranges were 266–333 and 298–353 K
for reactions of HFE-7000 and CF3CF2CF2CH2OH, respectively.
Results The measured room temperature rate constants were k(Cl+CF3CF2CF2OCH3) = (1.24 ± 0.28) × 10−13 cm3 molecule−1 s−1and k(Cl+CF3CF2CF2CH2OH) = (8.35 ± 1.63) × 10−13 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 (errors are 2σ + 10% to cover systematic errors). The Arrhenius expression for reaction 1 was k
1(266–333 K) = (6.1 ± 3.8) × 10−13exp[−(445 ± 186)/T] cm3 molecule−1 s−1 and k
2(298–353 K) = (1.9 ± 0.7) × 10−12exp[−(244 ± 125)/T] cm3 molecule−1 s−1 (errors are 2σ). The reactions are reported to proceed through the abstraction of an H atom to form HCl and the corresponding halo-alkyl
radical. At 298 K and 1 Torr, yields on HCl of 0.95 ± 0.38 and 0.97 ± 0.16 (errors are 2σ) were obtained for CF3CF2CF2OCH3 and CF3CF2CF2CH2OH, respectively.
Discussion The obtained kinetic rate constants are related to the previous data in the literature, showing a good agreement taking into
account the error limits. Comparing the obtained results at room temperature, k
1 and k
2, HFE-7000 is significantly less reactive than its isomer C3F7CH2OH. A similar behavior has been reported for the reactions of other fluorinated alcohols and their isomeric fluorinated ethers
with Cl atoms. Literature data, together with the results reported in this work, show that, for both fluorinated ethers and
alcohols, the kinetic rate constant may be considered as not dependent on the number of –CF2– in the perfluorinated chain. This result may be useful since it is possible to obtain the required physicochemical properties
for a given application by changing the number of –CF2– without changes in the atmospheric reactivity. Furthermore, lifetimes estimations for these CFCs substitutes are calculated
and discussed. The average estimated Cl lifetimes are 256 and 38 years for HFE-7000 and C3H7CH2OH, respectively.
Conclusions The studied CFCs’ substitutes are relatively short-lived and OH reaction constitutes their main reactive sink. The average
contribution of Cl reactions to global lifetime is about 2% in both cases. Nevertheless, under local conditions as in the
marine boundary layer, τ
Cl values as low as 2.5 and 0.4 years for HFE-7000 and C3H7CH2OH, respectively, are expected, showing that the contribution of Cl to the atmospheric degradation of these CFCs substitutes
under such conditions may constitute a relevant sink. In the case of CF3CF2CF2OCH3, significant activation energy has been measured, thus the use of kinetic rate coefficient only at room temperature would
result in underestimations of lifetimes and GWPs.
Recommendations and perspectives The results obtained in this work may be helpful within the database used in the modeling studies of coastal areas. The knowledge
of the atmospheric behavior and the structure–reactivity relationship discussed in this work may also contribute to the development
of new environmentally acceptable chemicals. New volatile materials susceptible of emission to the troposphere should be subject
to the study of their reactions with OH and Cl in the range of temperature of the troposphere. The knowledge of the temperature
dependence of the kinetic rate constants, as it is now reported for the case of reactions 1 and 2, will allow more accurate
lifetimes and related magnitudes like GWPs. Nevertheless, a better knowledge of the vertical Cl tropospheric distribution
is still required. 相似文献
19.
Fabian P Kohlpaintner M Rollenbeck R 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2005,12(5):290-296
Background Biomass burning is a source of carbon, sulfur and nitrogen compounds which, along with their photochemically generated reaction
products, can be transported over very long distances, even traversing oceans. Chemical analyses of rain and fogwater samples
collected in the mountaineous rain forest of south Ecuador show frequent episodes of high sulfate and nitrate concentration,
from which annual deposition rates are derived comparable to those found in polluted central Europe. As significant anthropogenic
sources are lacking at the research site it is suspected that biomass burning upwind in the Amazon basin is the major source
of the enhanced sulfate and nitrate imput.
Methods Regular rain and fogwater sampling along an altitude profile between 1800 and 3185 m has been carried out in the Podocarpus
National Park close to the Rio SanFrancisco (3°58'S, 79°5'W) in southern Ecuador. pH values, electrical conductivity and chemical
ion composition were measured at the TUM-WZW using standard methods.
Results and Discussion Results reported cover over one year from March 2002 until May 2003. Annual deposition rates of sulfate were calculated ranging
between 4 and 13 kg S/ha year, almost as high as in polluted central Europe. Nitrogen deposition via ammonia (1.5–4.4 kg N/ha
year) and nitrate (0.5–0.8 kg N/ha year) was found to be lower but still much higher than to be expected in such pristine
natural forest environment. By means of back trajectory analyses it can be shown that most of the enhanced sulfur and nitrogen
deposition is most likely due to forest fires far upwind of the Ecuadorian sampling site, showing a seasonal variation, with
sources predominantly found in the East/NorthEast during January–March (Colombia, Venezuela, Northern Brazil) and East/SouthEast
during July–September (Peru, Brazil).
Conclusion Our results show that biomass burning in the Amazon basin is the predominant source of sulfur and nitrogen compounds that
fertilize the mountaineous rain forest in south Ecuador.
Recommendation and Outlook The mountaineous rain forest in south Ecuador has developed on poor and acid soils, with low nutrient availability. The additional
fertilization resulting from anthropogenic biomass burning constitutes a significant disturbance of this ecosystem, its functioning
and biodiversity. Thus it is planned to employ isotope analyses for quantifying the pathways of nitrate and sulfate deposition
in these natural forests. 相似文献
20.
We are happy and proud to announce that our book ‘Atmospheric Degradation of Organic Substances — Data for Persistence and
Long-range Transport’ (see pp. 143–144) has recently been published by Wiley-VCH [1]. It contains a critical compilation of
photo degradation rate constants and quantum efficiencies relevant for calculating the atmospheric persistence of volatile
and a few semi-volatile organic compounds. In addition to the data of nearly 1100 substances, the importance of persistence
in air and long-range transport potential is presented in two chapters from the point of view of chemicals legislation and
of atmospheric photochemistry. 相似文献