测量不确定度的评定及应用

根据我国计量技术规范JJF1059-1999<量不确定度评定与表示>,结合实验室检测质量控制的实际要求,讨论测量不确定度评定的概念、评价方法和应注意的问题,进行不确定度评定结果的实际运用,说明建立测量不确定度的评定程序及应用,是达到实验室检测质量控制和规范性管理的有效措施.     

冲天、人字组合铰接抱杆型式试验中的应力测试与分析

冲天、人字组合铰接抱杆是一种新型的组塔施工机具,在特高压建设中有助于大型杆塔的组立施工,在很大程度上可提高施工效率.作为特种设备的抱杆,在投入使用前需进行型式试验检测,以保证施工的安全性.针对冲天、人字组合铰接抱杆的型式试验进行概述,试验采用了电阻应变电测法对抱杆各受力的关键部分进行应力测试.测试结果显示:新型的组塔抱杆的实际受力满足本身材质的应力许可,同时结合各实际试验工况对组合抱杆的施工安全进行了分析,确保了其在电力建设生产中的安全性.     

A test and refinement of the equity sensitivity construct

This paper reports results from two studies that test a refinement of the equity sensitivity construct first in an experimental setting and second in a field setting. Results from Study 1 show that benevolents express tolerance for both overreward and underreward relative to entitleds and equity sensitives and that benevolents report relatively high levels of satisfaction regardless of reward condition. Study 1 results also show that manipulation of outcomes produce a more dramatic effect on satisfaction than does manipulation of inputs. Results from Study 2 reveal significantly different exchange ideologies for benevolents and entitleds and show that entitleds place more importance on pay whereas benevolents place more importance on the work itself. For both benevolents and entitleds, there is a positive correlation between assessments of distributive justice and job satisfaction. Implication of the findings both for equity theory research and the practice of management are discussed.     

Validation of the driver ecological glare test

IntroductionThe present study proposes to validate the Driver Ecological Glare Test (DEGT), a test developed to measure the benefit of a headlight glare Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS), by comparing it to a laboratory glare test. Method: Twenty-four participants, aged from 55 to 70 years, were recruited to complete a visual examination, including monocular halo size measurement for both eyes using Vision Monitor device (MonCv3; Metrovision). An on-field evaluation took place at night at the UTAC CERAM test track to obtain disability glare measures using the DEGT. Results: A significant correlation was found between the two glare tests and Bland-Altman analysis reveals a good agreement with a bias of 73.7 arcmin between the halo size measurements obtained from the DEGT and Vision Monitor. The results of the present study demonstrate that the DEGT is a valid method to test halo size and is adapted to evaluate the benefits of an antiglare device for drivers in an ecological situation.     

土工格栅拉拔试验模型优化及加筋特性研究

目前土工格栅加筋提高工程的安全性广受关注,为研究土工格栅摩擦系数、网孔尺寸对其加筋特性的影响,采用PFC3D建立土工格栅拉伸试验模型和拉拔试验模型,并对2种试验模型进行优化。将土工格栅拉伸应力-应变关系按其应变量分段,开发了记录试验过程中土工格栅的应变并根据该应变与分段界限应变间大小关系来改变格栅的法向、切向黏结刚度的FISH程序。在保持土工格栅试样尺寸及各参数不变的条件下,分别开展不同格栅摩擦系数和不同网孔尺寸的数值拉拔试验。结果表明:按土工格栅应变量对其拉伸特性进行分阶段模拟的方法可使模拟结果更加准确;优化后的土工格栅拉拔试验模型计算结果与室内试验结果更加吻合;土工格栅的摩擦系数及网孔尺寸对加筋特性的影响明显,孔径比为5. 0左右时的加筋效果最佳。建议在选用加筋材料时应考虑土工格栅摩擦系数和网孔尺寸与填料粒径之间的匹配关系。     

煤质颗粒活性炭及试验方法2008版国家标准综述

1 前言 活性炭和以活性炭为载体的浸渍炭是个体防护装备及集体防护器材的重要装填防护材料.除军用民用领域应用外,活性炭作为优良的吸附剂,广泛应用于化工、冶金、石油、环保、医疗卫生、农业、能源、生物工程和生命科学等领域.我国活性炭生产和应用经过50余年的不断发展,现已成为世界活性炭生产的大国,年产量由1981年的1万吨发展到目前的25万吨,占世界产量约1/3[1].     

活性污泥呼吸抑制试验的微生物接种物研究

研究了污泥接种物中微生物活性差异对活性污泥呼吸抑制试验结果的影响.用17组不同来源、批次及相同干重质量浓度的污泥作为接种物进行3 h活性污泥呼吸抑制试验,根据满足EC50值5～30 mg/L质控要求的数据组拟合呼吸速率-EC50值曲线;对不同来源、批次及不同干重的20组活性污泥悬液中的活细菌数量及其3 h后的呼吸速率进行测定,建立了活细菌数量与呼吸速率间的函数关系.根据活细菌数-呼吸速率的拟合方程,结合呼吸抑制试验结果,认为在呼吸抑制试验中应控制每升污泥接种悬液中的活菌数在1010数量级以上,推荐将每批污泥中微生物接种物用量控制在每升污泥悬液1.50×1010～2.53×1010个活细胞之间,以进一步保证试验结果间的可比性及化学品安全评估研究的标准化.     

地铁施工盾构机开仓气体安全检测分析

盾构法隧道施工在我国城市地铁建设中得到了广泛应用,也是高技术、高风险的施工工法。由于受通过地层地质条件及刀具耐磨情况的影响,盾构机需要不定期地进仓进行检查或换刀作业,仓内存在的易燃易爆气体有害气体直接影响作业人员安全,可能窒息和一氧化碳中毒等安全事故发生。结合华南某城市地铁隧道盾构施工的实际情况,应用数值统计分析方法,对仓内甲烷、一氧化碳、二氧化碳、二氧化硫、氧气、硫化氢、氨气、氮氧化物等八种气体检测结果进行统计,根据统计结果,初步分析了地铁工程隧道盾构法施工盾构机仓内的气体浓度情况及其危害存在的可能性,论述作业人员进仓施工可能遇到的安全风险,提出预防窒息和一氧化碳中毒事故发生的安全防范措施,为地铁隧道盾构法现场管理及施工安全提供参考。     

The effect of changing the fuel of the LASTFIRE test

The LASTFIRE test is intended for the evaluation of foams used in extinguishing fires of flammable and combustible liquids in storage tanks in refinery and oil related facilities. The purpose of this study is to find, experimentally, an alternative fuel to be used in the LASTFIRE test, as a replacement for the heptane fuel, which is normally used in this test. Beside heptane, three other fuels are tested in the current study: diesel, jet A1 and kerosene. The study involved performing the LASTFIRE test, using each of the fuels and then comparing the results. The same foam is used as an extinguishing agent for all the tests and for each fuel, tests are conducted three times with separate foam discharging nozzles: semi-aspirated, aspirated and system. Using a commonly used scoring system, the results of the four fuels are evaluated. Any replaceable fuel should obtain the similar score as that is obtained by heptane. The study shows that none of the three alternatives has been judged to be suitable to replace heptane, in the LASTFIRE test.     

Relationship between frontal car-to-car test result and vehicle crash compatibility evaluation in mobile progressive deformable barrier test

Abstract

Objective: In 2020, the world’s first crash compatibility rating test will be introduced in the European mobile progressive deformable barrier (MPDB) test. In this research, the quantitative change in partner protection performance of large vehicles in car-to-car (C2C) impacts was studied if these large vehicles were designed in future based on MPDB tests addressing crash compatibility ratings.

Methods: Representative vehicles of the European fleet were selected and a Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) parameter study was conducted. In particular, by changing an indicator of structural interaction performance (SD; i.e., the degree of uniformity of barrier deformation)/mass/stiffness of large vehicles systematically in a step-by-step approach, the compatibility evaluation results of large vehicles in MPDB and the occupant injury score of small vehicles in C2C impacts were compared. The CAE result was evaluated compared to that of C2C physical impact tests.

Results: The CAE parameter study showed that in the C2C impact condition, the effects on occupant injury in a small vehicle due to changes in the large vehicle were as follows: (1) SD change: The effect was minor except for small overlap condition. (2) Mass and stiffness change: The effect was relatively major.

On the other hand, compatibility evaluation in the MPDB showed a tendency to overestimate the effect of SD change in comparison with the above-mentioned C2C impact condition.

In addition, physical impact tests showed that, based on SD evaluation, the large vehicle with a relatively inferior compatibility rating compared to those with superior compatibility ratings showed a contradicting trend of better compatibility performance in the C2C test.

Conclusions: The currently proposed compatibility evaluation method of the MPDB test showed some tendency to overestimate the effect of SD change and resulted in quantitatively inconsistent outcomes regarding occupant injury in the partner car in C2C impact conditions.     

自吸过滤式全面罩呼吸阻力检测方式探讨

简要介绍了自吸过滤式呼吸防护用品的种类和全面罩的基本结构.重点描述了日本社团法人产业安全技术协会和我国国家标准中规定的自吸过滤式全面罩呼吸阻力的检测原理、检测程序和检测方式,用两种检测方式分别对DR165LAN型全面罩和X- Plore 5500全面罩的呼吸阻力进行测试,对测试结果进行比较,通过分析与讨论,建议检测自吸过滤式全面罩呼吸阻力时,应采用将全面罩的外面罩和内面罩拆开分别测试的方式,阻力值加和,进而得出贴近自吸过滤式全面罩在实际使用时呼气和吸气阻力的值.     

Validation of the UN test method N.5

Many substances react with water in such a way that flammable gases are formed. For transport issues this reaction may possess a considerable hazard especially if the cargo is wetted by rain or by water from other sources. In the UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods these kinds of problems are addressed. The UN test N.5 “Test method for substances which in contact with water emit flammable gases” corresponds to this hazard. Classification according to the test method is done by measurement of the gas evolution rate of the flammable gas by any suitable procedure. At BAM a gravimetric approach is used to measure the gas evolution rate. In this paper we present the evaluation of the apparatus by means of an absolute calibration routine utilizing a reaction where a known amount of gas is produced as well as the evaluation of important parameters influencing the gas evolution rate using different substances. It can be shown that the apparatus is capable of measuring absolute gas volumes as low as 6 mL with an acceptable error of about 17% as determined from the reaction of Mg with demineralized water.     

Work stress and problem alcohol behavior: a test of the spillover model

Although previous research has found weak support for the model of stressful work ‘spilling over’ to negative coping responses during nonwork hours, we argue that a variety of conceptual and methodological problems may partially explain the weak and inconsistent findings. Two important shortcomings are inadequately specified models and a failure to consider nonescapist responses to job-related stress. We therefore propose that there may be escapist (i.e. increased drinking, working through job dissatisfaction for those who believe that alcohol consumption is an effective means to reduce stress) and nonescapist (i.e. decreased drinking for those who are dissatisfied with their jobs but do not believe alcohol is an effective coping strategy) responses to work stress. These hypotheses were tested on a sample of 972 production workers in the Pacific northwest. Results show moderate support for the existence of both escapist and nonescapist responses to job-related stresses. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

PHEV公交车RDE车载测试评价分析

研究了PHEV公交车的排放特性及车载排放评价的适应性。以一辆LNG-电PHEV公交车为研究对象,按重型车RDE车载测试标准要求沿市区、市郊公交线路行驶,实时采集车辆排放及发动机运行工况等数据,按功基窗口法进行数据处理。结果表明,公交车实际行驶工况较ETC循环工况分布广泛很多,并主要分布在中低转速低扭矩区。即使将有效功基窗口要求的发动机平均功率百分比下限从20%降至15%,车载测试所获得的数据依然无法满足有效功基窗口数量占比大于50%的RDE测试有效性要求。随窗口平均功率百分比降低,NO_x平均比排放值升高,THC下降,CO几乎没有变化。先市区后市郊测试顺序下CO比排放值为0.64 g/(k W·h),为限值的10.7%;NO_x平均比排放值为14.15 g/(k W·h),为限值的3.5倍。研究了车辆行驶路况顺序对窗口数量和排气污染物比排放的影响,相比以先市郊后市区的行驶顺序,先市区后市郊可获得到更多的窗口数量,NO_x平均比排放值升高14.84%,THC降低20.98%,CO降低15.63%。     

NCAP test improvements with pretensioners and load limiters

New Car Assessment Program (NCAP) test scores, measured by the United States Department of Transportation's (USDOT) National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), were analyzed in order to assess the benefits of equipping safety belt systems with pretensioners and load limiters. Safety belt pretensioners retract the safety belt almost instantly in a crash to remove excess slack. They tie the occupant to the vehicle's deceleration early during the crash, reducing the peak load experienced by the occupant. Load limiters and other energy management systems allow safety belts to yield in a crash, preventing the shoulder belt from directing too much energy on the chest of the occupant. In NCAP tests, vehicles are crashed into a fixed barrier at 35 mph. During the test, instruments measure the accelerations of the head and chest, as well as the force on the legs of anthropomorphic dummies secured in the vehicle by safety belts. NCAP data from model year 1998 through 2001 cars and light trucks were examined. The combination of pretensioners and load limiters is estimated to reduce Head Injury Criterion (HIC) by 232, chest acceleration by an average of 6.6 g's, and chest deflection (displacement) by 10.6 mm, for drivers and right front passengers. The unit used to measure chest acceleration (g) is defined as a unit of force equal to the force exerted by gravity. All of these reductions are statistically significant. When looked at individually, pretensioners are more effective in reducing HIC scores for both drivers and right front passengers, as well as chest acceleration and chest deflection scores for drivers. Load limiters show greater reductions in chest acceleration and chest deflection scores for right front passengers. By contrast, in make-models for which neither load limiters nor pretensioners have been added, there is little change during 1998 to 2001 in HIC, chest acceleration, or chest deflection values in NCAP tests.     

压力阀试验系统的设计与应用研究

介绍了压力阀试验液压系统 ,阐述了如何操作这个系统对溢流阀进行测试 ,以及对溢流阀的测试项目和方法     

基于正交试验-多元回归的煤矿瓦斯涌出量预测

为了快速准确地预测工作面瓦斯涌出量,简化瓦斯涌出量预测建模过程,将正交设计方法与多元回归分析相结合提出了简化的预测模型,并针对实际矿井数据进行应用.结果表明,结合正交设计中的极差和方差分析可以有效剔除对瓦斯涌出量影响不显著的因素,该剔除结果与SPSS软件显著性分析结果一致,利用SPSS软件对剩余的瓦斯涌出量影响因素进行多元回归分析得到相应的回归模型,经检验其预测结果相对误差平均值为1.76％,回归模型具有较高的精确度,可为煤矿瓦斯涌出量预测工作提供一定的参考.     

False-positive results of UN test O.2 liquid oxidizer test of polychlorosilanes

According to UN Test O.2, surprisingly, the polychlorosilanes hexachlorodisilane (HCDS), octachlorotrisilane (OCTS) and decachlorotetrasilane (DCTS) formally fulfill the criteria of the “test for oxidizing liquids”. This result is in contrast to the properties of polychlorosilanes that are described in the literature and those we have experienced in our own production.By investigating the reaction products from the UN O.2 test reactor, using IR, Raman and XPS spectroscopy, it was shown that the results are not due to oxidizing properties of HCDS, OCTS or DCTS, but are caused by the specified test substance cellulose. To our knowledge, this is the very first substance class in which the reference substance oxidizes the test sample, instead of vice versa. This represents an important limitation of the internationally used UN Test O.2 for this substance class. The cause for this false-positive result is the known high degree of affinity of oxygen to silicon.It is shown that the correctly executed UN Test O.2 produces false-positive results and that the polychlorosilanes do not have an oxidizing effect and, therefore, do not have to be classified as “oxidizing substances”.     

水滴撞击常温与过热炭化纸面动态过程试验研究

为了加深对水喷雾或细水雾灭A类火灾过程中涉及的表面冷却现象的认识,从而加强消防安全灭火机理及安全工程技术科学研究,试验研究了水滴撞击正常和过热纸张表面的现象,并探讨了表面过热炭化现象对固液接触润湿性、液滴飞溅、蒸发和铺展直径的影响.选取水滴为液滴,初始水滴直径为(2.4±0.1) mm,水滴撞击速度从1.4 m/s到2.8 m/s不等.试验选用复印纸和档案纸两种纸张.结果 表明:在过热炭化的档案纸表面出现了一些蒸汽气泡,即气化芯;水滴发生飞溅的临界条件受炭化特性的影响较大.此外,将试验结果与液滴撞击的流体力学特征Roisman模型预测结果进行比较,大部分数据相对吻合.