山水林田湖草生态保护修复江苏实践与思考

“实施山水林田湖草生态保护和修复工程，全面提升自然生态系统稳定性和生态服务功能”是习近平生态文明思想的重要创新成果，为开展生态环境保护修复工作提供了重要指引和根本遵循。2019年以来，江苏省开展山水林田湖草生态保护修复省级试点工程共5类59个工程项目。在总结了试点地区工作经验做法的基础上，针对存在的生态保护修复和绿色发展协同理念认识不足、生态修复保护整体性和系统性不够、生态修复经验总结及全周期管理有待加强、打破界限的体制机制改革创新亟需完善等问题及难点，提出了相应的工作政策建议，以期打造全国生态保护修复的江苏样板。     

淮北中湖采煤沉陷区治理前后景观格局变化研究

基于淮北中湖采煤沉陷区2005年、2014年和2018年的遥感影像进行地表景观解译,研究治理前后该区景观格局变化特征及生态效应。结果表明:治理前,该区耕地破碎化加剧、景观优势最大并持续减弱,沉陷积水区水体呈聚集化趋势;治理后,景观基质由耕地变为水体,林地、草地面积显著增加且景观优势上升,人工湖泊水体聚集程度高。区域景观破碎化减弱且中部比西北部破碎化程度低,景观蔓延度较稳定,景观多样性增加,边缘正效应增强,生态环境质量上升。在资源枯竭型矿区城市的生态治理中要合理优化水-陆景观格局,改善生态系统结构,减缓城市发展中的景观破碎化。     

城市建设及建筑设计的生态性探讨

运用景观生态学原理分析了我国城市建设的生态现状和生态设计内涵，并对城市和建筑的生态设计提出了一些思路和对策．     

深圳滨海大道工程的生态影响与生态补偿

通过运用景观生态学原理对滨海大道工程中生态环境的损失及生态补偿的阐述,指出了道路工程的实施必须充分考虑生态环境损失及相应的生态建设,以利于区域内生态环境良好发展.     

略谈淮北市城市景观生态建设

为了保护淮北市城市生态环境，拟利用城市景观生态学原理对该市城市景观进行生态设计，包括城市自然组分、非自然组分设计。自然组分包括种群源、廊道、节点等内容，力争使自然组分成为环境质量的控制性组分，使城市生态良性循环、物种多样并持续存在和流动可达，物质循环、能量流动、信息传递畅通。     

新疆生态功能区划初探

“新疆生态功能区划”参考了“中国综合生态环境区划方案”，以《生态功能区划暂行规程》为依据，充分考虑新疆独特的地理分布格局，将新疆分为5个生态区，18个生态亚区，79个生态功能区。“新疆生态功能区划”对科学有效地管理新疆生态环境，因地制宜地实施保护和治理策略，保证社会经济可持续发展具有重要意义。     

艾比湖流域核心区景观生态功能区划及生态调控措施研究

在探讨了景观生态功能区划的概念、原则及区划方法的基础上,以新疆艾比湖流域核心区为对象,采用叠置法并利用“3S”技术对研究区进行了自下而上的景观生态功能区的划分,共划分出4个景观生态功能区和9个景观生态功能亚区。分析了各景观功能区的主导生态功能、保护目标,并有针对性地提出了景观生态调控的工程措施和管理措施,为恢复和重建艾比湖流域景观生态安全格局提供科学的参考依据。     

西部生态敏感地带分析与可持续发展探讨

西部生态敏感地带是西部地域空间中的一个特殊地理单元，因其生态系统稳定性较差，自然生态系统功能偏低，容易受到人类活动的干扰，故该地带内生态环境问题较为突出生态环境问题反过来又制约着这一地带的经济发展，使西部生态敏感地带成为我国西部生态环境突出，经济发展落后的区域之一，对西部生态敏感地带的特征了分析，在此基础上就该地带的可持续发展作了初步探讨。     

泰州全市及生态红线区“十二五”土地利用变化探究

以土地利用转移矩阵为基础,通过计算土地利用净变化量、交换变化量和绝对变化总量,对泰州市及生态红线区2010—2014年土地利用空间变化特征做分析。结果显示:耕地转化为建设用地及水域湿地景观为主要变化趋势,生态红线区域内土地开发利用受到较严格的限制,保护措施成效较好,其自然生态环境得到持续的修复和改善。     

景观生态学与荒漠生态环境监测

通过对景观生态的阐述,在讨论荒漠生态环境监测的概念、对象、内容、方法和目的的基础上,分析了景观生态学成为荒漠生态环境监测理论和实践的基础的可能性和必要性,指出景观生态学在荒漠生态环境监测中的应用大有可为。     

昌吉硫磺沟矿区地表沉陷区的土地整治与生态恢复

针对昌吉市硫磺沟矿区煤矿开采引起的地表沉陷及其对矿区地表及环境破坏的影响,以减轻地表沉陷危害程度、恢复矿区所在地的生态功能为目标,按照采矿区塌陷类型、塌陷坑大小及塌陷区地理环境,采用不同的土地整治与生态恢复措施,在防治和控制矿区地表沉陷引起的生态破坏及生态环境保护方面取得很好的成果与经验.     

生态修复后某矿区下游农田土壤金属污染特征与风险评价

为研究广东省某矿区开展生态修复多年后下游农田土壤的金属污染状况,选取该矿区下游某村周边农田土壤及灌溉水渠作为研究对象,对该区域采集了40个土壤表层样本和8个水体样本,利用Arcgis软件对农田土壤样品中As、Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、Mn和Fe₂O₃的质量分数进行克里金空间插值,解析该区域农田土壤金属的空间分布特征;采用综合污染指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对该区域耕作层土壤中As、Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn和Mn进行风险评价。结果表明,40个土壤样品中As、Cd、Cu、Zn和Pb的超标率分别为77.5%、70%、87.5%、27.5%和67.5%,说明调查区域农田土壤污染属于多金属复合污染,且对农作物的生产和安全产生巨大的威胁。部分土壤样品中As、Pb和Cd含量超过了中国农用地土壤污染风险管制值,需采取严格管控措施。通过分析土壤金属的空间分布,发现土壤金属含量超标点位主要位于灌溉口与受污染河流周边,且含量与离灌溉口距离成反比。结合目前灌溉水样中的金属均未超标的情况,得出该区域农田土壤污染是由该矿区生态环境修复前所产生的含金属灌溉水导致土壤中金属的积累...     

Environmental management zoning for coal mining in mainland China based on ecological and resources conditions

The purpose of this research is to establish an environmental management zoning for coal mining industry which is served as a basis for making environmental management policies. Based on the specific impacts of coal mining and regional characteristics of environment and resources, the ecological impact, water resources impact, and arable land impact are chose as the zoning indexes to construct the index system. The ecological sensitivity is graded into three levels of low, medium, and high according to analytical hierarchy processes and gray fixed weight clustering analysis, and the water resources sensitivity is divided into five levels of lower, low, medium, high, and higher according to the weighted sum of sub-indexes, while only the arable land sensitive zone was extracted on the basis of the ratio of arable land to the county or city. By combining the ecological sensitivity zoning and the water resources sensitive zoning and then overlapping the arable-sensitive areas, the mainland China is classified into six types of environmental management zones for coal mining except to the forbidden exploitation areas.     

面向生态监管的国家生态质量监测网络构建框架

从生态监管对生态质量评价的需求角度梳理了我国生态监测的现状及存在问题，分析了我国构建生态质量监测网络的必要性，并从网络建设目的、原则、空间布局、监测内容和工作机制等5个方面提出了国家生态质量监测网络的构建思路，最后指出"十四五"期间国家生态质量监测网络的重点任务，即开展生态质量综合观测站建设并进行生态功能相关监测和评估研究，开展生态质量监测样地系统建设并进行生态系统结构组成监测，从引导生态保护修复的科学性和提高自然生态用地利用效率出发开展生态质量监测和评价的尝试，建成天-空-地一体化的生态质量监测与预警体系。     

湖北省重点区域及周边表层土壤重金属污染现状及评价

对湖北省内9类不同重点区域及周边表层土壤环境质量进行检测,测定重金属镉、汞、砷、铅、铬、铜、镍、锌含量水平,采用内梅罗污染指数法和Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法对检测结果进行评价。结果表明:9类不同重点区域及周边土壤环境质量整体良好,未受重金属污染的土壤监测点位比例为68.2%~92.6%,轻度污染的点位比例为5.8%~20.4%,中度污染为0.0%~8.6%,重度污染为0.0%~9.1%;污染企业周边、油田采矿区周边、固废处置场地周边、工业遗留遗弃场地及周边4类重点区域受重金属污染相对较严重,影响其土壤环境质量的重金属主要是镉、砷、铜、铅;9类不同重点区域周边土壤环境质量的潜在生态风险等级以轻微、中度为主,对应的监测点位比例分别为36.4%~80.5%、18.1%~47.7%,潜在生态风险等级为强度、很强、极强的监测点位比例总和为1.4%~15.9%,主要分布在受重金属污染严重的监测区域。     

Derivation and Use of Sediment Quality Guidelines for Ecological Risk Assessment of Metals and Radionuclides Released to the Environment from Uranium Mining and Milling Activities in Canada

The Screening Level Concentration (SLC) approach was used to derive Lowest Effect Level (LEL) and Severe Effect Level (SEL) concentrations for nine metals (As, Cr, Cu, Pb, Mo, Ni, Se, U and V) and three radionuclides (²²⁶Ra, ²¹⁰Pb, and ²¹⁰Po) released to the aquatic environment during the mining and milling of uranium ore. This method was chosen because it allowed for the best use of the considerable historical and current data collected for diverse purposes in the uranium mining and milling regions of Canada (20,606 data points used in the analysis). Except for Cr, all the LELs derived in this study using the weighted method and published sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) were highly reliable (> 85%) in predicting sites unimpacted by uranium mining/milling defined as sites where reductions in the abundance and species richness of benthic invertebrate communities were < 20%. The derived SEL values and corresponding published SQGs (with the exception of Ni) were not reliable predictors (≤60%) of severe impacts on benthic invertebrate communities when severe impacts are defined as a reduction in abundance and species richness ≥40%. Most of the severely impacted sites had sediment contaminant concentrations well below the SEL values. It is concluded that LELs derived using the weighted method can reliably be used in ecological risk assessments as concentrations below which adverse effects on benthic invertebrate communities are not expected. In contrast, it is recommended that SELs not be used in assessments of uranium mining/milling activities as concentrations above which adverse effects are anticipated.     

Analysis of the changes of vegetation coverage of western Beijing mountainous areas using remote sensing and GIS

Mentougou District acts as a crucial component in the ecological buffer in western Beijing mountainous areas, Beijing, China. Using two Landsat MSS/TM images acquired on July 14, 1979 and July 23, 2005, the vegetation coverage of Mentougou District was calculated based on normalized difference vegetation index and spectral mixture analysis (NDVI-SMA) model. Its temporal and spatial changes were analyzed according to digital elevation model (DEM) image, social and economic data. The results showed that the vegetation coverage decreased from 76.4% in 1979 to 72.7% in 2005. Vegetation degradation was probably the result of human disturbance, such as outspreading of resident areas, and coal and stone mining activities, while vegetation restoration might be contributed by the combined effects of both natural processes and ecological construction effort. Vegetation changes were closely related to topographical characteristics. Plants at high altitude were more stable and less degraded than the plants at low altitude, while the plants on steep slope or northwest aspect were more vulnerable to degradation. During the period of 26 years, landscape appeared to become more fragmental, and ecological quality of the land seemed deteriorated sharply in that highly-covered vegetation area has been decreased by 24%.     

Impact of mining and forest regeneration on small mammal biodiversity in the Western Region of Ghana

Much of the terrestrial biodiversity in sub-Saharan Africa is supported by tropical rainforest. Natural resource development, particularly surface mining in the rainforest, poses great risks to the region’s rich and endemic biodiversity. Here, we assessed the impact of surface mining and the success of forest rehabilitation on small mammal diversity in the Western Region of Ghana. We surveyed small mammals in the project area and two adjoining forest reserves (control sites) before the mining operation and 10 years after mine closure and forest rehabilitation (topsoil replacement and revegetation). The forest reserves recorded higher species abundance than the mining areas. Majority of the species captured in the forest reserves, including Hylomyscus alleni, Praomys tullbergi, Malacomys cansdalei, and Hybomys trivirgatus, are forest obligate species. Only one individual each of H. alleni and P. tullbergi was captured in the naturally regenerated areas (core areas of mining activities that were allowed to revegetate naturally), while 32 individuals belonging to four species (Lophuromys sikapusi, Mus musculoides, Mastomys erythroleucus, and Crocidura olivieri) were recorded in the rehabilitated areas. Our data suggested negative effects of mining on small mammal diversity and the restoration of species diversity and important ecological processes after rehabilitation of altered habitats. We strongly encourage deliberate conservation efforts, particularly the development of management plans that require the restoration of degraded land resulting from mining activities.     

南通市生态环境遥感监测及其动态变化研究

应用遥感技术对南通市生态环境进行监测,利用GIS技术对遥感监测结果进行解译与分析,同时对2006-2009年南通市生态环境时空动态变化进行了分析与评价.结果表明,南通市生态环境类型以耕地、水域和城乡、工矿、居民用地为主,未利用土地面积极小.其生态环境动态变化的主要特点是耕地面积普遍有小幅度减少,以城镇建设用地为主的城乡、工矿、居民用地增加较多,林地面积无明显变化;未利用土地面积有所减少,以盐碱地面积减少为主,减少的面积主要用于耕地和建设用地.     

新疆煤炭开发环境保护问题及对策建议

针对新疆煤炭资源开发状况及新疆煤炭资源的分布特点,分析了煤炭开发过程中引发的环境问题,提出了加强煤炭资源开发区域规划环境影响评价,积极探索建立矿山生态环境恢复补偿机制,加强对煤矿开发产生的废水、矸石的处理及监管力度,加大矸石、废水的监管和排污收费征收力度等措施。