Dynamics of phosphorus forms in the bottom sediments and their interstitial water for the Prut River (Moldova)

Phosphorus concentration in rivers results from both external inputs and internal loading from the bottom sediments. Seasonal, spatial, and multi-annual dynamics of phosphorus forms in bottom sediments and their interstitial water for the river Prut (Moldova) were evaluated. In order to determine content of total phosphorus in the bottom sediments, fresh (wet) samples were subjected to persulfate oxidation. The content of inorganic phosphorus was determined after acidic oxidation of samples. The amount of organic phosphorus was obtained by subtracting inorganic phosphorus from the amount of total phosphorus. Content of phosphorus forms in interstitial water was determined after centrifugation of fresh (wet) sediments. In general, the shape of dynamics of the amounts of inorganic phosphorus in sediments was close during years?2009, 2010, and 2011, with registered higher contents of this form on the middle course of the river. The spatial dynamics of organic phosphorus is less homogeneous along the Prut River. During 2009, higher amounts of organic phosphorus were recorded on the middle sector. During the spring of year?2010, the content of organic phosphorus in sediments was practically not changed along the river. The ratio of inorganic/organic phosphorus in bottom sediments was similar during the researched years, with the predominance of the inorganic phosphorus being recorded. Also, the increasing tendency of the percentage of organic phosphorus from spring to summer was identified. Generally, appropriate spatial and seasonal dynamics of phosphorus forms in bottom sediments and their interstitial water were recorded, although sometimes with some differences.     

底泥污染物释放动力学研究

采用模拟试验方式和新型微生物数量测定方法 ,研究了沼泽化湖泊底泥和受污染河流底泥在不同扰动状态下 ,底泥耗氧速率、氮和磷污染物释放动力学过程。结果表明 :( 1)底泥耗氧速率是同样条件下上覆水耗氧速率的 48倍 ,而在扰动状态下 ,底泥耗氧速率达到上覆水耗氧速率的 5 96— 93 6倍 ,扰动底泥显著增大其耗氧速率 ,底泥污染越严重 ,其耗氧速率越大 ,对水体产生的影响也越大。 ( 2 )扰动底泥可以显著增大底泥的氮磷释放速率 ,氮的释放受有机氮的氨化、氨氮的硝化、硝酸盐氮的反硝化以及氨氮被微生物吸收转化为有机氮等的影响 ;磷的释放过程受厌氧过程和底泥颗粒吸附的影响 ,耗氧速率高的底泥具有更大的氮磷释放潜力。 ( 3 )微生物数量在底泥污染物释放动力学中起着关键性作用 ,新型方法可以快速检测微生物总量。试验结果对于水环境的管理、受污染水体的修复 ,以及底泥的处理处置等都具有重要的指导意义     

红枫湖底泥磷负荷释放

为了研究高原湖泊底泥沉积物中磷的释放负荷,对贵州红枫湖区10个地区的沉积物进行了磷形态分析。选取10个采样点中5个典型区域,研究结果表明,底泥中各形态磷占总磷比例Org-P为58.6%,NaOH-P为29.91%,Ca-P为11.48%,底泥中主要的磷形态为有机磷。上覆水溶解性总磷酸盐(TSP)与底泥中各形态磷的相关性研究表明,底泥中的Ca-P与上覆水中的TSP几乎没有相关性,NaOH-P与Org-P与上覆水的TSP有较高的相关性(R2>0.94),而底泥中的总磷(TP)与上覆水中的TSP相关性最高(R2>0.98),底泥中这种形态的结构有利于抑制底泥的释放。研究表明,在10点位样品中,间隙水中TP和SRP(溶解性正磷酸)浓度远大于上覆水体中相应磷形态的浓度,间隙水中TP平均浓度为0.37 mg/L,SRP平均浓度为0.18 mg/L,上覆水体中TP平均浓度为0.10 mg/L,SRP平均浓度为0.02 mg/L,间隙水中TP、SRP与上覆水中TP、SRP存在了一种浓度梯度。     

氮磷在阶式水生植物床中的去除效果及组成变化

利用串联运行的阶式水生植物床净化富营养化河水。考察了不同形态的氮磷在处理前后的浓度变化,在此基础上阐述水生植物床去除富营养化水体中氮磷的过程与机理。在水力负荷为74cm/d的条件下,总磷和总氮的去除率分别达73.1%和64.5%。植物根系对悬浮物的截留对去除河水中的氮磷起关键作用。采用多级串联的运行方式能有效克服一般湿地运行一段时间后因沉积物释放作用而引起处理水溶解性营养盐浓度上升的难题。     

氮磷在阶式水生植物床中的去除效果及组成变化

利用串联运行的阶式水生植物床净化富营养化河水.考察了不同形态的氮磷在处理前后的浓度变化,在此基础上阐述水生植物床去除富营养化水体中氮磷的过程与机理.在水力负荷为74 cm/d的条件下,总磷和总氮的去除率分别达73.1%和64.5%.植物根系对悬浮物的截留对去除河水中的氮磷起关键作用.采用多级串联的运行方式能有效克服一般湿地运行一段时间后因沉积物释放作用而引起处理水溶解性营养盐浓度上升的难题.     

赤泥投加控制河道底泥磷释放的影响因素

通过对不同赤泥投加比例下河道底泥磷释放作用的研究,发现底泥中铁铝磷与钙磷的比值(Fe/Al-P∶Ca-P)、铁磷比(Fe∶TP)及有机质含量(OM)是赤泥能否应用于河道底泥磷释放控制中的决定性因素。实验结果表明,只有当河道底泥中Fe/Al-P∶Ca-P小于0.88,Fe∶TP小于16.1,且有机质含量低于1.87%时,投加适量赤泥才能起到抑制河道底泥内源磷释放的作用;反之,赤泥的投加则有可能促进底泥内源磷的释放。在实际工程应用中,推荐赤泥与底泥的接触时间不低于7d,从而使赤泥的效能发挥到最佳状态。     

青山水库底泥磷释放与库区水体磷浓度的关系

通过对青山水库底泥磷释放特性的实验结果分析,对照库区水体浓度监测的数据,确定了库区各测点底磷释放量与水体浓度之间的关系,进而为库区环境总量控制与各支流的分配计算提供了依据。同时也为防止水库的进一步富营养化,进而改善水质提供了新的思路。     

三垟湿地沉积物-间隙水-上覆水界面磷形态研究

沉积物与上覆水间营养物质交换,成为导致水体发生富营养化的首要化学变迁过程.分别在三垟湿地的柑橘林(S1)、景观用地(S2)和生活用地(S3)取样,研究了沉积物-间隙水-上覆水界面磷形态以及相互关系.结果表明:(1)沉积物TP增加时,间隙水PO3-4和可溶性总磷(TDP)也增加.要削减磷在上覆水中的含量,控制间隙水PO3-4或TDP是一良策.(2)随着沉积物铁磷、铝磷的增加,间隙水PO3-4也增加.在三垟湿地沉积物中,铁磷和铝磷含量都可作为间隙水PO34-含量的指示.(3)S1、S2和S3的沉积物活性磷、间隙水TDP和上覆水TDP存在明显的浓度梯度,沉积物活性磷＞间隙水TDP＞上覆水TDP.说明在三垟湿地中,沉积物活性磷是磷释放的关键因子,而沉积物-间隙水界面则是磷释放的关键界面.     

The importance of catchment and lake processes in the phosphorus budget of a large lake

Total phosphorus (P) river inputs and lake concentrations for the Neagh system in Northern Ireland are compared from the period 1974-1997. The main routes of P transfer between the lake water and the sediment are settlement of abiotic particles and planktonic diatoms, summer sediment release and re-sedimentation in the last months of the year. The annual river loading to the lake varied between 0.7 and 1.8 g P m(-2), and sediment release can be as much as 1.4 g P m(-2). A simple model evaluated the effect of sediment-water exchanges on the phosphorus available for spring phytoplankton growth. It showed that re-sedimentation of released P and washout over the winter greatly mitigated its effect. Correlation analysis demonstrated that the very large summer releases of sediment P were not related directly to the spring inputs from diatom settlement. No long-term trends in P release were seen.     

底泥扰动状态下内源磷释放过程模拟研究

为了揭示底泥扰动对内源磷释放的影响,通过室内实验模拟了底泥多次扰动状态的整个过程。结果表明,底泥扰动刚结束(0 h),溶解态磷(DIP、DTP)显著降低;底泥扰动结束后(1、6和24 h),溶解态磷发生"滞后释放"。第1 d,在1、6和24 h采样时段,DIP、DTP的"滞后释放量"最大,分别达到20.0 1mg/kg,22.12 mg/kg,16.85 mg/kg和17.21 mg/kg,22.12 mg/kg,9.69 mg/kg。第2 d,该释放量分别降低了44.80%~57.87%和42.52%~61.24%。随着底泥扰动次数的增加,溶解态磷的"滞后释放"逐渐转变为"负释放",同时,DIP/TP和DTP/TP逐渐降低。这说明,底泥扰动应该是促进了上覆水中溶解态磷向底泥的迁移和强化了底泥对磷的固定作用,同时降低了水体中磷的可生物利用性。因此推测,底泥扰动延缓了水体富营养化的发展进程。     

城市富营养化水体底泥净化磷效果

以城市富营养化水体底泥和上覆水为材料,研究了扰动状态下底泥对外源磷的净化效果。结果表明,扰动状态下,200 g湿底泥从上覆水中共吸收外源磷19.92 mg,而静止状态下,200 g湿底泥仅吸收了13.61 mg。然而,厌氧状态下,前者内源磷释放量仅占吸收磷量的43%,而后者则高达63.4%。说明底泥扰动不仅强化了底泥对外源磷的吸收,而且也强化了内源磷的固定能力。这与扰动状态下外源磷在不同形态磷间的数量分布有关。底泥扰动和静止状态下,难释放态磷(HCl-P、闭蓄态Fe/Al-P)的增加量分别占底泥吸收外源磷量的36%和21%。     

Seasonal variations in phosphorus species in the surface sediments of the Gulf of Riga, Baltic Sea.

The redox-dependent variations in concentrations of phosphorus at two different accumulation bottom areas were investigated in the Gulf of Riga (Baltic Sea) between December 1993 and January 1995. The sediment samples from nine sampling occasions were analyzed for phosphorus forms and redox potential. The average concentrations of total phosphorus measured in 0-1 cm (65 and 89 micromol P g(-1) for sites G5 and T3, respectively) were among the highest reported from the entire Baltic Sea. Redox-dependent "mobile" phosphorus (MP) contributed more than 50% of total in the uppermost-oxidized centimeter, whereas in reduced layers it was 16-18% throughout the year. The significant differences (ANOVA, P<0.01) among months of inorganic phosphorus (IP) concentration at 0-1 cm were observed at site G5 due to temporary accumulation of mobile phosphorus mediated by redox-dependent bacteria activity during summer. On the contrary no accumulation was observed at T3 probably as a result of low redox potential caused by high accumulation rates and low bioturbation. Although the water column above sediments remained oxic throughout the investigation period, the redox potential at site T3 was close to the redoxcline (i.e., +230 mV) during summer. Further increase of eutrophication might lead to development of anoxic conditions at sediment-water interface and that in turn will result in rapid release of redox-dependent phosphorus stored in surface sediments. The availability of excess phosphorus will further enhance eutrophication in partly phosphorus-limited Gulf of Riga.     

Effects of oxygen on the release and distribution of phosphorus in the sediments under the light condition

Effects of oxygen on the release and distribution of phosphorus (P) in the sediments in the presence of light were investigated, using sediment cores and overlying water from Lake Taihu, in China. The results show that P can be released from sediments to the overlying water in both anoxic and aerobic conditions. But more P was released in the anoxic condition. The transformation of P between various fractions in the sediments was observed during the release experiments. Concentrations of Ca-bound P and organic P in the sediments decreased in both conditions, but Fe/Al-bound P increased in the aerobic condition. The decrease of total P and P fractions in the sediments is consistent with the accumulative increase in quantity (AIQ) of total P (TP) in the overlying water, but is contrary with the AIQ of dissolved inorganic P. This is due to the uptake of algae by the dissolved inorganic P. Total nitrogen in the sediments in the anoxic condition was lower than that in the aerobic condition, and pH in the overlying water increased in the anoxic condition.     

树脂法去除并回收富营养化河涌水中的磷

磷作为一种重要的元素而被广泛应用于农业与工业中,然而磷的过量排放已成为许多封闭半封闭水体富营养化和沿海赤潮频繁发生的原因之一.去除水体中的营养盐特别是磷酸盐,是有效控制水体富营养化的关键.广州市某河涌水含总磷2.6 mg/L,采用并选择DS离子交换树脂对水中磷进行动态吸附和去除,可使水中的磷降至排放标准以内,解决河涌水含磷高的富营养化问题.由DS树脂所吸附的磷,通过淋洗可得到含磷富集液,使磷从水体中完全分离出来并获得回收.DS树脂的再生能力强,经6次吸附-解吸-再生后,树脂对河涌水中磷的去除率仍可达到90％以上.     

Phosphorus fractions and the effect of pH on the phosphorus release of the sediments from different trophic areas in Taihu Lake, China

The sediment characteristics, different phosphorus (P) fraction concentrations and the effect of pH on P release were investigated in a shallow eutrophic lake in China. The total phosphorus (TP) concentrations in the sediments ranged greatly from 420 to 3408 mg kg(-1) and inorganic P (IP) was the main P fraction. For the heavily eutrophic sediment, IP mainly consisted of NaOH-P; while for the mesotrophic sediments, IP mainly consisted of HCl-P. The rate of P release decreased as pH increased from 2 to 6. But it increased as pH increased from 8 to 12. It is suggested that high pH promoted the release of NaOH-P, and low pH promoted the release of HCl-P, and there was no P release occurring in the neutral condition.     

Inhibition of sediment internal phosphorus release in agricultural drainage ditches by ceria nanoparticle capping

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - In this study, ceria nanoparticles (CNPs) were introduced as an in-situ capping agent to inhibit the release of phosphorus (P) from sediments of...     

From wetland to farm and back again: phosphorus dynamics of a proposed restoration project

We studied the phosphorus dynamics in a former wetland, which had been converted to a celery farm, and now consists of two shallow, flooded ponds that are being proposed for aquatic habitat restoration. However, like many agricultural areas, this site is plagued by phosphorus legacy issues. Proposed restoration includes hydrologic reconnection of these ponds to its adjacent stream, which are now isolated from one another by an earthen berm, to create a wetland complex. One of the two flooded ponds was partially dredged, whereas the other one has remained undredged. Water column, sediment pore water, and sediment total phosphorus concentrations were significantly greater in the undredged pond compared to the dredged pond, but in both cases phosphorus levels in the water columns (mean TP 929 vs. 133 μg/L in undredged vs. dredged ponds, respectively) would exacerbate downstream water quality issues if hydrologic reconnection occurred without first addressing the phosphorus issue. Sediment isotherm and maximum sorption data indicated that the sediments are close to phosphorus saturation in the undredged pond; simulated dredging of the cores revealed that exposure of deeper sediment layers would increase sorption capacity. Pore water SRP concentrations increased with sediment depth and were significantly greater in the undredged vs. dredged pond at both the 1–4-cm depth (2249 vs. 112 μg/L) and 14–17-cm depth (5506 vs. 222 μg/L). This study provides a framework for other projects that need to balance the competing demands of habitat restoration vs. water quality when restoring wetlands that have been converted to agricultural production.

     

Interaction between nitrogen and phosphorus cycles in mining-affected aquatic systems—experiences from field and laboratory measurements

The main objectives of this study were to (a) study the interaction between N and P cycles in mining-affected aquatic systems and (b) to quantify release rates of sedimentary soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) that may be related to this interaction. Sediment cores and water from Lake Bruträsket (Boliden, northern Sweden) were collected and a time series of water sampling and flow measurements was conducted in the Brubäcken stream connected to the lake. Factors affecting SRP release were studied in a sediment incubation experiment and water column experiments. Field and laboratory measurements indicated that pH and dissolved oxygen are two important factors for SRP release. At the end of the low-oxygen incubation, an SRP concentration of 56 μg?L^?1 resulted in a sedimentary flux of 1.1 mg SRP?m^?2?day^?1. This is ～10 times higher than the flux of 0.12 mg SRP?m^?2?day^?1 obtained from depth integration of vertical SRP profiles measured in the lake, and ～100 times higher than the external flux of 0.014 mg SRP?m^?2?d^?1 into the lake (based on catchment area). Field measurements indicated that oxidation of organic matter and mining-related chemicals (ammonium and thiosulphates) may result in increased internal SRP flux from the sediment. Increased P loading in the lake as a result of low-oxygen conditions could change water column total nitrogen/total phosphorus ratios from 27 to 17, consequently changing the lake from being P-limited to be co-limited by N and P. The obtained findings point to possible interaction between the cycles of nitrogen (oxygen consumption) and P (flux from sediment) that may be important for nutrient regulation in mine water recipients.     

巢湖入湖河流沉积物中有机磷的形态分级研究

为识别巢湖流域污染物的特征、来源及其沉积物有机磷各形态分布与富营养化的关系，测定了7条巢湖入湖河流沉积物中有机磷各形态的含量，分析不同污染类型人湖河流沉积物中有机磷各形态分布的差异及与其他因素间的相关性。研究发现，不同污染类型人湖河流沉积物中水土保持控制型河流沉积物中有机磷各组分的相对含量顺序为残渣态Po〉富里酸-Po〉HCl-Po〉胡敏酸-Po〉NaHCO3-Po，平均的相对比例为7．5：3．1：1．9：1．5：1．0，而城市污染控制型和面源污染控制型河流沉积物中有机磷各组分的相对含量顺序恰好相同，面源污染控制型河流沉积物Po各形态含量低于城市污染控制型和水土保持控制型河流。中活性P。和OM、TP、Pi、Po、TN、NaHCO3-Pi、NaOH—Pi呈正相关，非活性Po与Po、NaOH-Pi呈显著正相关关系，反映了中活性Po很容易转化为生物可利用磷和非活性Po，且非活性Po仍然具有潜在的生物活性。     

盐碱地区沉积物磷释放特性及影响因素

为研究沉积物磷释放对盐碱地区景观水体富营养化的影响,以天津滨海新区泰达河道为对象,应用沉积物中磷形态的标准测试方法（SMT）,分析了沉积物中磷的形态;研究了沉积物中磷的解吸动力学,并探讨了水力扰动、pH和盐度对沉积物中磷解吸的影响。结果表明,无机磷（IP）为沉积物中磷的主要形态,总量为0.637 mg/g,IP中又以钙磷（Ca-P）为主,约占IP的80%,而铁/铝磷（Fe/Al-P）仅占20%。0-4 h为磷的快速解吸阶段,4-24 h为慢速解吸阶段,并逐渐达到平衡。泰达河道沉积物对磷具有一定的吸持能力,不易解吸。增强水力扰动的强度会促进磷的解吸,但影响不大;在碱性条件下,增加pH对磷的解吸没有显著影响;增加水体盐度,能促进磷的解吸。