1996年我国主要气象灾害综述

1996年，我国气象灾害十分频繁，特别是暴雨洪涝范围广、灾情重，给工农业生产和人民生命财产造成了巨大损失。本文就年内所发生的洪涝、干旱、台风、风雹、雪灾、冻害等几种主要气象灾害的发生特点和影响进行了分析和评述。     

2021年中国气候年景及主要气象灾害概述

基于长时间序列的气象观测、灾害灾情和社会经济数据,采用气候年景、灾体量、气候风险三类指数以及客观化气象灾害过程识别方法,系统评估了2021年总体年景,以及主要气象灾害的风险和损失年景。结果显示：2021年,我国气候年景总体较差,属于高气候风险,但是气象灾害损失年景偏轻。暴雨洪涝风险等级高,但过程次数低于常年且损失年景总体偏轻;高温过程次数高出常年值1倍多,高温风险等级高;干旱、台风、低温冷冻害和雪灾过程次数均接近或低于常年,灾害损失年景均偏轻,风险等级分别属于略低、一般和一般。     

1998年我国主要气象灾害综述

１９９８ 年, 我国气象灾害频繁, 洪涝、干旱、风雹、台风、低温冷冻及雪灾等不同程度发生, 特别是暴雨洪涝灾害尤为严重, 损失巨大。本文就上述几种主要气象灾害的发生特点和影响进行了分析和评述     

1999年我国主要气象灾害及异常气候事件

１９９９年，我国先后出现了干旱、暴雨洪涝、台风、风雹、沙尘暴、雪灾和冻害等多种气象灾害，特别是干旱持续时间长、范围广，旱情重。除上述气象灾害外，本年度还出现了冬暖，夏凉、春寒、倒春寒、夏季高温和秋老虎等异常气候事件，本文主要是几种主要气旬灾害和异常气候事件的发生特点和影响进行了分析和评述。     

1995年中国主要气象灾害综述

１９９５年，中国气象灾害十分频繁，尤其是部分地区的旱涝灾害相当严重，给工农业生产和人民生命财产造成了巨大损失。本文对年内发生的干旱、洪涝、台风、风雹、雪灾、冻害等几种主要气象灾害的发生特点和影响进行了分析和评述。     

2003年我国的气象灾害特点及影响

2003年,我国气象灾害发生频繁,出现了洪涝、干旱、高温热浪、低温阴雨、台风等主要气象灾害和天气气候事件.本文利用国家气候中心和国家民政部收集的气象资料和灾情资料,对我国发生主要气象灾害予以简要评述.     

我国的主要气象灾害及其经济损失

自然灾害一直伴随着人类社会的生产、生活与发展,气象灾害尤甚,它们给人类社会造成的经济损失十分巨大。根据中国气象局资料统计,在各类自然灾害中,气象灾害大约占到70%以上。我国每年重大气象灾害影响的人口大约达4亿人次,所造成的经济损失大约占到国民生产总值的1%~3%。近半个世纪以来,发生在我国的重大气象灾害,受灾人口常高达数亿人次,造成的直接经济损失高达数千亿元。为此,对包括热带气旋、干旱、洪涝、低温冷冻和雪灾等我国的主要气象灾害及其经济损失的总体概况,进行了总结和归纳,可作为了解和认识我国气象灾害及其经济与社会影响的参考依据。     

1997年我国主要气象灾害综述

1997年,我国气象灾害频繁发生,其中以干旱最为严重,出规范围广,持续时间长,对农业危害重．本文着重分析于早、洪涝、台风、风雹、霜冻、寒露风及雪灾,并对其影响作些扼要的评价．     

2001年我国主要气象灾害综述

2001年，我国气象灾害频繁，干旱，台风，暴雨，沙尘暴，高温，冻害，雪灾等都有不同程度的发生，特别是干旱尤为严重，各种气象灾害给国民经济造成较大损失，本文就几种主要气象灾害的发生特点及影响进行分析和评述。     

80年代我国的热带气旋灾害

本文通过对我国1980～1989年热带气旋灾害的分析与评估,指出热带气旋灾害具有影响偏南、多集中于夏季且与冷空气等气象灾害重叠、加重灾情等特点,总结了以往防治台风灾害工作中的经验与教训。     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

Reflections on 40 years of Disasters, 1977–2017

This reflection, based on a keynote address to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of Disasters on 14 September 2017, begins by considering some of the prevailing assumptions that existed at the time of the journal's creation. Next is a summary of significant milestones during the past 40 years, covering major global trends, changing disaster impacts, and key developments in disaster risk management. Contrasting approaches in the first and fourth decade of the journal's history are then followed by examples of changes in terminology in the disaster field as an indication of shifting values. The paper goes on to explore the context of 2017, with observations of problem areas such as the loss of knowledge, failures to tackle the root causes of disasters, shortfalls in international assistance, and some negative attitudes. It closes by evaluating some current positive occurrences, including a reduction in casualties, sharing of experience, technological advances, and dramatic improvements in disaster warning.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Risk communication in emergency response to a simulated extreme flood

Risk communication in flood incident management can be improved through developing hydrometeorological and engineering models used as tools for communicating risk between scientists and emergency management professionals. A range of such models and tools was evaluated by participating flood emergency managers during a 4-day, real-time simulation of an extreme event in the Thamesmead area in the Thames estuary close to London, England. Emergency managers have different communication needs and value new tools differently, but the indications are that a range of new tools could be beneficial in flood incident management. Provided they are communicated large model uncertainties are not necessarily unwelcome among flood emergency managers. Even so they are cautious about sharing the ownership of weather and flood modelling uncertainties.     

Tsunami survivors' perspectives on vulnerability and vulnerability reduction: evidence from Koh Phi Phi Don and Khao Lak, Thailand

This paper presents the results of primary research with 40 survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in two communities: Khao Lak (n=20) and Koh Phi Phi Don (n=20), Thailand. It traces tsunami survivors' perceptions of vulnerability, determines whether residents felt that the tsunami affected different communities differently, identifies the populations and sub-community groups that survivors distinguished as being more vulnerable than others, highlights community-generated ideas about vulnerability reduction, and pinpoints a range of additional vulnerability reduction actions. Tsunami survivors most consistently identified the 'most vulnerable' community sub-populations as women, children, the elderly, foreigners, and the poor. In Khao Lak, however, respondents added 'Burmese migrants' to this list, whereas in Koh Phi Phi Don, they added 'Thai Muslims'. Results suggest that the two case study communities, both small, coastal, tourism-dominated communities no more than 100 kilometres apart, have differing vulnerable sub-groups and environmental vulnerabilities, requiring different post-disaster vulnerability reduction efforts.     

Epidemiology of tornado destruction in rural northern Bangladesh: risk factors for death and injury

The epidemiology of tornado-related disasters in the developing world is poorly understood. An August 2005 post-tornado cohort study in rural Bangladesh identified elevated levels of death and injury among the elderly (≥ 60 years of age) (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 8.9 (95 per cent confidence interval (CI): 3.9-20.2) and AOR = 1.6 (95 per cent CI: 1.4-1.8), respectively), as compared to 15-24 year-olds, and among those outdoors versus indoors during the tornado (AOR = 10.4 (95 per cent CI: 5.5-19.9) and AOR = 6.6 (95 per cent CI: 5.8-7.5), respectively). Females were 1.24 times (95 per cent CI: 1.15-1.33) more likely to be injured than males. Elevated risk of injury was significantly associated with structural damage to the house and tin construction materials. Seeking treatment was protective against death among the injured, odds ratio = 0.08 (95 per cent CI: 0.03-0.21). Further research is needed to develop injury prevention strategies and to address disparities in risk between age groups and between men and women.     

火灾场景中玻璃破裂行为研究综述

建筑物在火场中的结构响应问题中,门窗玻璃在火场中的热响应特性及破裂脱落是影响火灾发展的重要因素之一。通过事故案例分析了火灾场景中玻璃破裂脱落的危害性,指出了研究火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂脱落的意义,并对目前火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂过程和主要形态、玻璃的破裂机理和判据等的研究现状进行了详细的分析,总结了目前实验和计算机模拟的最新研究进展和不足,为今后进一步开展玻璃受热破裂脱落研究提出了若干建议。