哈尔滨市地质灾害气象诱因分析及监测预警

通过对哈尔滨市地质灾害发生历史规律的分析，建立了历史个例库；从地质环境背景着手，分析了地质灾害的气象诱因，重点研究了降水在地质灾害形成中的作用及其相关关系；根据气象地质灾害与前期及当日降水的关系，应用统计预报方法建立地质灾害潜势预报模型，对气象地质灾害发生的危险等级进行了可能性描述。所建立的地质灾害潜势预报系统、临近预报系统和监测报警系统，在实际预报业务中取得了很好的效果。     

地质灾害风险评价研究

地质灾害风险评价是对风险区遭受不同强度地质灾害的可能性及其可能造成的灾害损失进行定量分析和评价,是一项极具现实意义的重要研究课题。从区域上预测、预防地质灾害,对城市规划和工程选址,实现人与环境的和谐发展具有重要的现实意义。系统阐述了风险的定义、地质灾害风险评价研究现状、地质灾害风险评价内容与评价系统,在此基础上总结归纳了地质灾害风险评价的方法、类型及评价模型与实施,最后探讨了存在的问题和展望了地质灾害风险评价的发展趋向。     

黑龙江省地质灾害防治与环境保护策略分析

地质灾害与地质环境是一对互为影响、互为关联的矛盾统一体。地质灾害是在特定的地质环境条件下孕育发展的，它的发生受到其所处地质环境的制约。反过来，地质灾害对地质环境又具有改造作用，经常会导致产生新的、更大的地质灾害，形成恶性循环，制约经济、社会的可持续发展。因此，防治地质灾害和保护好地质环境是人类在经济、社会发展中面临的重要任务。地质灾害防治与地质环境保护是互利的，灾害的防治是环境质量的保证，环境条件的改善则可在一定程度上制约灾害的发生或降低灾害的程度和频度。如此同步进行可有效防灾，有效保护环境。分析了黑龙江省地质灾害概况和主要地质环境问题；探讨了地质灾害防治和地质环境保护两者之间的关系；并根据该省地质灾害频繁发生和地质环境日益恶化的现实及减灾工作现状，提出了今后加强地质灾害防治和地质环境保护工作的若干建议。     

雅砻江流域地质灾害分布特征及其影响因素分析

雅砻江流域地处青藏高原东南部,地形变化急剧,山高坡陡,谷深流急,地质构造复杂,新构造运动强烈,生态环境脆弱.加之,近年来人类工程活动加剧,使得流域内地质灾害频繁发生,日趋严重.通过对雅砻江流域地质灾害的考察和最新地质灾害信息的分析,归纳了地质灾害分布特征;对流域内地质灾害发育的主要影响因素进行了较为系统的分析,特别是对崩滑灾害体结构和基岩斜坡结构进行了综合分析研究,对水在地质灾害中的作用引入了岩土层水理性质的分析;论述了影响灾害发生的各因素之间的关系,初步认识了雅砻江流域的地质灾害成因机制.     

河西走廊地质灾害成因分析与防治对策

河西走廊是一个地质灾害多发区,其主要灾害有滑坡、泥石流、土地沙漠化、水土流失和土地盐渍化等.本文利用河西走廊酒泉、张掖和武威三地区的降水、暴洪灾害和地质灾害等资料,分析了该区主要地质灾害的成因和特点,结果表明,强降水是引发滑坡、塌陷和泥石流等地质灾害发生的主要原因,自然因素和人为因素共同构成了这些灾害的发生.分析了它们的主要出现地,圈定了落区,为今后准确预报地质灾害提供了科学依据.还提出了减少地质灾害发生的有效措施.     

地质灾害预警预报信息发布系统——基于ANN和GIS的新一代发布系统

针对现有地质灾害预测预报信息发布系统所存在的不足,提出了基于WebGIS的新一代突发性地质灾害预警信息网络发布框架(NEW),它由灾害预测系统、WebGIS系统和监测及地质灾害信息获取系统3部分组成.研制了浙江省滑坡地质灾害预报预警信息网络发布系统(LAPS_IMS).实际测试和应用表明:LAPS_IMS通过发布现势的、准确的和直观的灾情信息,实现了多部门信息资源的共享,提高了公众参与度,为政府决策提供了强有力的技术支撑;同时,证明了NEW框架的正确性、有效性和合理性.     

重庆市地质灾害风险评估信息系统

重庆市地质灾害类型多,分布广,危害大,传统的预测预报及评估方法已显落后,迫切需要构建一套能快速、准确评价该区地质灾害危险性、易损性的具有模块化、网络化的风险评价系统.在Windows环境下,以GIS系列工具软件为基础平台,采用数据库管理技术对数据进行采集、存储、管理、分析、计算和图形显示,利用计算机语言的编程功能,开发了重庆市地质灾害评估信息系统,使有关决策部门能够方便地对系统进行查询和分析,获取所需要的地质灾害评估结果,为有关部门的灾害预测预报和提出有效、科学的防灾、减灾和救灾措施提供依据.     

基于GIS的地质灾害风险评估信息系统探讨--以重庆市为例

重庆市地质灾害类型多、分布广、危害性大,传统的预测预报以及评估方法落后.构建一套能快速、准确评价该区地质灾害的危险性、易损性、网络化的风险评价系统具有非常重要的意义.在Windows环境下,以GIS系列工具软件为基础平台,采用数据库管理技术对数据进行采集、存储、管理、分析、计算和图形显示,利用计算机语言的编程功能开发重庆市GHAIS系统,使有关决策部门能够方便的对系统进行查询和分析,获取所需要的地质灾害评估结果(图形或数据),为灾害预测预报以及选取有效而科学的防灾、减灾和救灾措施提供依据.     

地质灾害防治集对论优态共存准则

地质灾害是威胁人民生命与财产安全、影响经济社会可持续发展的重大问题.我国是世界上地质灾害最严重的国家之一,加强地质灾害防治关乎国计民生.地质灾害是自然作用和人类活动影响下地质环境恶化的结果,其孕育与发展受多重因素制约,过程具有诸多不确定性,给灾害预警及防灾减灾带来影响.借助系统工程中处理不确定性的"集对分析"理论,剖析了地质灾害防治中相关因素及其作用与转化,探讨了系统不确定性的分析与处理方法,提出了地质环境开发利用与生态环境保护相互协同的优态共存准则,以助于有效保障人与社会的安全和发展,并为灾害学研究提供有益借鉴.     

山区沿河公路地质风险形成机制

根据山区沿河公路灾害的特点,将以岩土介质为主的传统地质灾害类型和水沙介质灾害类型整合,提出了“广义地质灾害体”的概念,并以介质组成为标准进行了广义地质灾害体分类.在孕灾环境评价和致灾因子评价的基础上,提出了广义地质灾害体的孕灾环境与致灾因子异相耦合发育机理.基于公路承灾体健康的理念,认为公路承灾体易损性主要受控于公路结构本身的健康性态,采取技术可行、经济合理的技术措施使结构健康复原是工程性减灾措施的目的.将公路承灾体类型分为结构性承灾体和功能性承灾体两类.提出了公路地质风险的耦合对抗形成机制,即公路地质风险是广义地质灾害体危险性与公路承灾体易损性之间时空耦合对抗的结果.认为地质风险评估是关于多因素非线性灾害风险系统的预测评价问题.根据地质风险形成的耦合机制,提出了采用解耦措施来逆向控制公路地质风险形成演化过程的减灾思路.针对山区沿河公路,给出了从孕灾环境、致灾因子、广义地质灾害体危险性、承灾体易损性评价到地质风险评估的思路与一般函数表达式.     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

The cultural politics of mining and natural disaster in Indonesia: by fire and sword

Natural disasters are inevitably the outcome of cultural agonisms. The cultural politics of natural disasters are shaped by competing claims and conceptions of ‘nature’. Recent disasters in Indonesia are directly linked to these contending conceptions and the ways in which different social groups imagine risk and reward. The Sidoarjo volcanic mudflow of 2006 represents a volatile and violent exemplar of contending cultural and economic claims. Like other disasters in Indonesia and elsewhere in the developing world, this ‘natural’ disaster is characterised by differing conceptions of ‘nature’ as cultural tradition, divine force, and natural resource. A new extractive project in East Java is exhibiting similar economic and cultural agonisms, particularly around the notion of development, environment, self‐determination, and tradition. This paper examines the ‘disputes over meaning’ associated with natural disasters in contemporary societies, and the ways in which they are related to human culture, social organisation, and hierarchical systems of violence.     

Reflections on 40 years of Disasters, 1977–2017

This reflection, based on a keynote address to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of Disasters on 14 September 2017, begins by considering some of the prevailing assumptions that existed at the time of the journal's creation. Next is a summary of significant milestones during the past 40 years, covering major global trends, changing disaster impacts, and key developments in disaster risk management. Contrasting approaches in the first and fourth decade of the journal's history are then followed by examples of changes in terminology in the disaster field as an indication of shifting values. The paper goes on to explore the context of 2017, with observations of problem areas such as the loss of knowledge, failures to tackle the root causes of disasters, shortfalls in international assistance, and some negative attitudes. It closes by evaluating some current positive occurrences, including a reduction in casualties, sharing of experience, technological advances, and dramatic improvements in disaster warning.     

Risk communication in emergency response to a simulated extreme flood

Risk communication in flood incident management can be improved through developing hydrometeorological and engineering models used as tools for communicating risk between scientists and emergency management professionals. A range of such models and tools was evaluated by participating flood emergency managers during a 4-day, real-time simulation of an extreme event in the Thamesmead area in the Thames estuary close to London, England. Emergency managers have different communication needs and value new tools differently, but the indications are that a range of new tools could be beneficial in flood incident management. Provided they are communicated large model uncertainties are not necessarily unwelcome among flood emergency managers. Even so they are cautious about sharing the ownership of weather and flood modelling uncertainties.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Tsunami survivors' perspectives on vulnerability and vulnerability reduction: evidence from Koh Phi Phi Don and Khao Lak, Thailand

This paper presents the results of primary research with 40 survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in two communities: Khao Lak (n=20) and Koh Phi Phi Don (n=20), Thailand. It traces tsunami survivors' perceptions of vulnerability, determines whether residents felt that the tsunami affected different communities differently, identifies the populations and sub-community groups that survivors distinguished as being more vulnerable than others, highlights community-generated ideas about vulnerability reduction, and pinpoints a range of additional vulnerability reduction actions. Tsunami survivors most consistently identified the 'most vulnerable' community sub-populations as women, children, the elderly, foreigners, and the poor. In Khao Lak, however, respondents added 'Burmese migrants' to this list, whereas in Koh Phi Phi Don, they added 'Thai Muslims'. Results suggest that the two case study communities, both small, coastal, tourism-dominated communities no more than 100 kilometres apart, have differing vulnerable sub-groups and environmental vulnerabilities, requiring different post-disaster vulnerability reduction efforts.     

The ethical contours of research in crisis settings: five practical considerations for academic institutional review boards and researchers

The number of research studies in the humanitarian field is rising. It is imperative, therefore, that institutional review boards (IRBs) consider carefully the additional risks present in crisis contexts to ensure that the highest ethical standards are upheld. Ethical guidelines should represent better the specific issues inherent to research among populations grappling with armed conflict, disasters triggered by natural hazards, or health‐related emergencies. This paper seeks to describe five issues particular to humanitarian settings that IRBs should deliberate and on which they should provide recommendations to overcome associated challenges: staged reviews of protocols in acute emergencies; flexible reviews of modification requests; addressing violence and the traumatic experiences of participants; difficulties in attaining meaningful informed consent among populations dependent on aid; and ensuring reviews are knowledgeable of populations' needs. Considering these matters when reviewing protocols will yield more ethically sound research in humanitarian settings and hold researchers accountable to appropriate ethical standards.