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1.
Andrew Lyons 《Environmental management》2013,51(2):365-378
Since the advent of community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) in the mid-1980s, scholars and practitioners have sought to explain the uneven performance of CBNRM programs. Most CBNRM assessments examine the underlying principles of community-based conservation, the local social and ecological contexts, and connections with larger political and historical patterns. In this article, I argue that analysis of the potential and pitfalls of CBNRM also requires an understanding of the institutional history and internal dynamics of projects that implement CBNRM reforms. Drawing upon theory and methods from development ethnography and public policy, I examine the rise and fall of CONASA, a second-generation CBNRM project in Zambia that operated from 2001 to 2004. CONASA was constituted from a merger of organizations and discourses to provide continuity with previous projects. Its ambitious suite of activities included support for household livelihoods, community-based resource management, policy analysis, advocacy, and conservation enterprises at local, national, and transboundary levels. While individual activities were largely successful, CONASA’s hybrid origins and logframe-centric management created fissures between its holistic design and operational logics, and hindered its ability to develop a broader narrative and maintain key alliances. This case study illustrates the importance of understanding the interplay between project design and operational context to fully appreciate the possibilities and limitations of project-mode conservation. 相似文献
2.
Joe Peters 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》1998,11(1):17-47
Preservation of the biological diversity and ecosystems in protected areas can be achieved through projects linking conservation of the protected areas with improved standards of living for resident peoples within surrounding buffer zones. This is the hypothetical claim of the integrated conservation and development project (ICDP) approach to protected area management. This paper, based on several years of experience with the Ranomafana National Park Project in Madagascar, questions the major assumptions of this approach from ethical and practical perspectives. The four basic strategies available to ICDPs – protected areas, buffer zones, compensation, and economic development – are analyzed and shown to be deficient or untested in the case of Ranomafana. Recommendations are made to explore conservation models other than the western conception of the national park, to modify the notion of a buffer zone outside the protected area, to redistribute money or other resources directly to the poor people living in and around the protected areas, and to eliminate the middle men in the development business. An appeal is made to focus on local education, organization and discipline in order to promote self-determination and self-reliance among resident peoples of protected areas. The paper argues that a public works program, similar to the Roosevelt administration's Civilian Conservation Corps of the 1930s, funded through a hard-currency endowment or other innovative financing mechanism, should be tried as a replacement for the currently questionable ICDP approach at Ranomafana. 相似文献
3.
Pamela D. McElwee 《Environmental management》2010,45(1):113-131
This article examines the use of forests in a protected area by nearby agriculturalists in central Vietnam. Research indicates
that the majority of rural farmers interviewed who lived near a state designated protected area were receiving both subsistence
and cash incomes from forest-based activities, primarily from the collection of forest products. However, much of the collection
of forest produce was officially illegal, as it occurred in state protected forests, and interdiction efforts were on the
increase. Yet, little attention has been paid in Vietnam to the need for income substitution for households who lose access
to forest produce as a result of conservation enforcement, particularly in the case of farmers who live near, but not in,
protected areas; their resources use has been ‘invisible’ due to a lack of attention and research on the topic. This misunderstanding
of the importance of forests to rural farmers has the potential to result in households facing adverse welfare and livelihood
outcomes as protected areas boundaries are tightened, and local communities face increased opportunity costs due to stricter
conservation enforcement. The article concludes that substitution for loss of income due to conservation activities would
best be achieved through carefully targeted interventions to specific high-impact and high-dependency households. Additionally,
investments in new sources of wage labor and other low capital-input activities, rather than in agriculture, would likely
be of most benefit. 相似文献
4.
Thapa GB 《Environmental management》2001,27(5):667-679
Mountain watersheds, comprising a substantial proportion of national territories of countries in mainland South and Southeast
Asia, are biophysical and socioeconomic entities, regulating the hydrological cycle, sequestrating carbon dioxide, and providing
natural resources for the benefit of people living in and outside the watersheds. A review of the literature reveals that
watersheds are undergoing degradation at varying rates caused by a myriad of factors ranging from national policies to farmers'
socioeconomic conditions. Many agencies—governmental and private—have tried to address the problem in selected watersheds.
Against the backdrop of the many causes of degradation, this study examines the evolving approaches to watershed management
and development. Until the early 1990s, watershed management planning and implementation followed a highly centralized approach
focused on heavily subsidized structural measures of soil conservation, planned and implemented without any consultation with
the mainstream development agencies and local people. Watershed management was either the sole responsibility of specially
created line agencies or a project authority established by external donors. As a consequence, the initiatives could not be
continued or contribute to effective conservation of watersheds. Cognizant of this, emphasis has been laid on integrated,
participatory approaches since the early 1990s. Based on an evaluation of experiences in mainland South and Southeast Asia,
this study finds not much change in the way that management plans are being prepared and executed. The emergence of a multitude
of independent watershed management agencies, with their own organizational structures and objectives and planning and implementation
systems has resulted in watershed management endeavors that have been in complete disarray. Consistent with the principle
of sustainable development, a real integrated, participatory approach requires area-specific conservation programs that are
well incorporated into integrated socioeconomic development plans prepared and implemented by local line agencies in cooperation
with nongovernment organizations (NGOs) and concerned people. 相似文献
5.
Role of Adaptive Management for Watershed Councils 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Habron G 《Environmental management》2003,31(1):0029-0041
Recent findings in the Umpqua River Basin in southwestern Oregon illustrate a tension in the rise of both community-based
and watershed-based approaches to aquatic resource management. While community-based institutions such as watershed councils
offer relief from the government control landowners dislike, community-based approaches impinge on landowners' strong belief
in independence and private property rights. Watershed councils do offer the local control landowners advocate; however, institutional
success hinges on watershed councils' ability to reduce bureaucracy, foster productive discussion and understanding among
stakeholders, and provide financial, technical, and coordination support. Yet, to accomplish these tasks current watershed
councils rely on the fiscal and technical capital of the very governmental entities that landowners distrust. Adaptive management
provides a basis for addressing the apparent tension by incorporating landowners' belief in environmental resilience and acceptance
of experimentation that rejects “one size fits all solutions.” Therefore community-based adaptive watershed management provides
watershed councils a framework that balances landowners' independence and fear of government intrusion, acknowledges the benefits
of community cooperation through watershed councils, and enables ecological assessment of landowner-preferred practices. Community-based
adaptive management integrates social and ecological suitability to achieve conservation outcomes by providing landowners
the flexibility to use a diverse set of conservation practices to achieve desired ecological outcomes, instead of imposing
regulations or specific practices. 相似文献
6.
Community-based coastal resource management has been widely applied within the Philippines. However, small-scale community-based reserves are often inefficient owing to management inadequacies arising because of a lack of local support or enforcement or poor design. Because there are many potential pitfalls during the establishment of even small community-based reserves, it is important for coastal managers, communities, and facilitating institutions to have access to a summary of the key factors for success. Reviewing relevant literature, we present a framework of lessons learned during the establishment of protected areas, mainly in the Philippines. The framework contains summary guidance on the importance of (1) an island location, (2) small community population size, (3) minimal effect of land-based development, (4) application of a bottom-up approach, (5) an external facilitating institution, (6) acquisition of title, (7) use of a scientific information database, (8) stakeholder involvement, (9) the establishment of legislation, (10) community empowerment, (11) alternative livelihood schemes, (12) surveillance, (13) tangible management results, (14) continued involvement of external groups after reserve establishment, and (15) small-scale project expansion.These framework components guided the establishment of a community-based protected area at Danjugan Island, Negros Occidental, Philippines. This case study showed that the framework was a useful guide that led to establishing and implementing a community-based marine reserve. Evaluation of the reserve using standard criteria developed for the Philippines shows that the Danjugan Island protected area can be considered successful and sustainable. At Danjugan Island, all of the lessons synthesized in the framework were important and should be considered elsewhere, even for relatively small projects. As shown in previous projects in the Philippines, local involvement and stewardship of the protected area appeared particularly important for its successful implementation. The involvement of external organizations also seemed to have a key role in the success of the Danjugan Island project by guiding local decision-makers in the sociobiological principles of establishing protected areas. However, the relative importance of each component of the framework will vary between coastal management initiatives both within the Philippines and across the wider Asian region.Published on line 相似文献
7.
Protected areas (PAs) are cornerstones of biodiversity conservation, but small parks alone cannot support wide-ranging species,
such as the tiger. Hence, forest dynamics in the surrounding landscapes of PAs are also important to tiger conservation. Tiger
landscapes often support considerable human population in proximity of the PA, sometimes within the core itself, and thus
are subject to various land use activities (such as agricultural expansion and road development) driving habitat loss and
fragmentation. We synthesize information from 27 journal articles in 24 tiger landscapes to assess forest-cover dynamics in
tiger-range countries. Although 29% of the PAs considered in this study have negligible change in overall forest cover, approximately
71% are undergoing deforestation and fragmentation. Approximately 58% of the total case studies have human settlements within
the core area. Most changes—including agricultural expansion, plantation, and farming (52%), fuelwood and fodder collection
(43%), logging (38%), grazing (38%), and tourism and development (10%)—can be attributed to human impacts largely linked to
the nature of the management regime. This study highlights the need for incorporating new perspectives, ideas, and lessons
learned locally and across borders into management plans to ensure tiger conservation in landscapes dominated by human activities.
Given the increasing isolation of most parks due to agricultural, infrastructural, and commercial developments at the periphery,
it is imperative to conduct planning and evaluation at the landscape level, as well as incorporate multiple actors and institutions
in planning, instead of focusing solely on conservation within the PAs as is currently the case in most tiger parks. 相似文献
8.
Francisco Seijo Maria Marcela Godoy Dante Guglielmin Cecilia Ciampoli Samuel Ebright Omar Picco Guillermo Defoss 《Environmental management》2020,65(4):448-462
The creation of protected conservation areas may result in protracted conflicts between stakeholders. In this study we examine the drivers of anthropogenic wildfire ignitions in the National Park of “los Alerces” (NPA) in Patagonia, Argentina. The NPA was established in 1937 to protect the native “andino-patagónico” forests from wildfires as well as preserving its scenic beauty and native flora and fauna. At the time of its creation state authorities prohibited all extractive human activities in the “intangible”—fully protected—“National Park” section, while other regulated extractive and ecotourism activities were allowed to continue in the “Natural Reserve” section in an effort to accommodate the historical entitlements of the displaced populations of “pobladores” (settlers) that had been living in the NPA for over a century. Here we interviewed the main stakeholder groups—“pobladores”, forest rangers and administrators, ecolodge owners and angler club members—to identify the drivers of wildfire ignitions in the park. Wildfires have been singled out by state authorities as the main threat to the NPA though considerable scientific uncertainty exists regarding their complex ecological effects. This study argues, based on the human and biophysical system data collected, that two conflicting cultural frames exist within the NPA that provide the necessary backdrop for understanding the drivers of wildfire ignitions. In turn, these findings raise puzzling dilemmas for the main theoretical approaches that have been used to inform and design conflict management strategies in protected conservation areas. 相似文献
9.
Natalie A. Jones Pascal Perez Thomas G. Measham Gail J. Kelly Patrick d’Aquino Katherine A. Daniell Anne Dray Nils Ferrand 《Environmental management》2009,44(6):1180-1195
Participatory modeling is increasingly recognized as an effective way to assist collective decision-making processes in the
domain of natural resource management. This article introduces a framework for evaluating projects that have adopted a participatory
modeling approach. This evaluation framework—known as the “Protocol of Canberra”—was developed through a collaboration between
French and Australian researchers engaged in participatory modeling and evaluation research. The framework seeks to assess
the extent to which different participatory modeling initiatives not only modify perceptions among and interactions between
participants, but also contribute to collective decision-making. The article discusses the development of the framework and
it’s application to three case-studies, two from Australia and one from the Pacific Island of the Republic of Kiribati. The
article concludes with some comments for future use of the framework in a range of participatory modeling contexts. 相似文献
10.
This article describes the history of the Coachella Valley Multiple Species Habitat Conservation Plan (CVMSHCP), in the Riverside
County region of Southern California. When this collaborative biodiversity conservation planning process began, in 1994, local
participants and supporters had numerous factors working in their favor. Yet, as of April 2007, nearly 13 years had passed
without an approved plan. This is a common problem. Many multiple species habitat conservation plans now take more than a
decade to complete, and the long duration of these processes often results in negative consequences. The CVMSHCP process became
bogged down—despite strong scientific input and many political advantages—due to problematic relationships between the Plan’s
local supporters, its municipal signatory parties, and officials from the state and federal wildlife agencies, particularly
the regional office of the US Fish and Wildlife Service. This case study demonstrates the crucial importance of institutional
structures and relationships, process management, and timeliness in habitat conservation planning. We conclude by offering
several related recommendations for future HCP processes. 相似文献
11.
The Efficacy of a Programme of Landslide Risk Reduction in Areas of Unplanned Housing in the Eastern Caribbean 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Malcolm G. Anderson Elizabeth Holcombe Maricarmen Esquivel Joaquin Toro Francis Ghesquiere 《Environmental management》2010,45(4):807-821
Poor countries are disproportionately affected by the cost of disasters. Yet there is evidence of the benefits of seeking
to mitigate the impact of a disaster, compared with the costs incurred in ‘making good’ after a major event has occurred.
This article reviews a programme of landslide risk reduction in unplanned communities in the Eastern Caribbean. The construction
of appropriate surface water management measures, based on the application of scientific and engineering principles, has been
demonstrated to reduce the hazard from rainfall-triggered landslides. Adopting a community-based approach additionally delivers
social and environmental benefits relating to employment generation, improvements in the environmental conditions within the
community, and improvements slope management practices. The sustained implementation of the community-based projects has provided
the necessary evidence-base for these practices to influence Government policy and practice, and gain recognition from regional
development agencies. The strategic and incremental uptake of the community-based methodology is demonstrated to be an effective
means for delivering physical landslide risk reduction measures in the most ‘at risk’ areas of unplanned housing. 相似文献
12.
This article critically reviews the evolution of urban environmental management in Shanghai since 1978. Established in a transitional
postsocialist economy and shaped by a spectacular urban redevelopment process, the current environmental management framework
of Shanghai has succeeded in mitigating major industrial pollution and improving urban amenities with unprecedented pace and
magnitude. However, it generally failed to take social equity and environmental justice issues into consideration. Based on
Haughton’s models of sustainable urban development, this article proposes four priorities and five principles within the framework
of a fair shares cities model for the future environmental management of Shanghai and briefly discusses their policy implications
and implementation issues. The authors argue that Haughton’s approach is relevant to Shanghai’s case because the essence of
his argument—the multidimensional equity principles—is the core of the concept of sustainable development. 相似文献
13.
Does Community-Based Conservation Shape Favorable Attitudes Among Locals? An Empirical Study from Nepal 总被引:15,自引:1,他引:14
Like many developing countries, Nepal has adopted a community-based conservation (CBC) approach in recent years to manage
its protected areas mainly in response to poor park–people relations. Among other things, under this approach the government
has created new “people-oriented” conservation areas, formed and devolved legal authority to grassroots-level institutions
to manage local resources, fostered infrastructure development, promoted tourism, and provided income-generating trainings
to local people. Of interest to policy-makers and resource managers in Nepal and worldwide is whether this approach to conservation
leads to improved attitudes on the part of local people. It is also important to know if personal costs and benefits associated
with various intervention programs, and socioeconomic and demographic characteristics influence these attitudes.
We explore these questions by looking at the experiences in Annapurna and Makalu-Barun Conservation Areas, Nepal, which have
largely adopted a CBC approach in policy formulation, planning, and management. The research was conducted during 1996 and
1997; the data collection methods included random household questionnaire surveys, informal interviews, and review of official
records and published literature. The results indicated that the majority of local people held favorable attitudes toward
these conservation areas. Logistic regression results revealed that participation in training, benefit from tourism, wildlife
depredation issue, ethnicity, gender, and education level were the significant predictors of local attitudes in one or the
other conservation area. We conclude that the CBC approach has potential to shape favorable local attitudes and that these
attitudes will be mediated by some personal attributes. 相似文献
14.
MacMynowski DP 《Environmental management》2007,39(6):831-842
The conceptual rubric of ecosystem management has been widely discussed and deliberated in conservation biology, environmental
policy, and land/resource management. In this paper, I argue that two critical aspects of the ecosystem management concept
require greater attention in policy and practice. First, although emphasis has been placed on the “space” of systems, the
“time”—or rates of change—associated with biophysical and social systems has received much less consideration. Second, discussions
of ecosystem management have often neglected the temporal disconnects between changes in biophysical systems and the response
of social systems to management issues and challenges. The empirical basis of these points is a case study of the “Crown of
the Continent Ecosystem,” an international transboundary area of the Rocky Mountains that surrounds Glacier National Park
(USA) and Waterton Lakes National Park (Canada). This project assessed the experiences and perspectives of 1) middle- and
upper-level government managers responsible for interjurisdictional cooperation, and 2) environmental nongovernment organizations
with an international focus. I identify and describe 10 key challenges to increasing the extent and intensity of transboundary
cooperation in land/resource management policy and practice. These issues are discussed in terms of their political, institutional,
cultural, information-based, and perceptual elements. Analytic techniques include a combination of environmental history,
semistructured interviews with 48 actors, and text analysis in a systematic qualitative framework. The central conclusion
of this work is that the rates of response of human social systems must be better integrated with the rates of ecological change. This challenge is equal
to or greater than the well-recognized need to adapt the spatial scale of human institutions to large-scale ecosystem processes and transboundary wildlife. 相似文献
15.
Norton DA 《Environmental management》2009,43(4):698-706
Biodiversity offsets are increasingly being used for securing biodiversity conservation outcomes as part of sustainable economic
development to compensate for the residual unavoidable impacts of projects. Two recent New Zealand examples of biodiversity
offsets are reviewed—while both are positive for biodiversity conservation, the process by which they were developed and approved
was based more on the precautionary principal than on any formal framework. Based on this review and the broader offset literature,
an environmental framework for developing and approving biodiversity offsets, comprising six principles, is outlined: (1)
biodiversity offsets should only be used as part of an hierarchy of actions that first seeks to avoid impacts and then minimizes
the impacts that do occur; (2) a guarantee is provided that the offset proposed will occur; (3) biodiversity offsets are inappropriate
for certain ecosystem (or habitat) types because of their rarity or the presence of threatened species within them; (4) offsets
most often involve the creation of new habitat, but can include protection of existing habitat where there is currently no
protection; (5) a clear currency is required that allows transparent quantification of values to be lost and gained in order
to ensure ecological equivalency between cleared and offset areas; (6) offsets must take into account both the uncertainty
involved in obtaining the desired outcome for the offset area and the time-lag that is involved in reaching that point. 相似文献
16.
Marine spatial planning tends to prioritise biological conservation targets over socio-economic considerations, which may
incur lower user compliance and ultimately compromise management success. We argue for more inclusion of human dimensions
in spatial management, so that outcomes not only fulfill biodiversity and conservation objectives, but are also acceptable
to resource users. We propose a fuzzy logic framework that will facilitate this task- The protected area suitability index
(PASI) combines fishers’ spatial preferences with biological criteria to assess site suitability for protection from fishing.
We apply the PASI in a spatial evaluation of a small-scale reef fishery in Sabah, Malaysia. While our results pertain to fishers
specifically, the PASI can also be customized to include the interests of other stakeholders and resource users, as well as
incorporate varying levels of protection. 相似文献
17.
/ Contemporary trends in natural resource management are reviewed, with specific reference to the shift in conservation management strategies away from law enforcement-based strategies towards strategies aimed at facilitating local community participation in the management of natural resources. This review lays a foundation for the presentation of a conceptual framework, the partnership forum framework, for the planning, implementation, and evaluationof protected area outreach programmes. The framework proposes that protected areas should function as integral components of the local social, economic, and environmental systems and that the integration of the protected area into these systems should be managed through comanagement institutions. The establishment of such institutions is discussed, and it is argued that the development of comanagement institutions can be characterized into four progressive phases: a preliminary communication phase, a problem-solving phase, a pilot project phase, and a comanagement phase. The framework proposes that during the three initial phases the partnership forum members will develop management procedures that they will use during the comanagement phase. The framework is presented as a design skeleton around which the site-specific characteristics of specific protected area outreach programs will combine to form an outreach program, i.e., the framework is process rather than project based.KEY WORDS: Sub-Saharan Africa; Integrated conservation and development 相似文献
18.
The importance of preserving both protected areas and their surrounding landscapes as one of the major conservation strategies
for tigers has received attention over recent decades. However, the mechanism of how land-use surrounding protected areas
affects the dynamics of tiger populations is poorly understood. We developed Panthera Population Persistence (PPP)—an individual-based
model—to investigate the potential mechanism of the Sumatran tiger population dynamics in a protected area and under different
land-use scenarios surrounding the reserve. We tested three main landscape compositions (single, combined and real land-uses
of Tesso-Nilo National Park and its surrounding area) on the probability of and time to extinction of the Sumatran tiger over
20 years in Central Sumatra. The model successfully explains the mechanisms behind the population response of tigers under
different habitat landscape compositions. Feeding and mating behaviours of tigers are key factors, which determined population
persistence in a heterogeneous landscape. All single land-use scenarios resulted in tiger extinction but had a different probability
of extinction within 20 years. If tropical forest was combined with other land-use types, the probability of extinction was
smaller. The presence of agroforesty and logging concessions adjacent to protected areas encouraged the survival of tiger
populations. However, with the real land-use scenario of Tesso-Nilo National Park, tigers could not survive for more than
10 years. Promoting the practice of agroforestry systems surrounding the park is probably the most reasonable way to steer
land-use surrounding the Tesso-Nilo National Park to support tiger conservation. 相似文献
19.
Assessing Integrated Pest Management Adoption: Measurement Problems and Policy Implications 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
For more than a decade, the U.S. government has promoted integrated pest management (IPM) to advance sustainable agriculture.
However, the usefulness of this practice has been questioned because of lagging implementation. There are at least two plausible
rationales for the slow implementation: (1) growers are not adopting IPM—for whatever reason—and (2) current assessment methods
are inadequate at assessing IPM implementation. Our research addresses the second plausibility. We suggest that the traditional
approach to measuring IPM implementation on its own fails to assess the distinct, biologically hierarchical components of
IPM, and instead aggregates growers’ management practices into an overall adoption score. Knowledge of these distinct components
and the extent to which they are implemented can inform government officials as to how they should develop targeted assistance
programs to encourage broader IPM use. We address these concerns by assessing the components of IPM adoption and comparing
our method to the traditional approach alone. Our results indicate that there are four distinct components of adoption—weed,
insect, general, and ecosystem management—and that growers implement the first two components significantly more often than
the latter two. These findings suggest that using a more nuanced measure to assess IPM adoption that expands on the traditional
approach, allows for a better understanding of the degree of IPM implementation. 相似文献
20.
Michaels S 《Environmental management》2001,27(1):27-35
Initiatives in the Neponset, Ipswich, and Sudbury-Assabet-Concord watersheds highlight how watershed-scale innovation in engaging
nongovernment participants is influenced, but not dominated, by the statewide program, the Massachusetts Watershed Initiative.
The presence or absence of three elements—external support, process, and issue—and the order in which they occur, shape the
viability of collaborative watershed-scale management initiatives. External support includes providing personnel or funding
from outside an initiative. Process is the interaction among individuals undertaking watershed-wide policy development and/or
implementation. An issue is an attention-requiring concern, vital to a watershed, that can most effectively be addressed by
a coordinated strategy among different parties. A process generated by an issue is sustainable and amenable to enhancement
through external support. The contribution of external support is most apparent when outside assistance is provided after
an issue has crystallized into clear problem needs that can be addressed through specific research projects or implementation
activities. Process is central in shaping issues, utilizing external support, and generating management results. The outcomes
of voluntary processes in the three watershed initiatives highlight how the evolution of the Massachusetts Watershed Initiative
leads to, and depends upon, the development of watershed-scale initiatives. 相似文献