中国自然灾害区域应急救援中心布局设计研究

我国自然灾害频发,且灾害区域分异特征明显,然而应急救援基地布局与建设仍存在着救援力量部署缺乏针对性、基地运行机制不完善、跨区域协同救援体系不健全等问题。针对自然灾害进行综合区划,建设区域应急救援中心、对救援力量进行针对性部署,是优化我国突发事件区域应急联合救援体系的有效途径。在分析我国自然灾害区域分布特征的基础上,对我国进行区域划分,提出遵循依托现有的原则,在各区域内设立区域应急救援中心,同时对救援网络构建、中心建设与运行机制进行思考:将我国划分为九大区域,依托国家陆地搜寻救护基地,由政府牵头、大中型企业投资入驻,建设九大区域应急救援中心;建立以消防为主,其他救援力量为辅的综合应急救援队伍等观点认识。     

中国自然灾害应急管理研究进展与对策

从中国自然灾害应急管理的现状出发,系统分析了自然灾害应急管理领域的研究进展,指出了中国自然灾害应急管理在理论和实践方面存在的问题.在此基础上,提出了中国自然灾害应急管理框架,认为建立适合中国国情的自然灾害应急管理体制是提高中国自然灾害应急管理的基础;应急预案的制定和实施是规范灾害应急管理,提高灾害紧急救援能力的关键措施;灾害信息快速准确的获取和评估是灾害应急管理的有效保障;建立实际可用的应急管理系统是提高灾害应急管理水平和工作效率的根本出路.     

中国自然灾害应急法律体系的数量差异分析

以《国家突发公共事件应急预案》中所明确的水旱灾害、气象灾害等7种自然灾害分类为依据,以万方数据平台查询到的自然灾害应急法律、法规、标准为基础,分析了这7种自然灾害现有相关法律法规文件的数量差异,由此得到了不同灾害在法律法规、标准和预案的数量结构上的差异,并分析了不同灾害对应的现有法律法规文件的完备性,提出了不同灾害法律文件在加强数量完备性方面的方向性的建议。对于协调中国不同类型自然灾害相关法律法规文件的数量及其平衡发展,提高自然灾害应急管理能力有一定参考意义。     

自然灾害研究的几个问题

本文从分析自然灾害的定义、种类入手,论述了灾害链、灾害的群发性及自然灾害对社会的影响,并就自然灾害的综合区划、影响评价和预测的研究作了概述。     

中国自然灾害备灾能力评价与地域划分

阐述了自然灾害发生之前,备灾响应能力评价的指标选择、指标模型的建立和地域划分;厘定了救灾物资的分类体系;基于救灾物资救助等级的划分程序,提出了国家主要灾种和救灾物资的救助评价等级及其地域划分.救灾物资的救助地域划分,不仅可以为国家不同自然灾害救灾物资代储类型和数量的地域匹配提供依据,而且可以为灾害救助区划服务,特别是为灾中应急和灾后恢复提供物资保障,从而达到有效减灾的目的.     

城市地震灾害应急管理区划构想

从国内城市地震应急管理研究现状出发，提出了城市地震灾害应急管理基本单元和应急管理区划的概念，讨论了应急管理区划与灾害风险区划的区别和联系，探讨了城市应急管理区划的原则和应急管理基本单元的基本功能，并对基于行政区划的城市应急管理区划作了示意图。     

云南省农业自然灾害区划指标之探讨

自然灾害区划是防灾减灾和灾害科学研究的重要内容，而正确地选取区划指标是进行区划工作的关键环节。本文作为《云南省农业自然灾害区划研究》课题的一部分，在探讨各单项灾害（干旱、洪涝、低温霜冻、风雹、水土流失）区划指标的基础上，提出了综合农业自然灾害区划的基本指标－即“综合农业自然灾害指数”，并对指标进行了分级，为区划工作提供了依据。     

地方政府灾害应急管理问题研究——以灾区某市政府地震灾害应急管理为例

为了建立健全我国突发公共事件应急管理体制,提高各级政府应对突发事件的能力,分析和研究各级政府在突发公共事件应急管理过程中存在的问题显得非常重要。本文通过对九江地区5.7级地震发生后灾区某市政府在应急救灾抢险方面所展开的各项管理工作的调查研究,对灾区政府从启动初动体制到全面展开应急救灾工作的应急管理过程进行了详细分析。在此基础上,以灾区某市政府地震灾害应急管理为例,就我国各级政府在灾害管理过程中普遍存在的有应急预案但没有相应的防灾规划实施细则、灾后受灾应急评估体系不健全、应急避难与应急救灾物资缺少规划管理等问题进行了探讨和分析,并就如何加强我国地方政府灾害应急管理能力提出了相应的建议和方法。     

3S支持下的锡林郭勒盟旱灾救助区划研究

根据自然灾害区划和灾害救助理论,分别构建了内蒙古锡林郭勒盟灾前备灾能力、备灾物品、灾中应急响应能力和灾后恢复能力的模型,并利用先进的3S技术和计算机存储技术,综合得出锡林郭勒盟旱灾救灾等级区划.最后针对各个等级的旗县提出救助方案.     

2005-2020年我国自然灾害救助应急响应时空分布特征及变化

我国已基本形成一套卓有成效的救灾应急响应体系。为增进对我国重大自然灾害及防灾减灾工作的认识,更好地应对未来风险,该文分析了2016—2020年国家救灾应急响应的数量、时空分布特征,与2005—2010年和2011—2015年的特征进行对比分析变化特点,并与同期的灾情损失空间分布进行对比分析格局成因。结果表明：(1)数量上,2016-2020年我国共启动84次救灾应急响应,主要是Ⅳ级响应,针对气象水文灾害的应急响应占84.5%。与2005—2015年相比,启动的频次减少。(2)从空间分布上看,救灾应急响应呈现“南多北少”的格局,气象水文灾害的应急响应主要集中在南方各省;针对地震地质灾害启动的响应呈现出“西多东少”的分布。(3)因灾死亡人口、经济损失的灾情格局显示出：灾情严重的地区集中于人口较密集、经济欠发达、突发重灾较频繁的地区,也是启动高级别救助应急响应较多的地区。川、滇、黔、鄂、湘五省区的自然灾害风险应受到更大的关注。     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

The cultural politics of mining and natural disaster in Indonesia: by fire and sword

Natural disasters are inevitably the outcome of cultural agonisms. The cultural politics of natural disasters are shaped by competing claims and conceptions of ‘nature’. Recent disasters in Indonesia are directly linked to these contending conceptions and the ways in which different social groups imagine risk and reward. The Sidoarjo volcanic mudflow of 2006 represents a volatile and violent exemplar of contending cultural and economic claims. Like other disasters in Indonesia and elsewhere in the developing world, this ‘natural’ disaster is characterised by differing conceptions of ‘nature’ as cultural tradition, divine force, and natural resource. A new extractive project in East Java is exhibiting similar economic and cultural agonisms, particularly around the notion of development, environment, self‐determination, and tradition. This paper examines the ‘disputes over meaning’ associated with natural disasters in contemporary societies, and the ways in which they are related to human culture, social organisation, and hierarchical systems of violence.     

Reflections on 40 years of Disasters, 1977–2017

This reflection, based on a keynote address to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of Disasters on 14 September 2017, begins by considering some of the prevailing assumptions that existed at the time of the journal's creation. Next is a summary of significant milestones during the past 40 years, covering major global trends, changing disaster impacts, and key developments in disaster risk management. Contrasting approaches in the first and fourth decade of the journal's history are then followed by examples of changes in terminology in the disaster field as an indication of shifting values. The paper goes on to explore the context of 2017, with observations of problem areas such as the loss of knowledge, failures to tackle the root causes of disasters, shortfalls in international assistance, and some negative attitudes. It closes by evaluating some current positive occurrences, including a reduction in casualties, sharing of experience, technological advances, and dramatic improvements in disaster warning.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Risk communication in emergency response to a simulated extreme flood

Risk communication in flood incident management can be improved through developing hydrometeorological and engineering models used as tools for communicating risk between scientists and emergency management professionals. A range of such models and tools was evaluated by participating flood emergency managers during a 4-day, real-time simulation of an extreme event in the Thamesmead area in the Thames estuary close to London, England. Emergency managers have different communication needs and value new tools differently, but the indications are that a range of new tools could be beneficial in flood incident management. Provided they are communicated large model uncertainties are not necessarily unwelcome among flood emergency managers. Even so they are cautious about sharing the ownership of weather and flood modelling uncertainties.     

Tsunami survivors' perspectives on vulnerability and vulnerability reduction: evidence from Koh Phi Phi Don and Khao Lak, Thailand

This paper presents the results of primary research with 40 survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in two communities: Khao Lak (n=20) and Koh Phi Phi Don (n=20), Thailand. It traces tsunami survivors' perceptions of vulnerability, determines whether residents felt that the tsunami affected different communities differently, identifies the populations and sub-community groups that survivors distinguished as being more vulnerable than others, highlights community-generated ideas about vulnerability reduction, and pinpoints a range of additional vulnerability reduction actions. Tsunami survivors most consistently identified the 'most vulnerable' community sub-populations as women, children, the elderly, foreigners, and the poor. In Khao Lak, however, respondents added 'Burmese migrants' to this list, whereas in Koh Phi Phi Don, they added 'Thai Muslims'. Results suggest that the two case study communities, both small, coastal, tourism-dominated communities no more than 100 kilometres apart, have differing vulnerable sub-groups and environmental vulnerabilities, requiring different post-disaster vulnerability reduction efforts.     

The ethical contours of research in crisis settings: five practical considerations for academic institutional review boards and researchers

The number of research studies in the humanitarian field is rising. It is imperative, therefore, that institutional review boards (IRBs) consider carefully the additional risks present in crisis contexts to ensure that the highest ethical standards are upheld. Ethical guidelines should represent better the specific issues inherent to research among populations grappling with armed conflict, disasters triggered by natural hazards, or health‐related emergencies. This paper seeks to describe five issues particular to humanitarian settings that IRBs should deliberate and on which they should provide recommendations to overcome associated challenges: staged reviews of protocols in acute emergencies; flexible reviews of modification requests; addressing violence and the traumatic experiences of participants; difficulties in attaining meaningful informed consent among populations dependent on aid; and ensuring reviews are knowledgeable of populations' needs. Considering these matters when reviewing protocols will yield more ethically sound research in humanitarian settings and hold researchers accountable to appropriate ethical standards.