广东鹤山林-果-草-鱼复合生态系统生态服务功能价值评估

鹤山丘陵地“林-果-草-鱼”复合农林生态系统是1986年建立在退化丘陵地,利用物质与能量循环流动等生态学原理,进行构建和恢复而成功的实例,本文采用物质量和价值量相结合的评价方法,首次选取复合农林业系统进行评价,首次对广东鹤山林-果-草-鱼复合农林生态系统的生态服务功能进行价值评估。结果表明,广东鹤山林-果-草-鱼复合生态系统总体指标显著优越,其服务价值功能达2397.9783万元,在维持大气平衡、固土保肥、涵养水源等方面具有重要的作用。其间接生态服务功能价值远远大于直接生态服务功能价值,比值约为31∶1。而维持大气平衡服务价值是鹤山林-果-草-鱼复合生态系统的主要部分,占总体服务价值的96.626%,而木材生产等直接经济价值仅占总价值的3.135%。由此,直接经济价值并不是其服务价值的主要部分,应充分发挥鹤山林-果-草-鱼复合生态系统的其他生态服务功能,加强对间接生态服务功能价值的理解和保护,从长远策划和开发土地来达到长远而合理的利益收获。     

苏南丘陵区典型森林生态系统服务价值估算

针对苏南丘陵区杉木、马尾松、毛竹、栎林等4种典型森林生态系统,实测了其主要的生态系统服务功能,运用多种生态经济学方法估算了4种林分的生态服务价值。生态服务价值包括直接使用价值和间接使用价值,间接使用价值包括气体调节、涵养水源、保土固肥、防止水库淤积、营养物质循环、净化环境价值等。研究区杉木、马尾松、栎林、毛竹4种林分的生态系统服务价值中,间接经济价值分别是其直接经济服务价值的1.82、2.12、3.16、4.04倍,单位面积的森林生态系统服务价值分别为192397.30、113262.69、88350.51、103289.69元·hm-2·a-1。在区域研究中,根据地方实测的数据进行估算,能提高计量森林生态服务功能价值的精度。     

1983-2003年澳门生态系统服务价值的变化

以澳门1983年和2003年的统计数据为基础,在分析澳门土地利用和土地覆盖变化状况的同时,对澳门生态系统服务的价值进行了评估,结果表明,按当前价计算,(1)2003年澳门生态系统服务的价值为1983年的2.5倍;(2)1983年澳门生态系统服务的价值为3.302×106 美元,相当于26.5250×106 MOP(澳门元);2003年澳门生态系统服务的价值为8.3396×106 美元,相当于66.992×106 MOP;(3)将2003年澳门生态系统服务的价值与2003年澳门的年生产总值(GDP)646.54×108 MOP相比,2003年澳门生态系统服务的价值相当于GDP的0.1%,体现了澳门城市经济主导型的特征.由于缺乏对建筑用地服务价值的相关研究数据,该结果是对澳门生态系统服务价值的保守估计;(4)1997年全球年人均生态服务价值为5544.7美元/人,而澳门2002年人均生态服务价值仅为18.9元/人,为全球水平的0.34%,反映澳门辖区生态服务的严重不足.澳门人均生态系统服务价值偏低主要是由于澳门辖区小且无水域(由于澳门地处生态服务价值非常高的珠江口河口区,生态服务并不受行政边界的影响,所以澳门实质上的生态服务价值并不低);(5)澳门1983年至2003年之间填海造地635 hm2,填海使邻近澳门的珠江河口湿地面积减少同样的面积,由于河口潮汐地的生态服务价值高达9990美元/(hm2·a),远高于填海得到的草地和裸地,所以20年中澳门及周边河口区净生态服务价值下降为1.306×106美元.     

澳门植被恢复过程土坑法的效应机制探讨

在澳门凼仔岛和路环岛两个离岛的植被成功恢复过程中,土坑法这一技术的应用起到了很好的作用。对土坑法在澳门植被恢复过程中的作用机制及其应用价值进行了初步的研究。对土坑区和无坑区的土壤理化性质测定的结果显示,土坑区土壤容重小于无坑区土壤容重,土坑区土壤含水量、土壤pH、有机质、全N等指标均比无坑区要高;对群落优势种台湾相思(Acacia confusa)生物特征的测量也发现,土坑区的植物生长优于无坑区。这表明土坑区的土壤物理结构和土壤肥力都有所改善,也有助于植被的生长。以上研究结果表明,土坑法是一项行之有效的植被恢复技术,对植被的恢复起到促进作用,可以在澳门进一步的生态恢复中继续应用并加以推广。     

伊犁河流域林业生态科技示范区建设对生态服务价值的影响

采用生态系统服务价值计算方法,估算伊犁河流域林业生态科技示范区建设前后生态服务价值变化.结果显示:草地退化前,示范区生态服务价值为64.0万元·a-1;近几十年由于超载过牧草地,生物量明显下降,2003年生态服务价值降至45.9万元.示范区建设以后,生态服务价值显著提高.与草地退化前相比,2006年生态服务价值增长64.5%;与草地退化后相比,生态服务价值增长129.2%,主要由生态服务间接利用价值提供.表明伊犁河流域林业生态科技示范区建设提升了该区生态服务价值,生态经济效益显著.     

珠海—澳门红树林湿地生态系统的恢复与建设

论述了恢复和建设珠海－澳门红树林湿地生态系统的重要性，必要性和可能性，并提出了恢复和建设珠海－澳门红树林湿地生态系统的可行建议。     

区域生态环境服务价值评估 --以延安市宝塔区为例

将小尺度行政区域作为研究对象,建立区域生态环境服务价值评估模型。模型重点考虑了2个方面:第一,主体生态系统对区域生态环境服务价值的贡献大小及主体生态系统之间的相互影响;第二,估算主体生态系统价值时考虑直接使用价值、间接使用价值、非使用价值的重复或遗漏及生态环境服务价值随社会经济的变化。以陕西延安市宝塔区为例进行评估,得到2002年宝塔区生态环境服务价值为118322.214万元。     

污水处理新工艺—UNITANK简介

澳门是一个半岛，另外还有凼仔和路环两个离岛，总面积２１．３ｋｍ２。为了保护环境，近年来澳门政府连续修建了三座污水处理厂，第一座污水处理厂位于澳门半岛，于１９９５年１１月投入运行；第二座污水处理厂位于凼仔，于１９９６年１１月建成；第三座污水处理厂位于路...     

森林间接经济效益的计量与评价

森林间接经济效益的计量与评价一直是国内外有关学者十分关注而又难以解决的问题。本文就这一论题从理论方法和实践应用两方面做了初步的探讨,森林间接经济效益客观上有其计量与评价的价值基础。通过对间接效益的表现形式分析来看,经济学中相关替代法适合于森林间接经济效益的计量与评价。文章以江苏省海涂森林生态系统为样点,运用相关替代法对森林间接效益进行了经济计量与评价。结果表明,森林经营不仅在经济上可行,而且总体经济效益显著高于同类地区的农田经营;同时还表明,森林间接经济效益价值量大于其直接经济效益的价值量。这些结论都在很大程度上揭示了林业发展的趋势。     

基于生态价值核算的重庆市区域生态补偿策略研究

生态系统服务功能是实施区域生态补偿最直接的依据.基于修正后的生态系统服务价值核算方法,对重庆市生态系统服务价值、生态补偿优先级及生态补偿额进行了核算,结果表明:1)重庆市2019年生态系统服务总价值8898.99亿元,水文调节和气候调节是最主要的生态系统服务价值类型;空间上,渝东北三峡库区城镇群生态系统服务价值占比达到...     

基于生态环境需水的大凌河生态系统服务功能价值评估

目前对河流生态系统服务功能价值的评估,均没有考虑河流生态环境需水的问题。河流的来水量如果达不到河流生态环境需水量,河流的生态系统服务功能将不能正常发挥。对大凌河生态系统服务功能进行分类,用市场价值法、代替花费法和机会成本法经行计算,并且在计算供水功能价值、贮水功能价值和输沙功能价值时考虑了河流的生态环境需水,其它功能的实现也是在满足河流生态环境需水的基础上。结果表明：直接使用价值为92.64亿元/a,间接使用价值为215.17亿元/a,总价值为307.81亿元/a。通过分析,得出大凌河河流生态系统的核心服务功能是调蓄洪水功能、水产品功能和栖息地功能,应在充分发挥核心功能的同时兼顾其它功能。     

Evaluating the eco-environment benefit of land reclamation in the dump of an opencast coal mine

Land reclamation significantly affects the ecological and environmental conditions of mining areas. However, quantifying the exact effects is difficult because of the lack of reliable data. The estimation of eco-environment benefit contributes to clarify the ecological and environmental changes caused by land reclamation and to provide useful information for policy-makers concerned with sustainable development. The aim of this study is to investigate variations in eco-environment benefit in response to land use changes during land reclamation. The West dump, one of the earliest regions to implement ecological restoration in Liaoning Province, is selected as the study area. The widely used methods for eco-environment benefits based on the land use change were proposed and applied to the West dump in 2004, 2009, and 2014. The total eco-environment benefits in study areas were 0.98 million dollars in 2004, 1.39 million dollars in 2009, and 1.43 million dollars in 2014, with an increase of 0.41 million dollars from 2004 to 2009 mainly because of the increasing areas of artificial woodland and reclaimed cropland. The combined eco-environment benefits of artificial woodland, improved grassland, and reclaimed cropland were over 90% of the total benefits. Soil formation and protection, biodiversity protection, and gas regulation were the top three functions with high eco-environment benefits, contributing about half of the total eco-environment benefits. The results suggest that future studies estimating eco-environment benefits should pay more attention to ecosystems in fragile ecological regions where various human interferences happen frequently. All of the abovementioned results made the techniques of estimation of the eco-environment benefit of land reclamation are more meaningful in guiding the future exploitation and reclamation of mining areas.     

基于CVM的南昌城市河湖生态服务功能价值评估

条件价值评估法(CVM)是当前可用于确定环境物品非市场的和非使用价值的有效方法.在分析南昌市城市河湖生态环境问题的基础上,采用条件价值评估法,共回收194份单边界二分式CVM有效问卷,研究了南昌城市河湖生态系统服务改善的支付意愿及其经济价值.研究表明:1)南昌市城区河湖生态系统服务改善的平均支付意愿约为105.83元/...     

Assessment of the erosion control function of forest ecosystems based on GIS: a case study in Zhangjiajie National Forest Park,China

Erosion control is one of the most important functions of forest ecosystems, and its accurate assessment is useful to illuminate the importance of forest ecosystem services for humans so as to rationally conserve forest resources. This paper examines Zhangjiajie National Forest Park, the first national forest park in China, to seek practical methods for assessment of the forest erosion control function using a geographical information system (GIS). The results show that the potential and actual amounts of soil erosion are 2.92 million ton and 0.14 million ton per year, respectively, in Zhangjiajie National Forest Park. The total reduction in soil loss reaches 2.77 million ton per year with the existence of a forest ecosystem. The erosion control function of near mature, mature and over mature broadleaf forest is excellent, and natural forest conservation and natural restoration of the degraded forest ecosystem can provide the largest benefits in soil erosion control. Nearly all the near mature, mature and over-mature forest in the park is at the top and in steep mountain areas, and could be rationally cut and utilized by local communities, but extensive timber felling should be strictly prohibited.     

江苏省森林受酸沉降影响造成的经济损失研究

江苏省的森林受到了酸沉降不同程度的影响，使森林生产力下降，造成木材直接损失每年可达２８４０万元人民币，因生态效益下降造成的间接经济损失达２６亿元人民币     

Air pollution: Household soiling and consumer welfare losses

This paper uses demand and supply functions for cleanliness to estimate household benefits from reduced particulate matter soiling. A demand curve for household cleanliness is estimated, based upon the assumption that households prefer more cleanliness to less. Empirical coefficients, related to particulate pollution levels, for shifting the cleanliness supply curve, are taken from available studies. Consumer welfare gains, aggregated across 123 SMSAs, from achieving the Federal primary particulate standard, are estimated to range from $0.9 to $3.2 million per year (1971 dollars).     

Microclimate effects of wind farms on local crop yields

This paper considers a novel spillover effect of wind farms - microclimate impacts on neighboring crop yields. Using US county-level crop and wind capacity data, I examine the effects of wind energy development on crop yields, controlling for time-invariant county characteristics and state-level annual shocks. I find robust evidence that counties with increased wind power development have also experienced increased corn and other crop yields, such that an additional 100 MW of wind capacity increases county yields by roughly 1%. At recent prices, this implies a more than $5 dollar per megawatt-hour local benefit, corresponding to several hundred million dollars in annual benefits.     

Assessment of the conservation value of Munseom area in Jeju Island,South Korea

The ecosystem of munseom area (MA) in Jeju Island, one of the marine protected areas in South Korea, has been continuously threatened by lack of management and pollution of the surrounding sea area. As a result, the South Korean government is trying to implement the systematic management plan to conserve the marine ecosystem of the MA. This article tries to obtain information about the conservation value of the MA. To this end, this study examines household willingness to pay (WTP) for conserving the MA employing the contingent valuation (CV) approach. A total of 1000 South Korean households were involved in the CV survey using a dichotomous choice question. The mean yearly WTP for the conservation is estimated as KRW 1763 (USD 1.50) per household. The national value expanded from the sample to the population is worth KRW 34.0billion (USD 29.0 million) per year. The results imply that the conservation is supported by South Korean households.