中国的地震灾害损失预测

估计某个地区未来将会遭到多大的地震灾害损失.对于减轻地震灾害是十分重要的科学问题.因力地震预防和救灾的基础是对未来地震灾害的定量估计.地震灾害主要由两方面因素决定.一方面是未来地震动强烈程度的估计(地震危险性分析).另一方面是各个地震动等级对社会、经济、人口等所造成的损害程度估计(地震易损性分析). 本文介绍了以上两方面研究工作的进展,以及国家地震局“未来地震灾害损失预测研究组”试编的中国未来50年地震灾害损失预测图及其应用.讨论了在灾害预测方面所遇到的科学问题.     

编辑寄语

2012年1月6日,国务院防震减灾工作联席会议在北京召开.回良玉副总理强调:要站在推进科学发展、维护社会稳定、促进社会和谐的高度,全面夯实防震减灾基础,进一步提升地震灾害防范应对能力.     

地震灾害经济社会指标体系

要认识自然灾害,首先要有一套科学的描述自然灾害的方法。地震灾害指标是反映地震灾害这一自然现象在某一方面情况的统计数据,是对灾害程度的客观描述和量度;地震灾害指标体系则是由若干个互相联系、互相制约的地震灾害指标组合而成的一个整体,是对地震灾害全面、系统的反映和描述。本文是“地震灾害经济社会指标体系”课题组的研究报告。作者在对以往各次重大地震灾害调查资料进行分析研究的基础上,并考虑到所设计的地震灾害指标应尽可能与现有的国家统计部门的统计指标保持一致,以及根据适用性、可行性和科学性等原则,研究并建立了这一套“地震灾害经济社会指标体系”。同时给出了指标的说明。     

全国人大教科文卫委员会吴恒副主任委员来中国地震局调研工作

2013年1月22日上午,全国人大教科文卫委员会副主任委员吴恒率调研组来中国地震局调研,中国地震局副局长阴朝民主持召开座谈会,共同商讨《防震减灾法》实施工作。阴朝民副局长在座谈会上介绍了2012年全球和国内地震灾害情况,防震减灾事业发展基本情况和法制建设工作情况,分析了当前《防震减灾法》实施及事业发展中存在的现实问题,提出了进一步推进防震减灾法律法规     

中国地震灾害数据库的建设及其功用

<正> 1 引言中国是世界上遭受地震灾害最为严重的国家之一,也是地震灾害记载最为悠久和丰富的国家之一,多种文献都有地震灾害的记载。随着地震对策、地震社会学研究和“国际减灾十年”活动的开展,随着政府对综合防灾工作的加强,对地震灾害数据资料的需要越来越迫切,应用越来越广泛。因此,有必要不失时机地把散见于多种文献的灾害数据资料收     

第一次全国地震灾害风险普查工作开展情况及未来成果应用前景展望

<正>地震灾害是“群灾之首”。我国历史上遭受过多次严重地震灾害,造成了严重的人员伤亡和财产损失,例如1976年7月28日唐山7.8级地震、2008年5月12日汶川8.0级地震等,造成了数万乃至数十万人遇难。习近平总书记在2016年唐山大地震四十周年之际,提出了防震减灾工作“两个坚持、三个转变”的重要论述,将未来防震减灾工作的重点从震后向震前转变,尽最大可能降低地震灾害风险、减少未来大地震可能造成的人员伤亡、财产损失和社会经济冲击,     

北京防灾减灾应急演练

2009年5月12日，一场城市地震灾害模拟救援的“防灾减灾应急演练”活动在国家地震紧急救援训练基地展开。     

地震应急宣传

2009年5月12日，国家地震紧急救援训练基地的警报拉响．国家地震灾害紧急救援队迅速集结．奔赴“地震灾害现场”．一次浩大的“防灾减灾应急演练”正式拉开了帷幕。这次演练．组织方模拟了许多典型场景，其中回良玉副总理亲自为“灾民”发放科普宣传材料给我留下了深刻的印象。这一细节不但体现出组织者对这次演练设计的精心，也反映了各级领导对地震应急宣传的重视。     

地震灾害对中国农村居民的影响研究--以云南省大姚县为例

通过对2003年7月21日和10月16日分别发生6.2和6.1级地震的云南省大姚县居民的问卷调查,分析了地震灾害对中困农村居民的影响,了解了我国农村居民尤其是地震多发区农村居民对地震灾害的风险意识以及在地震灾害中的反应.调查结果表明:中国农村居民是地震灾害的最大受害者和风险承担者.虽然他们会在地震灾害中汲取经验教训,增强风险防范意识,但是由于经济水平、自然环境等客观条件的影响,他们只能被动地承受地震灾害,而不能从根本上改变承灾体的脆弱性.中国农村地震减灾、防灾能力的加强需要政府管理部门的积极参与.     

2003年中国大陆震害述评

在列出2003年中国5级以上地震目录的基础上,结合有关省(自治区、直辖市)地震局的地震灾害评估资料,总结了2003年中国大陆地震灾害的主要数据和特性;最后,列出了1990-2003年中国大陆地震灾害的相应数据,并进行了简要的比较.     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Risk communication in emergency response to a simulated extreme flood

Risk communication in flood incident management can be improved through developing hydrometeorological and engineering models used as tools for communicating risk between scientists and emergency management professionals. A range of such models and tools was evaluated by participating flood emergency managers during a 4-day, real-time simulation of an extreme event in the Thamesmead area in the Thames estuary close to London, England. Emergency managers have different communication needs and value new tools differently, but the indications are that a range of new tools could be beneficial in flood incident management. Provided they are communicated large model uncertainties are not necessarily unwelcome among flood emergency managers. Even so they are cautious about sharing the ownership of weather and flood modelling uncertainties.     

Epidemiology of tornado destruction in rural northern Bangladesh: risk factors for death and injury

The epidemiology of tornado-related disasters in the developing world is poorly understood. An August 2005 post-tornado cohort study in rural Bangladesh identified elevated levels of death and injury among the elderly (≥ 60 years of age) (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 8.9 (95 per cent confidence interval (CI): 3.9-20.2) and AOR = 1.6 (95 per cent CI: 1.4-1.8), respectively), as compared to 15-24 year-olds, and among those outdoors versus indoors during the tornado (AOR = 10.4 (95 per cent CI: 5.5-19.9) and AOR = 6.6 (95 per cent CI: 5.8-7.5), respectively). Females were 1.24 times (95 per cent CI: 1.15-1.33) more likely to be injured than males. Elevated risk of injury was significantly associated with structural damage to the house and tin construction materials. Seeking treatment was protective against death among the injured, odds ratio = 0.08 (95 per cent CI: 0.03-0.21). Further research is needed to develop injury prevention strategies and to address disparities in risk between age groups and between men and women.     

火灾场景中玻璃破裂行为研究综述

建筑物在火场中的结构响应问题中,门窗玻璃在火场中的热响应特性及破裂脱落是影响火灾发展的重要因素之一。通过事故案例分析了火灾场景中玻璃破裂脱落的危害性,指出了研究火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂脱落的意义,并对目前火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂过程和主要形态、玻璃的破裂机理和判据等的研究现状进行了详细的分析,总结了目前实验和计算机模拟的最新研究进展和不足,为今后进一步开展玻璃受热破裂脱落研究提出了若干建议。     

中国内陆自然环境的干旱化与未来趋势

根据中国内陆陕西、甘肃部分地区５０９ａ旱涝资料和主要测站气象、水文实测数据,应用Ｗｏｒｄ９７图形处理系统,证明在５２６ａ序列中目前处在１１ａ、５０ａ滑动的干旱期。近４６ａ气温上升了０．３℃,年降水减少了８０ｍｍ,径流量减少了０．７８％,出现了明显的干旱化,环境变化趋势不容乐观。     

美国的洪泛平原管理

美国开展洪泛平原管理已有约40年历史，洪水保险计划是美国泛平原管理的主要措施。了解并借鉴他们的思路与具体策略，将有助于我国洪泛平原管理政策的制定。