荣成人工湿地净化效果的季节和年际变化

荣成人工湿地污水处理系统占地面积80 hm2,处理规模2.0万m3.d-1,1998年10月开始投入运行。对1999年1月到2004年12月荣成人工湿地污水处理系统净化效果以及净化效果的季节和年际变化进行分析。结果表明,人工湿地对SS、BOD5、CODC r均有很好的去除效果,出水浓度分别为(27.6±6.6)、(22.7±4.3)和(90.0±12.5)mg.L-1,去除率分别为73.9%、72.5%和63.8%。大肠菌群、粪大肠菌群去除率分别为99.7%和99.6%。对NH4 -N和TP去除效果较差,出水浓度分别为(11.2±2.7)和(2.03±0.29)mg.L-1,去除率分别为45.1%和30.2%。BOD5、CODC r、NH4 -N和TP的去除效果与季节变化有一定关系,NH4 -N受季节变化的影响最大,其次是TP,BOD5和CODC r受季节变化的影响相对较小。分析BOD5、CODC r、NH4 -N和TP去除效果的年际变化发现,BOD5、CODC r和NH4 -N去除率有增加的趋势。TP去除率在2001年和2002年基本相同,从2003年开始下降。     

活性污泥-人工湿地组合处理系统中污染物的去除

通过12个月的现场监测试验,研究了活性污泥法与四个串联潜流人工湿地构成的组合处理系统对农村生活污水的处理效果及其影响因素.结果表明,当平均处理量为82 T·d-1(36-132 T·d-1),湿地系统水力负荷为0.52-1.88 m·d-1时,组合处理系统对TSS,AN,TP,COD和BOD5的去除率分别为75%,71%,38%,81%和88%;湿地系统对COD,BOD5,SS,AN和TP的去除率分别为39%,55%,48%,5%和18%.方差分析表明,影响组合系统处理效果的主要因素是水力负荷及处理单元;湿地系统中有机污染物(COD,BOD5,SS)的去除主要是由第一块湿地完成的,而AN及TP的去除却呈现"累积"的特点;结合电子受体SO42-,NO3-及NO2-在湿地系统中的浓度变化趋势,推测湿地系统中有机污染物的生物去除主要是通过反硝化脱氮进行的,而通过硫酸盐还原(在硫酸盐还原菌的作用下)却是次要过程.     

生物炭基质潮汐流人工湿地处理生活污水性能

潮汐流人工湿地是一种新型的污水处理技术,作为人工湿地的重要组成部分,基质的合理选择能够直接影响人工湿地的运行效果。以鸡粪生物炭和玉米秸秆生物炭为基质分别建立潮汐流人工湿地来处理生活污水,并以石灰石基质人工湿地作为对照,考察不同淹没/排水比(8 h/4 h和4 h/8 h)下人工湿地对生活污水中各项污染物的去除性能。研究结果表明:生物炭基质人工湿地对COD、BOD、NH4~+-N、TN和PO4~(3-)-P的去除效率均高于石灰石基质人工湿地,且玉米秸秆生物炭基质人丁湿地对各项污染物的去除效果最好,各项污染物去除率分别为(73.6%±2.9%,COD)、(84.8%±6.1%,BOD5)、(84.2%±3.2%,NH4~+-N)、(45.3%±2.2%,TN)和(84.6%±2.8%,PO4~(3-)-P);当淹没/排水比由8 h/4 h改为4 h/8 h时,除PO4~(3-)-P的去除率基本不变外,各组人工湿地对生活污水COD、BOD、NH4~+-N和TN的去除率均有不同程度的升高,且玉米秸秆生物炭基质人工湿地对各项污染物的去除效果最好,各项污染物去除率分别为(80.5%±5.2%,COD)、(92.1%±5.1%,BOD5)、(90.3%±3.2%,NH4~+-N)、(60.3%±2.2%,TN)和(84.7%±1.5%,PO4~(3-)-P);生物炭基质人工湿地对NH4~+-N的去除途径主要为物理吸附和微生物硝化作用,且微生物硝化作用占主导,对PO4~(3-)-P的去除途径主要为物理吸附和微生物好氧吸磷作用,且微生物好氧吸磷作用占主导;生物炭基质中的微生物量要高于石灰石基质,且上层基质的微生物量高于下层基质;在微生物群落中,Clostridiaceae和Nitrosomonadaceae菌群分别承担有机物和NH4~+-N的主要去除,其在生物炭基质中的相对丰富度均高于石灰石基质。     

人工湿地组合生态工艺对规模化猪场养殖废水的净化效果研究

研究了表面流、水平潜流和垂直潜流人工湿地以及地下渗滤系统组合生态工艺对模拟和实际猪场养殖废水的净化效果。结果表明,在进水ρ（COD）=709.2 mg.L-1,ρ（TN）=597.1 mg.L-1,ρ（NH4＋-N）=560.4 mg.L-1和ρ（TP）=42.5 mg.L-1的质量浓度条件下组合生态系统对于COD、TN、NH4＋-N和TP的去除率分别可以达到87%、95%、97%和95%,其中COD的去除主要在第一级表面流人工湿地,NH4＋-N和TN去除主要是在水平潜流和垂直潜流人工湿地,水平潜流和垂直潜流人工湿地对溶解性磷酸盐去除效果明显,地下渗滤起到进一步稳定出水水质的作用。水平潜流和垂直潜流人工湿地的运行结果对比表明,后者对污染物的去除率均高于前者。     

人工增氧型复合湿地污染物净化效果

针对传统人工湿地负荷低、硝化能力弱和易堵塞的缺点,结合曝气生物滤池与人工湿地强化理论的研究成果,自主开发了人工增氧型复合湿地工艺,即生物接触氧化预处理+微曝气垂直流湿地+水平潜流湿地。通过对滇池北岸城郊混合制污水处理的模型试验,分析该工艺流程各净化单元的污染物去除效果。结果显示,人工增氧型复合湿地对不同水力负荷和污染负荷都体现了较强的缓冲调节能力和较高的净化效果。对污染物的总去除率分别为SS 94.5%、CODCr71.3%、氨氮72.3%,在进水总氮10.0 mg.L-1条件下实现了41.9%的总氮去除率,出水总氮均值为5.8 mg.L-1。     

两种复合人工湿地系统对东莞运河污水的净化效果

复合人工湿地系统是将不同类型的人工湿地相组合,充分发挥各类型湿地特长,实现优势瓦补的一种更有效的污水净化系统.研究采用复合垂直流-水平潜流人工湿地和复合垂直下行流人工湿地两种复合人工湿地系统对东莞运河的河道污水进行处理,分别监测了两套不同复合人工湿地系统第一、二级湿地单元的出水情况,研究了不同时间段和一定的水力负荷下复合人工湿地系统对河道污水的净化效果.结果表明,两种复合人工湿地系统的二级湿地单元出水各指标明显优于一级湿地单元,复合垂直流-水平潜流湿地对东莞运河污水COD、BOD_5和TP的平均去除率分别达到70.52%、69.21%和55.56%;复合垂直下行流湿地系统对TP的净化尤其突出,平均去除率达到72.62%,二级出水的质量浓度在0.10～0.60 mg·L~(-1)之间,对COD和BOD_5的平均去除率分别为64.74%和60.63%.两种复合系统的出水浓度均达到<城市污水处理厂污染物排放标准>(GB 18918-2002)中的一级标准.由此可见,两种复合人工湿地系统对各污染物去除效果明显优于单一的湿地系统,且更具稳定性和耐冲击能力.     

两种人工湿地长期运行效果研究

通过对栽种有芦苇和美人蕉的水平潜流人工湿地进行两年多的试验研究,分析人工湿地去除效果随运行时间变化的规律,探讨不同季节和温度对COD、TN和TP去除率的影响。试验结果表明,在最佳运行条件下,COD、TN和TP去除率可分别达到90%、65%和55%以上;从两年多的运行情况来看,COD和TN的去除效果变化不大,TP去除率下降显著。     

絮凝-光催化处理实际染料废水的研究

采用絮凝-光催化氧化工艺成功地处理了实际染料废水;研究了COD光催化降解动力学。COD和BOD5浓度分别为2169mg／L、295mg／L的染料废水,经絮凝-光催化处理后,出水COD和BOD5分别为214mg／L、18．5mg／L,去除率分别为90．1％、93．7％。向光催化体系中加入H2O2,可促进COD与BOD5的去除。该工艺可处理高浓度染料废水。     

典型根系分泌物成分对人工湿地去除雌激素的影响

人工湿地是一种简单、经济的生态型水处理技术,有研究表明利用人工湿地去除类固醇雌激素(SEs)具有一定的效果。天然雌激素雌酮(E1)和人工合成雌激素17-α乙炔基雌二醇(EE2)是环境中典型的类固醇雌激素,目前对人工湿地去除SEs的研究多集中在去除效率方面,机理研究缺乏。文章研究了不同浓度的典型根系分泌物成分草酸和咖啡酸对人工湿地去除模拟污水中E1和EE2的影响。结果表明:在进水流量为139μL·min-1,水力停留时间为5 d情况下,随着根系分泌物质量浓度的增加,9种不同类型的潜流湿地对E1平均去除率分别为34.3%(50 mg·L-1)、41.5%(100 mg·L-1)、55.8%(200 mg·L-1),对E2平均去除率分别为21.3%(50 mg·L-1)、29.6%(100 mg·L-1)、42.9%(200 mg·L-1),说明在一定范围内(50~200 mg·L-1),根系分泌物质量浓度的增加能促进人工湿地对E1、EE2的去除。利用荧光原位杂交(FISH)法分析湿地植物根区微生物数量。草酸、咖啡酸质量浓度各为50、100、200 mg·L-1时,细菌数量分别为6.0×106、7.2×106、11.2×106个·g-1。结果表明:根系分泌物质量浓度越高,湿地细菌数量越多,E1的生物降解作用越强。分析根系分泌物去除率与SEs去除率的关系发现:随着草酸、咖啡酸添加量的增加,其去除率逐渐降低,E1去除率增高。总之,根系分泌物共代谢可以增强人工湿地中SEs的降解作用。     

人工湿地土壤微生物生物量碳与污水净化效果的关系

微生物在人工湿地污水净化过程中发挥着重要作用,微生物生物量碳是微生物的重要表征之一.为探讨人工湿地土壤微生物量碳与污水净化效果的关系,以表面流人工湿地为研究对象,分别研究了不同植物人工湿地土壤微生物生物量碳和净化效果的时空变化及其相关性.结果显示,4种植物湿地表层(0-5 cm)微生物生物量碳极显著高于深层(15-20 cm)的测量值(P<0.01).人工湿地污染物去除效果与微生物生物量碳具有相同的季节变化规律,都呈单峰型的季节格局,夏秋季较高,冬春季较低.微生物生物量碳与人工湿地COD、BOD5和TN的去除呈显著正相关(P<0.05).水鬼蕉湿地具有较高的微生物生物量碳,而污染物去除率一般较低,这表明不同湿地微生物生物量碳与污染物去除率的相关性呈现不确定性.     

Wet oxidation of debarking water: changes in lignin content and biodegradability

The purpose of the research was to estimate optimal conditions for wet oxidation (WO) of debarking water from the paper industry. The WO experiments were performed at various temperatures, partial oxygen pressures and pHs. The experiments showed that lignin degradation and organics removal are affected remarkably by temperature and pH. At different WO conditions (pH 12, T 130–200°C), 78–97% of lignin reduction was detected. pH value of 12 caused faster removal of tannins/lignin content; pH value of five was more effective for removal of total organics, represented by chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon. The highest biodegradability [biological oxygen demand (BOD)/COD] of 0.72 was obtained at a pH of ten and temperature of 200°C.     

Evaluating the seasonal changes of some water quality parameters of the Buyuk Melen River Basin (Duzce, Turkey)

In this study, some heavy metal concentrations (Pb, Zn, Fe, Cr, Cu), suspended sediment, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), cyanide, phenol, fecal coliform and total coliform water parameters were determined in the streams (Kucuk Melen, Asarsuyu, Ugursuyu, Buyuk Melen and Aksu) of Buyuk Melen Watershed that provides drinking water to Istanbul in Western Black Sea Region of Turkey. Measurements of water quality parameters were done monthly in eleven separate stations (4 in Kucuk Melen Stream, 1 in Asarsuyu Stream, 1 in Ugur Stream, 1 in Aksu Stream and 4 in Buyuk Melen Stream) from August 2001 to August 2002. The seasonal changes in water quality parameters were evaluated statistically. The results, the parameters, COD, BOD, Pb, Zn, Fe, Cr, Cu, cyanide, fecal coliform, total coliform and suspended sediment showed significant differences among seasons and streams (ANOVA; P <0.05). According to Turkish Standarts (TS) 266, European Union (EU) and World Health Organization (WHO) criteria, the maximum values of each parameter in streams within the Buyuk Melen watershed are recorded and evaluated in this study.     

Estimation of fecal Coliform removal from domestic sewage in two sand filter column systems

The objective of the present research is to compare fecal coliform removal from two different sand column systems treating septic tank effluent over a range of hydraulic loading rates. Drain time measurements were performed to compare the hydraulic characteristic of the column systems at different hydraulic loading rates. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solids (TSS), and pH were also measured for the septic tank effluent. A removal of the order of 99% for fecal coliform, TSS, and BOD in column effluent was achieved using the sand filter columns. The ‘break‐in’ period for determining the effectiveness of the sand filter columns is also discussed.     

Achieving biodegradability enhancement and acute biotoxicity removal through the treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater using a combined internal electrolysis and ultrasonic irradiation technology

Actual pharmaceutical wastewater was treated using a combined ultrasonic irradiation (US) and iron/coke internal electrolysis (Fe/C) technology. A significant synergetic effect was observed, showing that ultrasonic irradiation dramatically enhanced the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiencies by internal electrolysis. The effects of primary operating factors on COD removal were evaluated systematically. Higher ultrasonic frequency and lower pH values as well as longer reaction time were favorable to COD removal. The ratio of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and COD (B/C) of the wastewater increased from 0.21 to 0.32 after US-Fe/C treatment. An acute biotoxicity assay measuring the inhibition of bioluminescence indicated that the wastewater with overall toxicity of 4.3 mg-Zn²⁺·L^-1 was reduced to 0.5 mg-Zn²⁺·L^-1 after treatment. Both the raw and the treated wastewater samples were separated and identified. The types of compounds suggested that the increased biodegradability and reduced biotoxicity resulted mainly from the destruction of N,N-2 dimethyl formamide and aromatic compounds in the pharmaceutical wastewater.     

Disinfection of wastewater: comparative evaluation of chlorination and DHS-biotower

The present study reports the onsite evaluation of two pilot scale disinfection units. One of the pilot plants is based on chlorination, and other is based on fixed film aerobic process (biotower). Evaluation study consisted of onsite monitoring of COD, BOD5 and TSS and fecal coliform over a period of three months. Samples were collected from the inlet and outlet of the pilot plants. These pilot plants were evaluated so as to have an appropriate disinfection technology for the treatment of the effluents from upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor (UASBR) based sewage treatment plants which could meet the biological quality standards. All the influents samples collected from both the pilot plants contained fecal coliform ranging from 105 to 10(6) MPN/100 ml. The results show that the fecal coliform removal is up to 98.2% and 100% forbiotower and chlorination, respectively. Both, the chlorination and down hanging sponge-biotower (DHS-biotower) improved the quality of effluent from the UASBRin terms of COD, BOD5 and TSS. Though chlorination performed better compared to the DHS-biotower, however, it has additional risk associated with the formation of trihalomethanes (THMs).     

Algal purification of pretreated landfill Leachate

The efficiency of microalgae in removing various pollutants in landfill leachate after pretreatment by free stripping or air stripping was tested by a laboratory batch system. The results showed that Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Scenedesmus sp. had similar removal efficiencies with regard to ammoniacal‐nitrogen, oxidized‐nitrogen, orthophosphate and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The COD removal by algal treatment was better in Junk Bay (JB) leachate than in Gin Drinkers’ Bay (GDB) leachate (14–21% and 0.4–7% respectively). No significant difference (P > 0.05) was found in removing other nutrients including ammoniacal‐nitrogen, oxidized‐nitrogen and orthophosphate between leachate from the two landfills, regardless of the pretreatment used. The removal efficiencies of ammoniacal‐nitrogen and phosphorus were found to be higher in air‐stripped leachate than in free‐stripped one. Removal of ammoniacal‐nitrogen and phosphorus in air‐stripped leachate was 30% and 87% respectively. Poor removal of ammoniacal‐nitrogen was probably due to a deficiency in phosphorus (high N : P ratio) for algal growth in leachate. The two‐stage leachate treatment (ammonia stripping followed by algal purification) resulted in overall reduction of COD (38–51%), ammoniacal‐nitrogen (72–96%) and orthophosphate (79–96%).     

活性污泥吸附预处理重油裂化制气废水

利用剩余活性污泥对含有高浓度芳香族化合物的重油裂化制气废水进行预处理的研究并提出了合适的吸附条件。结果表明，活性污泥吸附预处理对COD和悬浮物有明显的去除效果，而且可以提高废水BOD5／COD的比值，另外还有降解芳香族化合物的作用，使进入生物处理系统的废水的可生物降解性有明显的改善。这一方法为利用普通废水生物处理系统中产生的剩余活性污泥来预处理难降解的工业废水提供了一条有效的途径。     

Assessment of physico-chemical properties and metal contents of water and sediments of Bodo Creek,Niger Delta,Nigeria

Some physico-chemical properties and the concentrations of the metals Fe, Mn, Ni, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Pb, and Zn in water and sediments were examined from September 2011 to January 2012 in Bodo Creek, where oil spills have been recurrent. Temperature, pH, total dissolved solid, conductivity, salinity, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total hardness, sulfate, nitrate, and phosphate were determined in surface water. Particle size, total organic matter (TOM), and pH were also determined in the sediments. The parameters were within permissible limits except the mean values of BOD, COD, total hardness, and sulfate that exceeded levels permissible for domestic use. The sediments consisted mainly of sand, with TOM ranging from 0.2% to 5.5%. With the exception of cadmium that was below detection limit, metal levels (mg kg^?1) in the sediments were 12 (Mn), 1070 (Fe), 10 (Cu), 10 (Zn), 5.3 (Cr), 1.1 (Pb), 1.0 (Ni), and 0.5 (Co) while in water they were 24, 98, 21, 6.9, 4.0, 0.6, 0.18, and 0.16, respectively. The latter were higher than World Health Organization recommended permissible levels for both surface and drinking water.     

风车草对生活污水的净化效果及其在人工湿地的应用

研究了风车划（Cyerus alternifolius）的生长特性和对生活污水的净化效果。风车草全年保持生长，即使在冬天仍能维持一定的生长速率。风车草在生活污水中培养10d后，污水中TN、TP、COD和BOD的去除率分别达到91％、92％、70％和73％，其中风车草对N、P的吸收量分别占净化量的55％和53％。种植风车草的潜流型人工湿地对TN、TP、COD和BOD的去除率分别为64％、47％、74％和74％，与不种植物的人工湿地相比，TN、TP、COD和BOD的去除率分别提高了28％、19％、14％和13％。图2表3参12     

Optimization of thermophilic anaerobic-aerobic treatment system for Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME)

Optimization of an integrated anaerobic-aerobic bioreactor (IAAB) treatment system for the reduction of organic matter (Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) concentrations) in Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) to legal standards with high methane yield was performed for the first time under thermophilic condition (50°C–55°C) by using response surface methodology (RSM). The experiments were conducted based on a central composite rotatable design (CCRD) with three independent operating variables, organic loading rates in anaerobic compartment (OLR_an) and mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) concentration in anaerobic (MLVSS_an) and aerobic compartments (MLVSS_a). The optimum conditions for the POME treatment were determined as OLR_an of 15.6 g COD·L^-1·d^-1, MLVSS_an of 43100 mg·L^-1, and MLVSS_a of 18600 mg·L^-1, where high aerobic COD, BOD and TSS removal efficiencies of 96.3%, 97.9%, and 98.5% were achieved with treated BOD of 56 mg·L^-1 and TSS of 28 mg·L^-1 meeting the discharge standard. This optimization study successfully achieved a reduction of 42% in the BOD concentrations of the final treated effluent at a 48% higher OLR_an as compared to the previous works. Besides, thermophilic IAAB system scores better feasibility and higher effectiveness as compared to the optimized mesophilic system. This is due to its higher ability to handle high OLR with higher overall treatment efficiencies (more than 99.6%), methane yield (0.31 L CH₄·g^-1 COD_removed) and purity of methane (67.5%). Hence, these advantages ascertain the applicability of thermophilic IAAB in the POME treatment or even in other high-strength wastewaters treatment.