浅谈干电池回收的条形码管理方案

针对目前干电池资源回收利用的世界性难题,提出了一种基于电化学体系的干电池条形码编码方案。该方案的提出为电池的分类回收及废旧干电池的自动化分类设备研究奠定了基础。     

Recycling of waste lead storage battery by vacuum methods

Waste lead storage battery is the most important recyclable lead material not only in various European and other OECD countries but also in China. Pollution control of lead has become the focus of people’s attention in the world. A vacuum process for recycling waste lead storage battery was developed in this work. The experimental results showed that all the valuable materials in waste lead storage battery could be satisfactorily recycled by vacuum technologies. The vacuum melting of lead grids and the vacuum reduction of lead pastes produce the lead bullion with the direct recovery ratio of 96.29% and 98.98%, respectively. The vacuum pyrolysis of plastics can produce pyrolysis oil with yield of more than 93 wt.%. These vacuum recycling technologies offer improvements in metallurgical and environmental performance.     

Waste battery treatment options: Comparing their environmental performance

Waste consumer batteries are recycled using different routes based on hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical processes. Two hydrometallurgical and two pyrometallurgical treatment scenarios are compared starting from an average composition of Belgian waste batteries. The environmental performance is compared using life cycle analysis (LCA). The recycling rate is studied through mass balance calculation.Each treatment scenario results in a specific recycling rate. The environmental impact and benefits also vary between the treatment options. There is no such thing as a typical hydrometallurgical or pyrometallurgical treatment. When applying a hydrometallurgical treatment scenario, the focus lies on zinc and iron recycling. When allowing manganese recycling, the energy demand of the hydrometallurgical process increases considerably. Both pyrometallurgical options recycle zinc, iron and manganese. According to the LCA, none of the treatment scenarios performs generally better or worse than the others. Each option has specific advantages and disadvantages. The Batteries Directive 2006/66/EC sets out a recycling rate of 50% for consumer waste batteries. Based on metal recycling alone, the mass balances show that the target is difficult to obtain.     

国内外废旧便携式电池的循环利用比较

便携式电池包括一次电池和二次可充式电池，含有多种有色金属成分,如Ni,Cd,Mn,Li,Co,Cu,,Ag等。我国已成为世界电池生产、消费和出口大国，电池的生产消耗了大量的有色金属资源，其中包括国内紧缺的镍、钴金属等。分析了不同废旧电池的成分，介绍了废旧电池处理的主要方法。通过了解发达国家或地区，如欧盟、日本、美国、加拿大，以及国内在废旧便携式电池管理方面的立法和循环利用现状，发现国内废旧便携式电池的回收管理和循环利用工作存在很大差距。其主要原因是缺乏有效的收集设施，还没有建立基本的回收体系，法律监管力度不够，责任明细不清，公民回收意识薄弱等。     

废旧干电池的条形码分类设备研究

设计了一种基于干电池条形码管理方案的自动化分类设备,利用该设备可以对不同体系的废旧干电池进行分类,从而有针对性地为不同电化学体系的废旧干电池采取何种回收方案奠定基础.     

废旧锂离子电池资源化研究现状

介绍了锂离子电池的基本结构、材料组成及工作原理,阐述了回收处理锂离子电池的必要性及迫切性,综述了当前国内外废旧锂离子电池的资源化研究现状及存在问题,并预测了今后废旧锂离子电池的资源化发展趋势.     

关于我国废干电池再生利用技术研究的几点思考

对我国废干电池再生利用技术研究提出了几点看法,认为我国废干电池再生利用技术既要注意环境无害化、资源化,还要考虑产业化和适应性问题,使我们的技术既有高的技术含量又符合我国国情.     

废锂电池放电及正极片分离回收处理

研究了废锂电池放电及正极片分离回收处理工艺。实验结果表明:经质量浓度30 g/L NaCl溶液浸泡9.0 h可实现电池放电,残余电压在0.5 V以下;在60℃恒温水浴振荡、NaOH质量浓度40 g/L、废锂电池质量与NaOH溶液体积的比为15 g/L的优化条件下,集流体完全与活性物质分离,回收得到的黑色粉末为LiCoO2活性材料,未见铝杂质的特征峰;通过硫酸中和的方法回收碱浸溶液中的铝,当体系pH为10.0时,可获得最大量的Al(OH)3沉淀,沉淀物颗粒表面光滑,粒径大小不一。     

基于生命周期的干电池回收及其循环经济模型

介绍了产品全生命周期和循环经济的概念,提出了产品的资源循环模型.对干电池全生命周期的生命过程及阶段进行了划分,并分析了干电池的材料组成,提出了可应用于实践的干电池回收循环利用模型,计算出3种类型回收材料各自所占比重,为我国干电池回收业提供了决策理论和实践指导.     

Eddy current separation of broken lithium battery products in consideration of the shape factor

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - Among the common recycling methods for lithium battery materials, pyrometallurgy recycling leads to high energy consumption and carbon emission...     

回收废旧电池外壳聚丙烯的力学和耐热性能研究

社会经济的发展和生活水平的提高使得汽车保有量逐年增加,服役后报废汽车产生的废旧蓄电池也快速上升,报废的蓄电池给环境带来巨大压力。废旧电池外壳是聚丙烯,如何循环利用成为亟待解决问题。采用高抗冲共聚聚丙烯对其进行增韧改性,结果表明:当添加20%共聚聚丙烯后,缺口冲击强度提升39.2%,熔体流动速率降低了48.3%,在150℃进行热老化,300 h后表面没有明显变化,综合性能达到蓄电池专用料水平,同时为回收废旧蓄电池外壳聚丙烯材料的闭环回收提供了可行方案。     

从废干电池回收锌生产纳米氧化锌粉

说明了废旧电池的危害,提出了对废旧干电池中锰粉、碳棒、铜帽、锌皮等可再利用资源的回收利用方法.着重介绍了从锌皮制取纳米级氧化锌的优惠工艺条件,对所制得的氧化锌产物进行的X射线衍射分析和TEM分析,表明所得的产品为高纯纳米氧化锌粉.进而指出了纳米氧化锌粉在橡胶工业、陶瓷材料以及高科技磁性材料产品中的用途.     

从废旧锌锰电池中回收锌和锰的工艺研究

废旧锌锰干电池经过剖开、焙烧处理,去除汞和碳粉,再用硫酸浸取,滤液采用沉淀法分离锌和锰.锌和锰的回收率分别为94.5%和93.6%.     

废无汞碱性电池极性材料制备锰锌铁氧体磁性纳米颗粒

以硝酸浸取废无汞碱性电池极性材料,再加入硝酸铁及蔗糖生成前驱体,最后通过焙烧制得锰锌铁氧体磁性纳米颗粒。优化了酸浸和焙烧条件,采用FTIR和DTA-TG技术研究了前驱体的形成和热解过程,采用XRD、FTIR、TEM技术和振动样品磁强计对锰锌铁氧体进行了表征。结果表明:废无汞碱性电池极性材料酸浸的最佳条件为H_2O_2加入量3%(w)、液固比10 mL/g、稀硝酸浓度4 mol/L、浸取温度40℃,该条件下浸取10 min锰和锌的浸出率均可达100%;所得前驱体为葡萄糖酸盐,其最佳焙烧条件为焙烧温度450℃、焙烧时间2 h;最佳条件下所得锰锌铁氧体为尖晶石型Mn_(0.5)Zn_(0.5)Fe_2O_4,其颗粒为球形、大小均匀,且磁性能优良。     

我国废铅蓄电池产生量与再生铅产能的讨论

废铅蓄电池是再生铅主要原料，铅蓄电池产量、进出口量、社会消费保有量，以及铅蓄电池消费使用领域与废铅蓄电池产生量有关。预测2015年废铅蓄电池产生量，并讨论我国再生铅产能规模，供再生铅产业结构调整与区域布局调整作参考。     

国内外废电池管理与回收处理分析

通过对国内外在废电池的管理与回收利用方面的成果及存在问题的分析,探讨了如何加强废电池环境无害化管理的方法,提出了控制电池生产源、加强管理法规建设、完善管理体系、建立健全环境无害化管理机制、研究适合国情的先进技术等几方面的建议.     

DISCRISET: A battery of tests for fast waste classification – Application of tests on waste extracts

The Hazardous Waste Directive (HWD, Council Directive 91/689/EC, 1991) provides a framework for classification of hazardous waste, based on 15 Hazard (H)-criteria. For complex wastes the HWD foresees the application of toxicity tests on the waste material itself to assess its toxic properties. However, these proposed test methods often involve mammalian testing, which is not acceptable from an ethical point of view, nor is it feasible economically. The DISCRISET project was initiated to investigate the use of alternative chemical and biological fast screening tests for waste hazard classification. In the first part of the project, different methods were reviewed and a testing strategy was proposed to minimize time and cost of analysis by a tiered approach. This includes as a first tier chemical analysis followed by a general acute toxicity screen as a second tier and as a third tier mechanistic toxicity tests to assess chronic toxicity (genotoxicity, hormone disturbance, teratogenic effects, immunologic activity). In this phase of the project, selected methods were applied to 16 different waste samples from various sources and industries. The first tier chemical tests are recommended for the full characterization of the leachate fraction (inorganics) but not for the organic fraction of samples. Here the chemical characterization is only useful if toxic content is known or suspected. As second tier the fast bacterial test Microtox is validated as a general toxicity screen for the organic fraction (worst case organic extract). Samples that are not classified in tier 1 or 2 are then further investigated in the third tier by the mechanistic toxicity tests and tested for their potential chronic toxicity: immune activity (TNF-α upregulation) is indicative for corrosive, irritating or sensitising effects (H4/H8/H15), reproductive effects (H10) are indicated by hormone disturbance and early life stage abnormalities in fish larvae when exposed to the extracts and mutagenicity and carcinogenicity (H7, H11) are indicated by SOS response induction and increased mutation frequency in the Ames test when exposed to the extracts. Results indicate that the combination of chemical tests and bioassays allows important hazardous properties to be addressed and the tiered approach ensures that the tests are performed quickly and economically. The suggested strategy provides a solid and ethical alternative to the methods described in the HWD and is a vast improvement on the current, arbitrary classification.     

Exposure assessment of lead to workers and children in the battery recycling craft village,Dong Mai,Vietnam

Human exposure to lead (Pb) due to uncontrolled Pb-acid battery recycling has been an environmental health issue in newly developed industrial regions. We conducted a human monitoring survey in Dong Mai, a battery recycling village in Vietnam, to assess exposure status to Pb. Lead level was measured in hair, blood and urine samples of residents in Dong Mai and two reference sites during 4 years spanning 2007–2011. In Dong Mai, Pb levels in three matrixes were significantly higher than those in reference sites. Blood Pb levels of all adults and children exceeded 10 μg/dL, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention definition of an elevated blood Pb level. Clear increase of urinary δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) level with increasing blood Pb level indicated disruption of heme synthesis. One adult exceeded 100 μg/dL of blood Pb, where encephalopathy is of concern. The blood Pb levels achieved various toxic effect threshold values, and elevated blood Pb was not limited to recycling workers, but was also in children and women of reproductive age. Serious pollution status of Dong Mai village suggests an importance of further monitoring surveys in various developing Asian countries.