Global Environment Facility investments in the phase-out of ozone-depleting substances

Stratospheric ozone depletion threatens human health and the global environment. In 1987, the Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer (Montreal Protocol) set aggressive timelines for countries to phase-out products and organic chemicals that were causing rapid ozone depletion in the Antarctic stratosphere. The Global Environment Facility (GEF), established in 1991, is the largest multilateral funder of environmental protection projects and provides financial support for implementation of the Montreal Protocol. This paper summarizes GEF investments to address ozone-depleting substances (ODS) in Countries with Economies in Transition (CEITs), presents case studies from representative countries, and discusses lessons learned. Complementing the work of the Multilateral Fund that supports developing country Parties of the Montreal Protocol, the GEF provides financial support to CEIT’s to address ODS phase-out targets and timelines. These investments include technology development and transfer, outreach and training, institution building, and programs to phase-out ODS. Working with partners in the public and private sectors, the GEF has allocated approximately US210 million, leveraging another US210 million, leveraging another US250 million in co-financing, for 28 ODS phase-out projects in 18 CEITs. GEF ODS project investments in CEITs have contributed to Protocol success by phasing-out 20,000 ozone depletion potential (ODP) Megagrams (Mg) of consumption and 29,000 ODP Mg of production. Among the GEF’s most significant efforts to eliminate ODS are projects that transfer technologies and strengthen institutional capabilities of partner countries. These projects have enabled the installation of non-ODS technologies, adoption of best practices by the private sector, and provided CEITs with the legislative and policy framework necessary to sustain ODS phase-out. Almost 25 years after its establishment, the Montreal Protocol with support from financial mechanisms such as the GEF, is a successful model for addressing global environmental challenges.     

Sustainable energy investments: contributions of the Global Environment Facility

Addressing energy, economic and environment security is a pressing challenge for nations worldwide. Global energy demand is projected to increase by 45% during the next 20 years, with the fastest growth in developing and transition countries. Over the past two decades, the Global Environment Facility (GEF) has invested in a portfolio of sustainable energy projects with an emphasis on energy efficiency, renewable energy, and urban transport. These projects address many different national priorities including infrastructure, technologies, policies, best practices, institutions, and capacity building. Since 1991, more than US2,735 billion has been invested in energy sector projects with an additional US2,735 billion has been invested in energy sector projects with an additional US17.118 billion in co-financing from governments and the private sector. US1,186 billion, together with US1,186 billion, together with US7,092 billion in co-finance, has been invested in energy efficiency projects that deploy new technologies, develop institutional and human capacity, disseminate best practices, and build public awareness and understanding. GEF renewable energy investments of US1,298 billion, with co-financing of US1,298 billion, with co-financing of US7,555 billion, have advanced demonstration and deployment of solar thermal heating, solar thermal power, photovoltaics, wind power, geothermal energy, small hydropower, biomass, and combined technologies and best practices across 5 continents. The GEF has invested US251 million (with US251 million (with US2,471 billion in co-finance) in urban transport projects that address transport strategies, infrastructure, and mobility technology solutions. These energy efficiency, renewable energy and urban transport projects contributed to the direct reduction of about 1.7 billion tons of greenhouse gas emissions. Other tangible environmental benefits also flowed from these GEF investments. Case studies of representative projects are presented to illustrate lessons learned from the energy efficiency, renewable, energy, and urban transport investments. Experiences from GEF investments can inform development and implementation of future sustainable energy investments.     

杀虫剂类POPs废物及污染场地治理共同责任研究

杀虫剂类POPs废物的环境无害化处置及其污染场地的治理是我国履行POPs公约的国家行动计划(NIP)的重要内容。我国POPs废物产生的责任主体主要是历史上的企业,企业经过了很大的变革,因而产生的POPs废物及其污染场地不同于现有工业企业产生的危险废物,需要根据历史、现状以及未来发展的特点建立新的责任制度,确立治理责任,落实治理资金。从我国杀虫剂类POPs废物和污染场地的现状调研出发,分析国内外相关法律规定中责任分担制度及原则,提出建立我国杀虫剂类POPs废物及其污染场地治理的"共同责任制度",为POPs废物的环境管理提供理论支持。     

我国医疗废物领域履行POPs公约对策研究

文章根据POPs公约对医疗废物管理和处置的总体要求,结合我国目前医疗废物管理和技术应用现状,结合我国医疗废物处置设施污染物排放、工程建设及运行管理状况,从医疗废物处理技术的具体应用实际需要出发对如何推进采用BAT/BEP,推进中国该领域履约进程进行了探讨,并提出了我国医疗废物领域履行POPs公约的管理和技术对策。     

我国杀虫剂类POPs污染场地的类型与污染控制对策分析

POPs污染场地作为潜在的POPs污染源,必须予以妥善管理。杀虫剂类POPs作为《斯德哥尔摩公约》首批的12种POPs物质中的绝大多数,其污染场地的管理是我国POPs污染场地管理的重点所在。本文分析了我国的杀虫剂类POPs污染场地的成因、类型、存在现状及管理现状,着重剖析了我国可适用于POPs污染场地的管理体系所存在的问题,在此基础上提出了加强我国POPs污染场地管理与控制的对策,指出了重点研究方向。     

Addressing the environmental risk of persistent organic pollutants in China

The Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) was adopted in 2001. This year is the 10th anniversary of the adoption of the Convention. Until now, 22 chemicals or chemical categories have been listed as POPs in the Stockholm Convention. The POPs Research Center was established in Tsinghua University in the same year when the Convention was adopted. In the last ten years, much work has been done by Chinese researchers to understand the environmental risk of POPs in China. This article aims to review the recent research progress of our POPs Research Center and some other Chinese researchers’ studies in addressing the environmental risk of POPs, including the priority screening and inventory study of POPs, monitoring and modeling of POPs pollution and exposure, and environmental risk assessment and modeling of POPs. Although great advances in addressing the environmental risk of POPs have been made in recent years, we are still facing quite a few problems, such as data scarcity and uncertainty in environmental risk assessment of POPs. The study on the effect of POPs mixtures is in its infancy and currently POPs are usually assessed from legal perspective by risk assessment of single chemicals. These problems should be well addressed by further efforts. Further studies should also be taken in future to study environment risk of POPs by considering aspects of coupled dynamics between climate processes and POPs. Such sound scientific, riskbased information can support decision-making aiming to effectively minimize the risk level of POPs.     

我国典型非木浆造纸二噁英排放研究

根据《中国履行〈关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约〉国家实施计划》,制浆造纸行业是我国开展二英履约减排的六大重点行业之一,需要在规定的时间内达到减排要求.非木浆在我国原生纸浆生产和消费中一直占有重要比例,其生产过程中广泛使用的元素氯漂白工艺被认为是造成制浆造纸行业二噁英产生的重要来源.非木纤维制浆将在我国长期存在,摸清该领域二噁英排放情况,对于我国履约和实施二噁英的减排措施有重要意义.通过对竹子、麦草、芦苇和蔗渣这4种非木纤维的典型制浆企业的漂白全过程开展二噁英排放情况的检测,并结合各企业的浆水平衡数据,得到我国应用氯化碱处理次氯酸盐(CEH)三段漂白典型工艺的草浆、苇浆、竹浆及蔗渣浆生产的外排水所含二噁英的浓度(以I-TEQ计,下同)分别为:41.8、72.7、7.46和19.7 pg.L-1,尽管都在国家规定的新排放标准附近(30 pg.L-1),但随着我国对制浆造纸行业吨耗水要求的日益严格和以上新标准的实施,相关浓度很容易超标.为了实现国内、国际环境管理的要求,认为我国有必要尽快推动该行业研究并应用二噁英减排的最佳可行技术和最佳环境实践(best available techniques/best environmental practices,BAT/BEP).同时,结合监测数据,还初步估算了非木浆元素氯漂白相关的二噁英排放因子,可为联合国环境署补充相关因子提供有意义的参考.     

我国POPs污染场地的环境管理基础与完善对策研究

固体废物不恰当处理处置是造成场地污染的原因之一,也是今后需要引起关注的环境问题.在POPs公约中,POPs污染场地和POPs废物一样有着明确的无害化管理要求,作为该公约的缔约国,我国将认真履行公约的义务,消除POPs引起的污染.根据调查,我国POPs引起的场地污染比较严重,现有的环境管理法律法规、标准和制度政策是POPs污染场地管理的基础,但这种基础还比较薄弱,尚不能完全满足环境无害化管理的要求.因此,我们在充分利用现有环境管理体系的基础上,还应该继续改进和完善现有法规和标准体系,建立相关的环境风险评价程序和资金筹集机制,加强污染场地环境管理和监督管理能力建设.     

我国医疗废物焚烧处置污染控制案例研究

医疗废物处置行业是我国确定的优先控制的无意产生POPs重点行业之一。该行业以二噁英减排为目的开展最佳可行技术的研究及示范推广是《履行<关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约>国家实施计划》确定的任务之一。本文详细对江西南昌和湖南益阳医疗废物集中处置设施二噁英控制最佳可行技术示范改造的主要技术内容进行了分析,提出未来一段时间医疗废物集中处置设施污染控制管理趋势,以及技术升级改造的主要方向和技术重点。     

Multi-generation health risks of persistent organic pollution in the far north: use of the precautionary approach in the Stockholm Convention

Precautionary regulation of persistent, toxic substances is controversial because of continued and irresolvable uncertainties in ecotoxicology. This is especially an issue for people who eat wild food, still a common practice in the Arctic. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have been shown to interfere with hormone function and genetic regulation. In animal studies, myriad dysfunctions can be induced (manifested later in life) by low-dose POPs exposure during development. The ubiquity of POPs in biological tissue makes all organisms subject to developmental exposure. The Arctic, where subsistence living is common, is a sink region for POPs. To curtail bioaccumulation and biomagnification, the United Nations has created the Stockholm Convention in May 2001, which targets 12 chemicals for virtual elimination. Using the precautionary approach, the treaty also enables the listing of new targets as threats are recognized. The “dirty dozen” are well-documented developmental toxics and other POPs are expected to exhibit similar patterns of accumulation and harm. Arctic peoples insist that waiting for irrefutable evidence is poor planning. Nevertheless, the United States, a major signatory, has proved reluctant to ratify the language that would enable this expedient listing of new targets. Such reluctance allows health threats in the Arctic and around the world to grow. This paper reviews the theoretical background for and current evidence regarding the global issues of endocrine disruption and POPs contamination, especially as they relate to wildlife and people in the far north. It is concluded that there is an urgent need for the US to ratify the full text of the Stockholm Convention, including the provision for the listing of new targets.     

多氯联苯污染场地现场清运实践探讨

《关于持久性有机污染物（POPs）的斯德哥尔摩公约》明确规定于2028年前完成含PCBs液体和被PCBs污染设备的环境无害化管理,浙江省在2006年1月正式启动了PCBs废物削减和处置示范项目。列举了PCBs的危害和处置的紧迫性,在经历多处封存点修复清运工作后,总结了集中封存的PCBs电力电容器现场修复清运的准备工作和修复方法,系统再现了PCBs封存点土壤修复的作业流程及修复中的注意要点,并对今后土壤修复的清运工作提出了建议。     

碱催化脱氯技术处理氯代新POPs研究及示范工程

以硫丹作为氯代新POPs的代表,通过实验室小试研究,探讨反应温度、NaOH和石蜡油投加量对硫丹在NaOH/石蜡油碱催化反应体系中的去除和脱氯效率(RE和DE)的影响,并寻找出最优条件,开展示范工程研究.实验室小试结果表明,反应温度、NaOH投加量和石蜡油投加量对硫丹脱氯效率的影响要大于对其去除率的影响.当温度为250℃,硫丹和NaOH及石蜡油的质量比为1:3:6和1:3:10时,反应3h后,硫丹去除率和脱氯效率分别达到99.99%和99%以上.采用硫丹和得克隆两种氯代有机物开展示范工程研究,中试设备处理能力达到15kg/批次,在250~300℃下反应3~10h后,对硫丹和得克隆的去除效率均达到99.9%以上,表明硫丹和得克隆被有效分解.示范工程的成功实施为我国履行斯德哥尔摩公约提供技术支持.     

我国大陆地区电器电子产品报废量预测研究

随着我国电器电子产品的报废量不断增长,准确预测报废量及其分布对回收网络体系规划研究十分关键.本文利用Gompertz模型及保有量系数法对我国电器电子产品报废量进行建模,在验证预测模型及结果准确性的前提下,对全国31个省2003—2020年电视机、电冰箱、洗衣机、空调及电脑的报废量进行预测,并对5种家用电器报废总量构成、时间序列及空间分布进行分析.结果表明,到2020年,我国5种家用电器报废量将达到20.3亿台,广东省以1794万台报废量列居全国首位,上海市以1083台·km~(-2)的报废密度列居首位;按现有回收处理规模,2014年全国仍存在103万t待处理缺口.最后对废旧电器电子产品拆解处理产能布局提出了合理化建议,为我国的家用电器回收网络规划提供参考.     

广东省新型POPs监测防控体系建设研究

2009年和2011年斯德哥尔摩公约新纳入的9种和1种持久性有机污染物（POPs）的研究是目前国际上环境领域研究的热点之一,所引起的环境污染和人体健康问题也逐步得到中国环保部门的关注.随着国际斯德哥尔摩公约履约活动的不断深入,中国正面临着履行公约以及削减与控制持久性有机污染物的巨大挑战.本文总结了广东省新型持久性有机污染物监测防控体系建设的必要性和意义,阐述了国内外在该领域的研究现状以及对解决新型POPs问题的作用.     

我国氯化石蜡的环境赋存、人群暴露与管控:现状及展望

氯化石蜡(Chlorinated paraffin,CPs)是一类人工合成化学品,被广泛用作阻燃剂和增塑剂,在生产和使用过程中释放到多种环境介质中(如水、沉积物、灰尘、空气和土壤等). 短链氯化石蜡(SCCPs)作为新增持久性有机污染物已于2017年被正式列入《关于持久性有机物的斯德哥尔摩公约》附件A中,中链氯化石蜡(MCCPs)因具有和SCCPs相似的性质和环境效应,已被列入持久性有机污染物候选名单. 我国是CPs的生产和使用大国,但对该类物质的风险评估与管控还存在不足. 本文通过收集并深入讨论已发表的CPs相关文章,在系统梳理不同介质中CPs赋存情况的基础上,利用释放因子解析方法,估算了CPs在生产和使用过程中进入到环境的量,发现土壤介质是环境中CPs的汇. 人类活动、经济活动和经济水平等对CPs在不同区域的赋存具有重要影响. 对人群暴露途径解析表明,职业暴露场景显著高于其他场景;生态风险和人体暴露风险评估表明,目前CPs对我国生态环境与人体健康的危害整体上还处于较低水平. 另外,本文介绍了国内外对于SCCPs和MCCPs的管控措施,并基于化学品管理和风险评估的考虑,提出未来亟需深入开展MCCPs和LCCPs (长链氯化石蜡)的迁移转化和风险研究,特别是评估CPs管控造成的潜在经济、社会和环境影响. 相关数据及分析可更好地为CPs产品的管控和国家开展履约行动提供科学数据和技术支撑,并为将来可能的CPs淘汰政策的制定提供参考.      

生产三氯杀螨醇的滴滴涕环境风险及其控制途径研究

滴滴涕是《关于持久性有机污染物（POPs）的斯德哥尔摩公约》中首批受控物质。本文调查了国内传统三氯杀螨醇生产工艺情况,分析了生产过程和产品使用过程中滴滴涕环境排放途径及环境风险,结合公约中有关滴滴涕风险控制的相关要求,分析了有限场地封闭体系三氯杀螨醇生产的基本要素,提出了生产过程中的环境排放限值建议,明确了控制环境排放和环境风险的有效途径。为相关生产企业开展技术改造和实施自我考核以及相关部门开展监督管理工作提供建议。     

北京市生活垃圾处理的温室气体排放变化分析

文章从城市垃圾处理与节能减排之间关系的角度,分析研究了北京市2001～2007年生活垃圾卫生填埋、堆肥和焚烧发展过程中直接和间接的温室气体排放量变化,结果表明,随着生活垃圾产生量的增加和物理组成的变化,北京市生活垃圾处理引起的温室气体排放急剧增多,总排放量从2001年约363万tCO2当量增加到2007年1157万t左右。目前卫生填埋、堆肥和焚烧三种方法每处理1t垃圾的单位排放量分别为2.1t、0.4t和2.0tCO2当量。虽然堆肥具有相对低的单位排放量,但由于市场等方面的原因,堆肥在北京生活垃圾处理中的比重并不大,2007年处理的垃圾量不到无害化总处理量的7%。2007年填埋产生CH4总量约48万t,若50%回收利用,其发热量相当于约40万t管道煤气,具有很大的节能减排潜力。焚烧垃圾进行供热或发电的技术在国内外正蓬勃发展,也是节能减排的有效途径。而加强垃圾回收与分类是从源头减少垃圾,实现节能减排的最好方法。     

废弃电器电子产品POPs/PTS减排环境管理实践研究

全球环境基金(GEF)"通过环境无害化管理减少电器电子产品的生命周期内持久性有机污染物和持久性有毒化学品(POPs/PTS)的排放全额示范项目"湖北省作为项目示范省之一.三家废弃电器电子产品拆解企业,分别开展了废弃电器电子产品拆解技术示范、湿法废弃印刷电路板处置BAT/BEP技术示范、利用再生铅连续熔炼炉协同处置阴极射线管含铅锥玻璃项目技术示范.电子废弃物全自动化分类与拆解生产线,为电子废弃物绿色循环与资源化提供了示范模式.     

The influence of science on Canada's foreign policy on persistent organic pollutants (1985–2001)

The role of science in environmental foreign policymaking has received little attention in the international environmental politics literature, and systematic, in-depth case studies of the influence of science on environmental foreign policy with respect to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are entirely missing. We present a case study of the influence of science on Canada's foreign policy on POPs from the discovery of the transboundary nature of the POPs problem around 1985 to the signing of the United Nations Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants in 2001. Influence was analyzed in terms of a knowledge–action methodology that focused on the types of scientific knowledge and the actions taken by scientists that were influential. Data were collected through interviews and extensive document analysis. We conclude that, while individual knowledge types and actions were influential during various periods (single-factor explanations), it was an increasingly layered and integrated “package” of knowledge types and actions, with human health impacts as its touchstone and partnering between scientists and non-scientists as its watchword, that propelled and sustained Canada's foreign policy on the POPs issue.     

医疗废物焚烧最佳可行技术的国际对比与分析

焚烧技术是医疗废物处理的主要技术之一。根据国际履约要求和国内医疗废物设施建设规划实施的要求,开展医疗废物焚烧最佳可行技术的研究和推广十分重要和迫切。本文在分析斯德哥尔摩公约秘书处编制的最佳可行技术导则中关于医疗废物焚烧最佳可行技术的基础上,结合我国国情,提出适合我国国情要求的最佳可行工艺和技术,提出包括工艺设备、关键材质选择、关键运行参数、关键操作要求等在内的最佳可行技术要求。