不同种植方式蔬菜中农药残留的差异及污染控制研究

采集了陕西地区不同种植方式的瓜果类、叶菜类蔬菜样品,研究了其中各种农药的残留情况,并分析了农药残留对环境的污染及其控制措施。结果表明:露地种植蔬菜与设施种植蔬菜相比,无论是农药残留检出率还是超标率都略高,两者的农药残留检出率分别为42.0%、36.5%,超标率分别为12.0%、8.2%;叶菜类蔬菜与瓜果类蔬菜相比,无论是农药残留检出率还是超标率都较高,两者的农药残留检出率分别为52.6%、29.6%,超标率分别为17.3%、5.4%;设施种植的瓜果类蔬菜和叶菜类蔬菜的农药残留检出率基本接近,而叶菜类蔬菜的农药残留超标率明显高于瓜果类蔬菜,露地种植的叶菜类蔬菜的农药残留检出率和超标率都远高于瓜果类蔬菜;设施种植蔬菜与露地种植蔬菜相比,甲胺磷、对硫磷、甲基对硫磷、毒死蜱、三氟氯氰菊酯和氰戊菊酯的残留检出率更高;瓜果类蔬菜与叶菜类蔬菜相比,毒死蜱、甲氰菊酯、三氟氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯的残留检出率更高;叶菜类蔬菜的农药施用浓度较高,施用农药后要间隔一定时间后再上市销售,并应采用更科学的施药方式,以减少农药在蔬菜中的残留和降低对环境的危害;一方面要开发并积极倡导使用高效、低毒、低残留的无公害农药,另一方面则要开发能够高效、快速降解残留农药的物质,同时还要进行农产品的清洁生产,以提高农产品的安全性,并降低环境中农药的残留危害。     

农产品中农药残留物排除的研究(二)

在蔬菜和果树上喷施农药,造成水果和蔬菜上含有不同程度的农药残留。施药不当会超过农药残留允许标准。因此,除了严格掌握合理施药外,还必须探讨排除和减少水果、蔬菜上农药残留量的方法。这是与人民健康休戚相关的重要课题。本文,采用灵敏     

有机磷农药在蔬菜中降解规律的研究

有机磷农药大多数是高效低残留的杀虫剂.广泛用于蔬菜上病虫害的防治,它的应用不仅污染了环境,而且还影响了蔬菜的质量;严重地影响了人类的健康,国外研究人员已不同程度地探索了有机磷农药在环境中的归宿及降解规律.我国也有从事这方面工作的研究和报导,但对有机磷农药在蔬菜上降解规律的研究尚未见到报导.     

蔬菜上低残留农药的选择及其安全使用

经试验示范,筛选出供蔬菜上使用的32种高效、低毒、低残留农药,并制定了30种农药的安全间隔期。     

汉沽污水库生物净化效应——DDT、666对斜生栅藻[Scendesmus Obliquus(Turp)KuTZ]生长量、色素含量及吸收光谱的影响

我国大部分地区长期使用有机氯农药做为杀虫剂,另一方面工厂排放污水中的有机氯农药,致使土壤,水系,大气,生物都存在不同程度有机氯农药的残留,对环境造成一定的污染。 环境中残留的农药,一方面可以经过生物的富集转移到食物中,影响人类健康。另一方面生物对农药也有一定自净能力。定量估计浮游植物的繁殖情况,对研究它们参与水域自净,     

农药残留的酶联免疫检测技术研究进展

简要介绍了农药残留的酶联免疫分析的技术原理，关键技术环节，综述了国内外的酶联免疫测定农药残留的研究动态，并展望了此技术的发展及应用前景。     

猪体中六六六、滴滴涕残留分布的研究

有机氯农药对家畜的污染途径,主要是通过饲料。由于饲料中有机氯农药的残留量、饲养条件、生活环境以及家畜本身生理特性的不同,导至其体内有机氯农药残留水     

冀中典型农业区农作物中有机氯农药的生物富集特征与健康风险评价

分析了冀中典型农业区土壤-农作物体系中有机氯农药(OCPs)残留与生物富集特征,探讨了该地区所产农作物的可食部分对人体健康产生的潜在风险。结果表明:11种OCPs以滴滴涕(DDTs)和六六六(HCHs)为主要残留物。土壤中DDTs和HCHs残留量总计达36.52~73.45ng/g,在各自的异构体中p,p’-DDT和γ-HCH所占比例最高,表明OCPs污染主要为近期输入所致。玉米和小麦各器官中,OCPs均在籽粒中最高,分别残留20.66~33.33、19.14~34.57ng/g。小麦和玉米对HCHs的富集能力均强于DDTs。研究显示,该地区玉米与小麦籽粒中OCPs含量虽未超过《农产品安全质量无公害蔬菜安全要求》(GB 18406.1—2001)和《食品安全国家标准食品中农药最大残留限量》(GB 2763—2012),但OCPs致癌总风险相对较高,玉米和小麦中均超过了1×10-6,小麦中OCPs的非致癌总风险和致癌总风险均大于玉米,因此该地区应该优先关注OCPs对小麦所造成的粮食安全问题。     

土壤中结合态农药环境毒理研究进展

本文介绍了近年来国内外对土壤中结合态农药的研究动向,叙述了土壤中农药的结合残留量、环境意义及结合残留的分析测试技术,尤其对超临界流体萃取结合残留的技术作了介绍,并对该领域的深入研究提出了还需要解决的问题     

南方平原地区农药污染农田生态环境质量评价

本文根据南方热带亚热带平原地区农田生态环境特征,以广东省佛山市农田环境为例,从卫生毒理学和生态学角度出发,探讨了加权污染指数法在农药污染农田环境质量评价中的应用,提出了利用植物对农药的吸收系数和土壤中农药的流失系数确定评价因子权重系数的方法。根据南方平原生态环境特点确定土壤中的农药“残留允许量”;并认为农药标准具有较强的区域性和地带性,不宜制定单一的标准,南方热带亚热带地区农业土壤农药标准应严于北方。     

Contamination of vegetables of different seasons with organophosphorous pesticides and related health risk assessment in northern India

India is an agrarian country. The use of pesticides, herbicides and fungicides were introduced in India during the mid-sixties, which are now being used on a large scale and is a common feature of Indian agriculture. The main intention of the introduction of pesticides was to prevent and control insects, pests and diseases in the field crops. Initially the use of pesticides reduced pest attack and paved way for increasing the crop yield as expected. Simultaneously, increased use of chemical pesticides has resulted in contamination of environment and also caused many long-term affect on the society. In the present study an effort has been made to evaluate the residual concentration of selected organophosphorous pesticides (methyl parathion, chlorpyriphos and malathion) in vegetables grown in different seasons (summer, rainy and winter). Data obtained was then used for estimating the potential health risk associated with the exposure to these pesticides. The pesticides residue concentrations in vegetables of different season shows that the winter vegetables are the most contaminated followed by summer and rainy vegetables. The concentration of the various pesticides were well below the established tolerances but continuous consumption of such vegetables even with moderate contamination level can accumulate in the receptor's body and may prove fatal for human population in the long term. The analysis of health risk estimates indicated that chlorpyriphos and malathion did not poses a direct hazard, however, exposure to methyl parathion has been found to pose some risk to human health.     

Characterization of distribution of pesticide residues in crop units

The characteristic features of distribution of pesticide residues in crop units and single sample increments were studied based on more than 19,000 residue concentrations measured in root vegetables, leafy vegetables, small-, medium- and large-size fruits representing 20 different crops and 46 pesticides. Log-normal, gamma and Weibull distributions were found to provide the best fit for the relative frequency distributions of individual residue data sets. The overall best fit was provided by lognormal distribution. The relative standard deviation of residues (CV) in various crops ranged from 15–170%. The 100–120 residue values being in one data set was too small to identify potential effects of various factors such as the chemical and physical properties of pesticides and the nature of crops. Therefore, the average of CV values, obtained from individual data sets, were calculated and considered to be the best estimate for the likely variability of unit crop residues for treated field (CV = 0.8) and market samples (CV = 1.1), respectively. The larger variation of residues in market samples was attributed to the potential mixing of lots and varying proportion of non-detects. The expectable average variability of residues in composited samples can be calculated from the typical values taking into account the sample size.     

Contribution to the food products' analysis: A research and evaluation on the hemolytic effect of some pesticides used in Lebanon

Pesticides are a real concern for the society as their use has become critical, leading sometimes to their accumulation as residues in fruits and vegetables. After examining the pesticides sold in Northern Lebanon, this study is focused on the analysis and identification of pesticides residues in fruits and vegetables that are harvested in this region and treated with the locally sold pesticides. Results show: first, (i) a use of Zineb by the name of another pesticide Micronized Sulfur to avoid prosecution; (ii) a significant presence of Metalaxyl in lemons and oranges; (iii) a significant presence of Trifluralin in strawberries; and (iv) a significant presence of Zineb in lemons and tomatoes. Second, with the use of hemolytic tests on human blood results show: (i) a critical concentration and a significant hemolytic effect of some pesticides used in Lebanon; and (ii) an absence of hemolytic effect in the collected fractions of the different analyzed fruit extracts containing pesticides. Finally, this work is the first step for pesticides' analysis in vegetables and fruits in Lebanon, initiating a wider analytical study in order to control and examine the use of pesticides which, according to our results, could have an adverse effect on human health over a long term.     

Comparison of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls residues in vegetables, grain and soil from organic and conventional farming in Poland

Organic and conventional crops were studied by identifying the relationship between persistent organic pollutants in cereals, vegetables and soil. The residues of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were determined in grains (rye and wheat), vegetables (carrots and beets) and soil collected from the fields. PCB residues recorded in the beets from organic farming were as high as 3.71 ppb dry weight (dry wt.), while in the soil from conventional farming of beets 0.53 ppb dry wt. Among vegetables, higher concentrations of pesticides were detected in organically grown beets (190.63 ppb dry wt.). Soil samples from the organic farming contained lower levels of organochlorine pesticide residues compared to the conventional farming. Taking into account toxicity equivalent (TEQ), the conventionally grown carrots accumulated the most toxic PCBs. Non-ortho and mono-ortho PCBs were also noted in the grain of conventionally grown rye and amounted to 3.05 pg-TEQ/g wet wt.     

LC-MS/MS determination of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables

The aim of the research is to evaluate pesticide residue contamination of fresh and frozen fruits and vegetables, agricultural raw material, purchased from Polish farmers for production of frozen fruits and vegetables, and the estimation of the multiresidue method effectiveness expressed as the proportion of pesticides detected in food samples to the total number of pesticides analyzed by multiresidue methods. A total of 144 samples (of black currants, red currants, raspberries, cherries, strawberries, blackberries, cauliflowers and broccoli) were analyzed using LC-MS/MS method for the determination of 60 pesticides. QuEChERS extraction, matrix-matched calibration and dynamic multiple reaction monitoring method were used. Residues of 15 compounds, mainly fungicides and insecticides, were detected in 46 samples. The percentage of samples with residues above the maximum residue levels (MRL) was 15%, whereas samples with residues below MRL were 17%. A total of 13 samples contained more than one pesticide residue. Pesticide residues were detected most often in samples of black currants (50%), broccoli (36.4%), raspberries (29%) and red currants (21.8%). The most frequently detected pesticides were carbendazim and acetamiprid. The proportion of pesticides detected during our study to the total number of analyzed pesticides amounted to 25%. It was compared to literature findings. For three fourth of multiresidue methods, the proportion was below 50% for methods developed for the analysis of less than 100 pesticides, and below 30% for methods developed for the analysis of more than 100 pesticides. It appears that a lot of efforts and means is lost on pesticides never or rarely detected in examined samples. The workload and cost effectiveness of the development and application of multiresidue methods along with the range of pesticides covered by the method should be carefully and thoroughly considered anytime when a new method or workflow is developed. Including non-targeted screenings in pesticide residue control seems to be an alternative worth considering.     

Multiresidue analysis of pesticides in fruits and vegetables by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

A multiresidue method was assessed for the determination of several pesticides (organochlorine, organophosphorus, pyrethroids, triazole, amidine) using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The extraction of pesticides was carried out by liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and solid-phase extraction (SPE) using two types of columns (CN and C18). The extracts were cleaned by the addition of florisil, the pesticides were separated by capillary column gas chromatography and detected by mass spectrometry in the electron impact mode. The extraction using C18 column provided the best results for most of the analyzed pesticides. The majority of pesticides recoveries from the four fruits and vegetables (apples, pears, tomatoes and pepper) were greater than 60%. Linearity and precision were satisfactory. The estimated limits of detection and limits of quantification ranged from 0.01 to 0.1 mg/kg and from 0.02 to 0.3 mg/kg, respectively. The proposed procedure was found to be useful for the multiresidue analyses of pesticides in agricultural products for routine monitoring programs.     

Multiresidue analysis of pesticides in fruits and vegetables by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

A multiresidue method was assessed for the determination of several pesticides (organochlorine, organophosphorus, pyrethroids, triazole, amidine) using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The extraction of pesticides was carried out by liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and solid-phase extraction (SPE) using two types of columns (CN and C18). The extracts were cleaned by the addition of florisil, the pesticides were separated by capillary column gas chromatography and detected by mass spectrometry in the electron impact mode. The extraction using C18 column provided the best results for most of the analyzed pesticides. The majority of pesticides recoveries from the four fruits and vegetables (apples, pears, tomatoes and pepper) were greater than 60%. Linearity and precision were satisfactory. The estimated limits of detection and limits of quantification ranged from 0.01 to 0.1 mg/kg and from 0.02 to 0.3 mg/kg, respectively. The proposed procedure was found to be useful for the multiresidue analyses of pesticides in agricultural products for routine monitoring programs.     

Determination of disulfoton and permethrin residues in an organic soil and their translocation into lettuce, onion and carrot.

The residues of disulfoton and permethrin in an organic soil and in vegetables grown in soil treated with a granular formulation of the pesticides were determined by gas chromatography. The residues were removed from soil or plant samples by successive extractions with acetone and hexane. Permethrin persisted in the soil for the initial 28 days and declined slowly during the rest of the season but disulfoton after persisting for one week at the applied concentration was degraded in the next two weeks. The insecticides did not translocate into the edible parts of the vegetables but were present in the root system of onion and lettuce. Carrot and lettuce yields were not singificantly different from those of the controls but onion yields were substantially decreased by the use of permethrin.     

Pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables from Pakistan: a review of the occurrence and associated human health risks

The main objective of the review is to document, assess and analyze the results of the previously reported data on levels of different pesticides in selected fruits and vegetables from Pakistan. The findings of the previous studies clearly indicated that more than 50 % of the samples were contaminated with organophosphate, pyrethroids and organochlorine pesticides. Many studies reported that among fresh fruits and vegetables tomato, apple, melon, mango, grapes, and plum crossed the FAO/WHO permissible limits for these contaminants residual levels. The comparison of other regions showed that observed levels were found above maximum residue limits (MRLs) in 50 % of the samples but were in agreement with the studies from neighboring countries like China and Bangladesh. Higher hazard risk index (HRI) values were calculated for dieldrin, methamidophos, o,p′-DDT, diazinon and p,p′-DDT in apple, mango, banana, melon, potato and onion. The review also highlights that data on pesticide residues in foodstuff is scarce which should be overcome by further extending studies from different areas of Pakistan. In order to ascertain the provision of food suitable for human consumption, it is imperative to monitor pesticides in food commodities by the country’s authorities and enforce guidelines based on permissible limits.     

Pesticide residues intake of French adults under increased consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables – A theoretical study

The increase of fresh vegetable and fruit (FVF) intake could contribute to the prevention of obesity and several major pathologies and thus represents a major public health goal in industrial countries. Nutritional recommendations for increased consumption of FVF could lead to ingestion of unwanted amounts of pesticides. This study was undertaken to evaluate theoretical exposure of French adults to pesticide residues under increasing amounts of FVF intake. Balanced menus with 200 – 400 – 600 – 800 and 1200 g FVF/day were established. Amounts of active substances brought by every FVF vector, at the maximum residue level (MRL) were summed up to determine the intake for each active substance. Values were compared to the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) to point out any potential over exposure. A maximalistic approach was adopted and no reducing factor due to processing was taken into account. It was found that under minimal recommended consumption of fruit and vegetables (400 g/d), no active substance reached the ADI, but 18 vs 144 were over 10% of the ADI. Raising FVF to 600 g/d increased the number of active substances over 10 % of the ADI to 24, but again in no case was the ADI exceeded. Doubling the intake to 800 g/d gives values over the ADI for 2 active substances only (cyhexatin and thirame). It was concluded that the increase in fruit and vegetables up to 800 g per day should not expose adults over the ADIs for a majority of authorized pesticides. In this regard, residues levels of ten active substances in fruit and vegetables should deserve particular attention.