大气质量基准与大气质量标准

为了保护环境,限制大气污染,迄今,世界上很多国家都制订及颁布了一些标准及法规。在大气领域内,各国所颁布的标准的名称不全相同,例如:苏联称之为大气最高容许浓度;美国称之为大气质量标准;英国则比较重视大气排放标准。保护环境的卫生标准的名称可以有所不同,但它们的制订依据都离不开大气质量基准。大气质量基准(Ambient air Quality Criteria以下简称基准)与大气质量标准(Ambient air Quality Standard,以下简称标准)     

环境遥感

X87 X831 9903352应用地面测定值和海岸水体上空的波尔德空中传感器的气溶胶遥感=Aerosol remote sensing using肛ound一lased measurements and POI矛DE只air-borne sensor above eoastal waters「刊,英〕/M.Chami…// Remote sens.Environ.一1995,66(2),一203一221环信6888 ‘在1994和1995年I’ed;作者用波尔德(地球反射的偏振和定向性)仪表装置的飞行器模型进行了几次空中活动。作者曾飞越多佛海峡。该次活动的主要目的是了解使用波尔德数据表征大气气溶胶完善的程度以达到海洋色大气的校正。还收集了大气测定值(太阳消减、天空辐…     

环境科技英语(9)

91. centrifugal〔?〕(来自拉丁词centrifugus,ceniri-中心+-fugus离开,逃离)a.离心的例:Solid exists in centrifugal floatation from liquids.固体从液体中离心悬浮.与环境有关的词:centrifugal acceleration离心加速度;centrifugal air separation离心空气分离;centrifugal analysis离心分析;centrifugal blower离心鼓风机;centrifugal brake离心式制动机;centrifugal casting离心铸造;     

仪器中子活化分析法测定大气悬浮颗粒中的微量元素

大气是人类生存的重要外界环境之一.通常每人每天平均吸入空气约10-12m3.因此大气的正常化学组成对于人体健康有着重要的意义. 测定大气悬浮颗粒中的微量元素,有它的特殊要求:(1)悬浮颗粒在大气中的丰度     

地铁车站空气污染物影响因素探讨

地铁交通系统内空气质量因对乘客健康具有明显影响而逐渐受到了重视,为了准确判断影响地铁交通系统空气污染物的各类因素,以上海市地铁10号线同济大学站为例,利用便携式测量仪器,分析了室外大气空气质量,客流量以及通风条件对地铁站内空气中PM_(2.5),CO_2浓度的影响。结果表明:地铁站空气中PM_(2.5)的浓度受室外大气空气质量的影响较大,室外大气与地铁站空气中PM_(2.5)的浓度具有较强的相关性,二者变化趋势一致;乘客呼吸是导致地铁站空气中CO_2浓度变化的主要原因,CO_2浓度随乘客数量的增加呈上升趋势;地铁站的通风条件显著影响空气的流动情况,通风条件越好,越有利于空气污染物的扩散,从而可有效降低空气中PM_(2.5)和CO_2的浓度水平。     

环境科技英语(13)

135.contaminant[Ken'taeminent](来自拉丁词contam- inare)n.沾染物例:The incoming air Will not be contaminated with exhaust or oil fumes.进入的空气不会被废气或油烟污染。     

有机物好氧发酵罐废热回收系统的设计与模拟研究

好氧发酵罐中有机物的发酵会产生大量的废热,为了更好地回收和利用这部分废热,设计了一个好氧发酵罐废热回收系统,并利用Aspen HYSY对系统的废气—水换热器和空气源热泵系统进行模拟和分析。模拟结果表明:在模拟工况(T=50℃、Tc=55℃、Te=7℃,Tair=25℃)下,以R134a为工质的热泵系统具有较高的COP和较低的压缩机排气温度,是该空气源热泵系统的理想循环工质;在南宁地区夏季(T_c=55℃、T_e=8℃,T_(air)=32℃)和冬季(T_c=60℃、T_e=2℃,T_(air)=15℃)模拟工况下,该热泵系统COP分别达到4. 46和3. 79,利用空气源热泵系统和废气-水换热器对好氧发酵罐的废气进行回收和利用是可行的;与传统电加热方式相比,该废热回收系统能有效降低能耗,具有明显的节能和环保效益。     

环境监测

X83O.1 9500566用大气复合源模拟法优化监测站位/朱小鲁…(绍兴市环保监测站)//环境污染与防治/本刊编辑部(杭州)一1994,16(2)一40一42 环信X一3X830.1 9500567硫酸盐化速率采样方法的改进/白强(江苏苏州环境监测站)//中国环境监测/中国环境监测总站一1994,10(2)一41~44环信X一73X83O.1 95r)n568空气环境半挥发有机化合物的采样设备一A阳tn-pling deviee for semivolatile organie eompounds inambient air仁刊,英〕/G.Umlauf…// Chemo-sphere一]993,27(7)一1293一1296 环信6168 介绍一种过滤/吸附采样器,这种采样器可简化操作.减少与…     

环境监测

X830.2 9903633用于测定污泥和沉积物中有机氯化合物的兼有GC一MS的自动超临界流体萃取法一AutomatedSFE eombined with GC一MS for the determinationofo塔anoehlorine eompounds in sludge and sedi-ment仁刊,英〕/R.J.Trigg…// Intern.J.Environ.Anal.Chem.一1998,70(1/4)一47一58 环信6159X831 X33 9903634巴西里约热内卢室内外空气污染物的分布:海边办公室内空气质量的推断=压stribotion of indoorand outdoor air Pollutants in Rio de Janeiro,Brazil:implieotions to indoor air quality in bayside offiees[刊,英〕/L…     

Presence of organophosphate flame retardants (OPEs) in different functional areas in residential homes in Beijing, China

The production and application of organophosphate esters (OPEs) have dramatically increased in recent years due to their use as a replacement for brominated flame retardants. In this study, 13 OPEs (Σ₁₃OPEs) were analyzed in indoor air samples from kitchens and living rooms in 14 residential homes in Beijing, China. The concentrations of Σ₁₃OPEs in kitchen air samples (mean: 13 ng/m³) were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than in living room air samples (5.0 ng/m³). In addition, paired window surface organic film samples were collected and analyzed to investigate film-air partitioning, exhibiting a mean concentration of Σ₁₃OPEs of 4100 ng/m². The congener profiles showed that tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP) was the predominant compound in both window film samples (48%) and the corresponding indoor air sample (56%). The estimated daily intakes (EDI) of OPEs via indoor air inhalation were 2.8 and 1.4 ng/kg/day for infants and adults, respectively, both of which are below the reference dose values (RfDs). Overall, these findings indicate that OPEs in the indoor air environment of residential homes in Beijing are not likely to pose a health risk to the general population.     

成都市PM10对大气辐射环境的影响

为研究城市PM₁₀对大气辐射环境的影响,利用2013年6月1日—2014年5月31日成都市ρ(PM₁₀)和空气吸收剂量率的逐日监测数据,采用DCCA(去趋势互相关分析)法对二者的相关性进行分析. 结果表明:在1 a的时间尺度上,成都市ρ(PM₁₀)与空气吸收剂量率之间存在显著的正相关性(标度指数为0.928),并且这种正相关性具有长期、持续的特征,但相关性的强度却随时间以幂函数形式缓慢衰减. 冬夏两季ρ(PM₁₀)与空气吸收剂量率的相关性存在显著差异. 在冬季重度灰霾期间,二者DCCA标度指数为0.968,说明高ρ(PM₁₀)已对城市大气辐射环境产生了影响;而夏季二者的DCCA曲线分为两段,标度指数分别为0.579、1.519,折点位置对应的特征时间尺度约为2个月,推测这与当地夏季降雨的时间分布模式有关. 研究表明,在当前灰霾日益频发的背景下,需要重视城市重度灰霾对城市大气辐射环境造成的影响.      

津北大气干湿沉降重金属元素通量与评价研究

大气干湿沉降是有害物质进入土壤的一种重要途径,是影响农田生态系统安全的重要因素.天津市北部的蓟州区大气干湿沉降重金属元素具有以下特征:(1)大气干湿沉降重金属元素年沉降通量从大到小依次为Zn>Pb>Cr>Cu>Ni>As>Cd>Hg,Zn、Pb是大气干湿沉降重金属元素中最主要的元素,山区年沉降通量小于平原区,表明山区空气环境质量相对于平原区好,与天津城区、北京平原区、全国相比,津北蓟州区大气干湿沉降重金属各元素年沉降通量均相对较低;(2)大气干湿沉降物输入浓度中,Cd、Pb、Zn、Hg显著高于蓟州区土壤含量平均值,尤其是Cd,表明大气干湿沉降可能是土壤中Cd的重要来源;(3)根据大气干湿沉降物环境地球化学评价结果,大气干湿沉降物环境地球化学单指标和综合指标评价结果均为一等,表明该地区大气环境质量很好.     

峨眉山市城区环境空气质量现状及变化趋势分析

根据峨眉山市2009~2013年环境空气的监测资料,采用空气综合污染指数、空气污染指数(API)等评价方法,分析了峨眉山市环境空气质量现状及变化趋势。结果表明:(1)峨眉山市城区大气主要污染物(SO2、NO2和PM10)浓度均达到国家二级标准(0.06、0.08和0.10mg·m-3),但逐年上升;不同监测点中,二水厂环境空气污染物浓度最低。(2)空气污染物月均浓度3~7月下降,7月为最低,8~12月逐渐上升。(3)城区大气API介于67~73之间,空气质量级别为II级,可吸入颗粒物(PM10)是城区环境大气的首要污染物。     

空气中微量有毒物质的富集

为了消除化学物质对环境的污染,要求用合适的分析方法监测大气和工作场所空气中污染物的浓度。分析方法的准确度、灵敏度、选择性是与采样方法密切相关的。空气中的有机物和无机物有几十种乃至几百种,其中有毒化合物含量波动范围在10~(-4)～10~(-8)％。目前,在环境监测和工业卫生的气体采样中,常使用各种吸附方法。下面对各种吸附剂的特性以及在富集空气中呈气体状态的有毒污染物的应用范围和解决方法,加以介绍。用于空气中微量有毒物的吸附剂可分为以下几种:1.活性炭,石墨化炭黑,炭分子筛;2.多孔聚合物;3.硅胶;4.分离柱填料;5.氧化铝;     

Analysis of air quality characteristics of Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei and its surrounding air pollution transport channel cities in China

Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei(BTH) and its surrounding areas are very important to air pollution control in China.To analyze the characteristics of BTH and its surrounding areas of China,we collected 5,641,440 air quality data from 161 air monitoring stations and 37,123,000 continuous monitoring data from air polluting enterprises in BTH and surrounding cities to establish an indicator system for urban air quality portraits.The results showed that particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters of 2.5 μm(PM_(2.5)),particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters of 10 μm(PM_(10)) and SO_2 improved significantly in 31 cities from2015 to 2018,but ozone deteriorated.Air quality in BTH and the surrounding areas showed obvious seasonal characteristics,among which PM_(2.5),PM_(10),SO_2,and NO_2 showed a "U" type distribution from January to December,while O_3 had an "inverted U" distribution.The hourly changes in air quality revealed that peaks of PM_(2.5),PM_(10) and NO_2 appeared from 8:00 to 10:00,while those for O_3 appeared at 15:00–16:00.The exposure characteristics of the 31 cities showed that six districts in Beijing had the highest air quality population exposure,and that exposure levels in Zhengzhou,Puyang,Anyang,Jincheng were higher than the average of the 31 investigated cities.Additionally,multiple linear regression revealed a negative correlation between meteorological factors(especially wind and precipitation) and air quality,while a positive correlation existed between industrial pollution emissions and air quality in most of BTH and its surrounding cities.     

一个沿海城市大气臭氧的本地生成过程及其对前体物的敏感性

在威海市两个采样点用苏码罐采集了全空气样品,利用三级冷阱预浓缩-GC/MS方法离线测定了空气样品中109种大气挥发性有机物(VOCs).使用基于观测的MCM机理大气化学模式(OBM-MCM)分析了大气臭氧生成对VOCs组分的敏感性及本地生成过程.结果表明:观测期间两个采样点的总挥发性有机物(TVOCs)平均浓度分别为27.84×10~(-9)和17.85×10~(-9),对TVOCs贡献最大的均是烷烃.模拟分析表明,大气臭氧生成与前体物的控制关系存在空间差异性,在一个观测点受VOCs控制,而在另一个观测点受NO_x和VOCs共同控制;模拟结果还表明,臭氧生成对活性烃类最为敏感,但是,含氧有机物、卤代烃和高碳烷烃对臭氧生成的影响和贡献也不可忽视;此外,计算了日平均臭氧净生成速率P(O_3)_(net),分别为6.41×10~(-9) h~(-1)和3.22×10~(-9) h~(-1),臭氧的本地生成过程扮演重要角色.     

Monitoring and factors affecting levels of airborne and water bromoform in chlorinated seawater swimming pools

Water and air quality of eight seawater swimming pools using chlorine disinfection was measured during four sampling campaigns, spread on one full-year, and in four thalassotherapy centers located in Southeast of France. Concentrations of trihalomethanes(THMs) in air and in water as well as concentrations of parameters, including nonpurgeable organic carbon(NPOC), free residual chlorine(Cl_f), pH, Kjeldhal Nitrogen(KN), salinity,conductivity, bromide ions and, water and air temperature, were measured. Water and air samples were collected in triplicates morning — at the opening of the pools —, noon and night — at the closing of the pools —, in summer and winter. Data analysis was performed by Principal Component Analysis(PCA) and rotated component matrix, from both data quality and other parameters such as TOC, aromaticity(UV_(254)), pH, hygrometry, and free residual chlorine(Cl_f). This statistical analysis demonstrates a high correlation between TOC, Cl_fand UV_(254) and THM levels found in air and water, particularly for the major ones(CHBr_3in water:300.0 μg/L mean, 1029.0 μg/L maximum; CHBr_3 in air: 266.1 μg/m~3 mean,1600.0 μg/m~3 maximum, and CHClBr_2 in water: 18.9 μg/L mean, 81.0 μg/L maximum;CHClBr_2 in air: 13.6 μg/m~3 mean, 150.0 μg/m~3maximum). These high levels of bromoform(CHBr_3) are particularly worrisome in such health institutions, even these levels do not exceed the Permissible Exposure Limit(PEL) of 5 mg/m~3 as an 8 hour time-weighted average currently fixed by various administrations, such as Occupational Safety and Health Administration(OSHA).     

Effect of central ventilation and air conditioner system on the concentration and health risk from airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Central ventilation and air conditioner systems are widely utilized nowadays in public places for air exchange and temperature control,which significantly influences the transfer of pollutants between indoors and outdoors.To study the effect of central ventilation and air conditioner systems on the concentration and health risk from airborne pollutants,a spatial and temporal survey was carried out using polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as agent pollutants.During the period when the central ventilation system operated without air conditioning (AC-off period),concentrations of 2-4 ring PAHs in the model supermarket were dominated by outdoor levels,due to the good linearity between indoor air and outdoor air (rp>0.769,p<0.05),and the slopes (1.2-4.54) indicated that ventilating like the model supermarket increased the potential health risks from low molecular weight PAHs.During the period when the central ventilation and air conditioner systems were working simultaneously (AC-on period),although the total levels of PAHs were increased,the concentrations and percentage of the particulate PAHs indoors declined significantly.The BaP equivalency (BaPeq) concentration indicated that utilization of air conditioning reduced the health risks from PAHs in the model supermarket.     

Concentrations and distribution of novel brominated flame retardants in the atmosphere and soil of Ny-Ålesund and London Island, Svalbard, Arctic

Novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) were investigated in Arctic air and soil samples collected from Ny-Ålesund and London Island, Svalbard, during Chinese scientific research expeditions to the Arctic during 2014–2015. The concentrations of Σ₉NBFRs in the Arctic air and soil were 4.9–8.7 pg/m³ (average 6.8 pg/m³) and 101–201 pg/g dw (average 150 pg/g dw), respectively. The atmospheric concentration of hexabromobenzene (HBB) was significantly correlated with that of pentabromotoluene (PBT) and pentabromobenzene (PBBz), suggesting similar source and environmental fate in the Arctic air. No significant spatial difference was observed among the different sampling sites, both for air and soil samples, indicating that the effects of the scientific research stations on the occurrence of NBFRs in the Arctic were minor. The fugacities from soil to air of pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), 2,3-dibromopropyl 2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (DPTE), and decabromodiphenylethane 1,2-bis (pentabromophenyl) ethane (DBDPE) were lower than the equilibrium value, indicating a nonequilibrium state of these compounds between air and soil, the dominant impact of deposition and the net transport from air to soil. The correlation analysis between the measured and predicted soil-atmosphere coefficients based on the absorption model showed that the impact of the soil organic matter on the distribution of NBFRs in the Arctic region was minor. To the best of our knowledge, this work is one of the limited reports on atmospheric NBFRs in the Arctic and the first study to investigate the occurrence and fate of NBFRs in the Arctic soil.     

Development and case study of a science-based software platform to support policy making on air quality

This article describes the development and implementations of a novel software platform that supports real-time, science-based policy making on air quality through a user-friendly interface. The software, RSM-VAT, uses a response surface modeling (RSM) methodology and serves as a visualization and analysis tool (VAT) for three-dimensional air quality data obtained by atmospheric models. The software features a number of powerful and intuitive data visualization functions for illustrating the complex nonlinear relationship between emission reductions and air quality benefits. The case study of contiguous U.S. demonstrates that the enhanced RSM-VAT is capable of reproducing the air quality model results with Normalized Mean Bias < 2% and assisting in air quality policy making in near real time.