盐雾含量与盐雾沉降率测量计算及其相互关系分析

本文对盐雾含量和盐雾沉降率的测量与计算进行了详细解析,提出了不同于现行标准的盐雾含量和盐雾沉降率通用计算公式,比较分析了该通用计算公式与现行标准计算公式的差异,分析计算了盐雾沉降率两种常用计算单位的换算倍率,对现行盐雾试验标准的盐雾沉降率进行了分析计算,并对盐雾含量和盐雾沉降率的相互关系进行了分析,最后得到了一些重要的结论。     

环境保护常用名词解释

1．可持续发展——是指既满足当代人的需要,又不对后代人满足其需要的能力构成危害的发展。2. 三同时——国家规定“建设项目的防治污染设施必须和主体工程同时设计、同时施工、同时投产”,这一规定简称“三同时”。3．水体富营养化——水体中氮、磷等营养物质含量过多所引起的水质污染现象。     

自然水体多相体系中重金属离子在生物膜上的竞争吸附

在实验室中模拟松花江水体,研究了在表层沉积物和悬浮颗粒物存在的条件下,铅、镉和铜3种重金属离子在生物膜上竞争吸附的热力学规律。对重金属在自然水体多相体系中的迁移规律进行了探究,以期为重金属污染的治理提供理论依据。     

纳滤浓水凝胶调剖体系可行性实验

针对姬塬油田采用纳滤膜分离技术去除注入水中硫酸根离子,防止或延缓注水造成地层结垢堵塞时产生15%的高浓度硫酸根离子的盐水,提出利用抗盐聚合物与高浓度硫酸根离子盐水配制凝胶调剖剂实现浓水回收再利用。通过对现有三类抗盐聚合物四种产品进行室内实验研究,分别考察聚合物高浓度硫酸根离子的盐水溶解性、凝胶成胶强度及岩心封堵分流性能评价。结果表明疏水缔合聚合物(T8~#)满足高浓盐水配制凝胶调剖的要求。     

南广河水体中砷镉铅铬含量分布特征及质量探讨

本文对南广河水体中的砷镉铅铬含量分布特征进行了描述,并探讨了南广河的水质质量。结果表明：南广河从上游到下游水体中污染物含量为增大趋势;在时间上也存在一定的变化,枯水期水体中污染物含量高于平水期和丰水期。目前南广河综合水质质量可满足Ⅱ类水质标准要求。     

南广河水体中砷铅铬含量分布特征及质量探讨

本文对南广河水体中的砷镉铅铬含量分布特征进行了描述,并探讨了南广河的水质质量。结果表明：南广河从上游到了游水体中污染物含量为增大趋势;在时间上也存在一定的变化,枯水期水体中污染物含量高于水期和丰水期。目前南广河综合水质质量可满足Ⅱ类标准要求。     

紫外分光光度法测定水中离子液体浓度

本文提出了一种基于比尔-朗伯定律的使用紫外光谱法测量水中离子液体含量的方法。我们考察了7种常见离子液体的紫外光谱,找出其最大吸收波长,计算了吸光系数。利用不同浓度的标准溶液建立了工作曲线,并测量了模拟水样中离子液体的浓度,加标回收的结果能够满足分析要求。     

海洋沉积物中石油类污染物动态释放的实验研究

以海洋沉积物为研究对象,通过动态模拟实验研究了海洋沉积物中石油类污染物释放的影响因素及各条件下上覆水体中污染物浓度随时间的变化规律。实验结果表明,海洋沉积物中石油类污染物释放强度与沉积物土壤颗粒是否悬起有关,当土壤颗粒大量悬起时污染物释放强度得到显著提高;上覆水体盐度的增加抑制了石油类污染物的释放;海洋沉积物在一定的受污染范围内,随着受污染程度的增加,石油类污染物的释放强度会随之增加;上覆水体中石油类污染物的浓度与反应物的固液比成正相关。     

针铁矿吸附去除水中锑特性研究

针铁矿是土壤和沉积物中的重要成分,能够有效地影响环境中有毒物质的迁移和转化。实验以水中Sb(V)为目标污染物,以针铁矿为吸附剂,分析吸附的影响因素和吸附动力学,探讨在不同p H、离子强度、磷酸根浓度条件下针铁矿对Sb(V)的吸附特性。结果表明,准二级动力学方程和Elovich模型能够较好地描述Sb(V)在针铁矿上的吸附动力学特性;针铁矿对Sb(V)吸附性能随p H值的增大而减小,随离子强度的升高而降低;磷酸根与Sb(V)在针铁矿表面发生竞争吸附,加速Sb(V)向水体中的迁移。实验结果表明,针铁矿吸附去除水中锑(Ⅴ)领域有实际应用的潜力。     

青竹江水环境耗氧污染物含量分布特征及质量评价

本文对青竹江水环境中耗氧污染物(CODCr、BOD5和NH3-N)含量分布特征进行了探讨,并对青竹江的水质质量进行评价。结果表明,青竹江从上游到下游水体中污染物含量为增加趋势,在时间上也存在一定的变化,枯水期水体中污染物含量高于平水期和丰水期,目前青竹江综合水质可满足Ⅱ类水质标准要求。     

喷气式飞机设备可靠性综合试验剖面设计

可靠性试验剖面是保证可靠性试验结果客观有效的重要条件。但GJB899中关于制定可靠性试验剖面的一些规定可操作性不强,无法满足实际工作的需要。为解决这些问题,研究了GJB899的有关内容,运用数学和空气动力学知识,对其中某些内容进行了优化和细化,总结了计算温度应力和动压的相关公式,以及温度应力加权的方法。使试验剖面更为合理。     

Formula allocation as a policy tool: politics and measurement

Formula allocation is a major tool for the distribution of public funds in the United States of America. This paper explores several examples of formulae used in U.S. domestic programmes, looking at their construction, meaning and consequences. The authors argue that the design of formulae is both a political and technical task. The paper concludes with a series of recommendations to improve formulae as tools of distributional policy.     

A COMPARISON OF STATISTICAL TESTS ON THE EXTREME-VALUE TYPE-1 DISTRIBUTION1

ABSTRACT: The effects of the selections of plotting position formulae and class division schemes on goodness of fit tests are investigated for the extreme-value type-1 distribution using annual flood and annual maximum daily rainfall data. It was found that the plotting position formulae have a minor influence on the tests which involve their use, while the class division schemes may have a pronounced effect on the X²-test. The study also recommended the maximum likelihood method for fitting purposes and a new test which is independent of the afore-mentioned selections for judging the goodness of fit.     

DISTRIBUTIONAL IMPACTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: FEDERAL GRANTS FOR WATER POLLUTION CONTROL1

ABSTRACT: The income redistribution effects of waste water treatment grants are estimated for each state participating in five federal programs. Both gross and net effects per state and per capita are discussed. The impact of the tax structure used to finance such grants and the grant formulae are investigated.     

烟气测试中流速计算误差分析

本文通过对烟气测试中流速计算公式的比较分析，结合实际监测数据处理，认为烟气流速计算中，使用通用公式与简化公式的误差，虽然与Ｒｓ和Ｂｓ有关，但主要误差来源于Ｂｓ。而Ｒｓ不必用精密仪器测出烟气中各组份后求算。只要用简易仪器测得烟气中的Ｘｏ２和Ｘｓｗ的百分含量，即可求出Ｒｓ近似值，用于烟气流速计算。     

EQUILIBRIUM AND TRANSIENT GLOBAL WARMING SCENARIO IMPLICATIONS FOR WATER RESOURCES IN WALES1

ABSTRACT: A methodology has been developed to predict the responses of a range of water supply sources in Wales to global warming scenarios. Hydrologically effective rainfall is predicted from temperature and precipitation for each season based on site specific formulae developed using the Meteorological Office Rainfall and Evaporation Calculation System (MORECS) and UK Surface Water Archive databases. Comparisons are then made between the effects predicted for the scenarios established from equilibrium simulations and the new Hadley Centre High Resolution Model (UKHI) transient mode results. Though very different, both suggest increased stress on water resources late in the hydrological year.     

Economic Analysis of Selected Offshore Petroleum Arrangements

As a result of the current decline of oil prices, exploration decisions are more carefully analysed than ever before. At the same time various governments have introduced incentives to reinvest in exploration and development in order to maintain or increase activity. As a result, most exploration decisions are now being analysed as "incremental investments". This has the effect of "trapping" investments in areas where profits are currently being made. This in turn creates serious problems for those developing countries which would like to attract exploration. The paper analyses issues related to sliding scale formulae based on the ROR, and the economic impact of the size of the area to which fiscal terms apply.     

Optimum Heat Conductance Distribution for Power Optimization of a Regenerated Closed Brayton Cycle

In this paper, the power output of the cycle is taken as objective for performance optimization of an irreversible regenerated closed Brayton cycle coupled to constant-temperature thermal energy reservoirs in the viewpoint of finite time thermodynamics (FTT) or entropy generation minimization (EGM). The analytical formulae about the relations between power output and pressure ratio are derived with the heat resistance losses in the hot- and cold-side heat exchangers and the regenerator, the irreversible compression and expansion losses in the compressor and turbine, and the pressure drop loss in the piping. The maximum power output optimization is performed by searching the optimum heat conductance distribution corresponding to the optimum power output among the hot- and cold-side heat exchangers and the regenerator for the fixed total heat exchanger inventory. The influence of some design parameters, including the temperature ratio of the heat reservoirs, the total heat exchanger inventory, the efficiencies of the compressor and the turbine, and the pressure recovery coefficient, on the optimum heat conductance distribution and the maximum power output are provided. The power plant design with optimization leads to smaller size including the compressor, turbine, and the hot- and cold-side heat exchangers and the regenerator.     

Sociopolitical Conditions for Successful Water Quality Trading in the South Nation River Watershed,Ontario, Canada1

O’Grady, Dennis, 2011. Sociopolitical Conditions for Successful Water Quality Trading in the South Nation River Watershed, Ontario, Canada. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(1):39‐51. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00511.x Abstract: The South Nation River watershed has a regulated water quality trading program. Legally, wastewater dischargers must not discharge any increased loading of phosphorus (P) into receiving waters. New wastewater systems are now choosing trading instead of traditional P removal technology, and point source dischargers are buying P credits from rural landowners, primarily farmers. These credits are generated by constructing nonpoint source pollution control measures. Mathematical formulae are used to calculate the credits of P removed by each measure. A successful trading program requires several conditions, including community agreement, legislative backing, credit and cost certainty, simplified delivery and verification, written instruments, and legal liability protection. South Nation Conservation, a community‐based watershed organization, is the broker handling the transactions for these P credits. The program is run by a multi‐stakeholder committee, and all project field visits are done by farmers and not paid professionals. An independent evaluation showed higher opinions for the broker and regulatory agency, and most farmers were willing to, or had already, recommended the program to other farmers.     

ASSESSING STREAM CHANNEL STABILITY THRESHOLDS USING FLOW COMPETENCE ESTIMATES AT BANKFULL STAGE1

ABSTRACT: Stream channel stability is affected by peak flows rather than average annual water yield. Timber harvesting and other land management activities that contribute to soil compaction, vegetation removal, or increased drainage density can increase peak discharges and decrease the recurrence interval of bankfull discharges. Increased peak discharges can cause more frequent movement of large streambed materials, leading to more rapid stream channel change or instability. This study proposes a relationship between increased discharge and channel stability, and presents a methodology that can be used to evaluate stream channel stability thresholds on a stream reach basis. Detailed surveys of the channel cross section, water surface slope, streambed particle size distribution, and field identification of bankfull stage are used to estimate existing bankfull flow conditions. These site specific stream channel characteristics are used in bed load movement formulae to predict critical flow conditions for entrainment of coarse bed material (D₈₄ size fraction). The “relative bed stability” index, defined as the ratio of critical flow condition to the existing condition at bankfull discharge, can predict whether increased peak discharges will exceed stream channel thresholds.