酿酒酵母吸附Pb(Ⅱ)的表面特性研究

为深入探讨酿酒酵母吸附Pb（Ⅱ）的微观作用机制,本文利用表面显微分析技术（SEM-EDS、TEM-EDS、AFM）研究了酿酒酵母细胞吸附重金属离子Pb（Ⅱ）前后的细胞表面变化.研究结果表明,酿酒酵母细胞与Pb（Ⅱ）作用后,细胞表面除吸附Pb（Ⅱ）外,同时产生大量更高浓度的含Pb（Ⅱ）沉淀,导致Pb（Ⅱ）从溶液中被去除.酵母与Pb（Ⅱ）反应前,酵母细胞表面可检测到的主要元素包括C、O、N、P、S、K、Mg;酵母与Pb（Ⅱ）作用后,细胞表面始终保持C、O、P吸收峰,而N、K、Mg、S吸收峰随反应条件不同而减弱、消失或增强.P作为细胞表面组分可能与Pb（Ⅱ）结合.酵母与Pb（Ⅱ）作用过程中,重金属离子促进酵母细胞释放细胞内含物.原子力显微镜（AFM）证实,云母片表面对酵母吸附Pb（Ⅱ）后细胞的铺展变形作用明显增大.     

酿酒酵母与Ag+的相互作用机制研究

为探讨酿酒酵母与Ag+的相互作用机制,分析了酵母吸附Ag+过程中细胞阳离子的释放状况,并利用红外光谱(FTIR)、带能谱仪的扫描电镜(SEM-EDX)、带能谱仪的透射电镜(TEM.EDx)等手段表征了酵母细胞在吸附Ag+前后表面官能团的变化以及Ag+在酵母细胞中的存在位置和状态.结果表明,酵母细胞吸附Ag+伴随着大量细胞阳离子K+、Na+、Mg2+、Ca2+的释放.Ag+的存在会抑制体系pH值增加,并促进Mg2+、Ca2+的释放.与Ag+的吸附类似,K+、Na+、Mg2+、Ca2+的释放也很快,并且符合准二级动力学方程.酵母对Ag+的吸附,可被认为是离子交换机制和共价结合机制共同发挥作用FTIR证明酵母表面羧基对Ag+的吸附发挥重要作用.电镜分析结果表明,酵母细胞表面不仅吸附了Ag+,同时产牛更高浓度的含Ag沉淀物,使Ag+从溶液中去除,这些含Ag沉淀不均匀地分布于细胞表面,含Ag沉淀的性质以及形成过程还需要借助其他分析手段进行进一步确认.     

木霉(Trichoderma sp.)HR-1活细胞吸附Pb(Ⅱ)的机理

从重金属废水中筛选得到一株能够吸附Pb(II)的丝状真菌,编号为HR-1,初步鉴定其为木霉属(Trichodermasp.).研究了pH值对活细胞吸附铅离子能力的影响及其对铅的耐受性,结果表明,该细胞对铅离子的最大吸附量为597mg/g;扫描电镜(SEM)显示细胞吸附Pb(II)后发生明显的萎缩现象,在细胞表面存在大量的沉积物;X射线光散射能谱(EDX)验证了铅的吸附,同时吸附过程中存在离子交换作用.对比细胞吸附Pb(II)前后的傅立叶红外光谱(FTIR)图谱表明,葡聚糖或几丁质中的羟基和C-O-C、蛋白质的羧基是铅的主要吸附位点,与含氮官能团无关.XPS证实细胞吸附铅离子后生成PbO,XRD图谱得出其处于无定形和晶体之间.     

利用EXAFS研究酿酒酵母与Zn(Ⅱ)的相互作用机制

为深入探讨酿酒酵母与重金属离子Zn(Ⅱ)的相互作用机制,利用扩展X射线吸收精细结构谱(EXAFS)研究了在不同实验条件下,酿酒酵母吸附重金属离子Zn(Ⅱ)的局域结构.结果表明, Zn以四配位体和六配位体混合构型与酵母细胞表面结合,且以四配位体构型为主. Zn的第一配位层Zn--O原子间距和配位数分别在0.197～0.203 nm和3.2～4.3范围内. Zn(Ⅱ)初始浓度升高、初始pH值升高导致Zn--O配位数下降,活酵母细胞Zn--O配位数低于死酵母细胞, Zn--O原子间距下降.     

酿酒酵母吸附Zn(Ⅱ)过程中阳离子(K+,Mg2+,Na+,Ca2+)的变化分析

研究了酿酒酵母无缓冲溶液体系吸附Zn(Ⅱ)的过程中各种阳离子的变化情况.研究结果表明,当Zn(Ⅱ)的初始浓度是0.08～0.8 mmol·L-1,酵母浓度约1 g·L-1,初始pH为5.65,反应38h内,酵母的Zn(Ⅱ)吸附量为74.8～654.8μmol·g-1,去除率达到76.4%～92.8%,pH值升高0.55～1.28.吸附过程中酵母首先快速释放大量K ,其次是Mg2 和Na ,Ca2 的释放量较少,数量级一般可分别达到几百、几十和几个μmol·g-1.以离子交换为基础计算的各阳离子释放量总和一般超过Zn(Ⅱ)的吸附量,证明酵母吸附Zn(Ⅱ)的机理之一是离子交换,但不唯一.无缓冲溶液体系酵母吸附Zn(Ⅱ)的过程中溶液pH值升高,H 被吸收,K 等阳离子释放,是生物体细胞的本质属性,与Zn(Ⅱ)是否存在无关,但是Zn(Ⅱ)可以促进阳离子的释放以及降低酵母对H 的吸收,也反映出Zn(Ⅱ)与H 之间可以竞争细胞表面吸附位.死酵母的吸附量低于未处理酵母,与阳离子交换能力关系不大,可能与细胞表面变形导致Zn(Ⅱ)吸附困难有关.     

污泥基活性炭去除水中重金属离子效能与动力学研究

以城市污泥为主要原料制备了污泥基活性炭(SAC),考察了其对重金属离子的吸附去除效能和吸附动力学规律.并选择了2种商品活性炭(煤质炭,MAC和椰壳炭,YAC)作为对比,以初始浓度为50mg/L的Cu(II),Pb(II),Cd(II),Cr(VI)4种重金属离子为去除对象,分别进行了3种活性炭的表面理化性质分析及其对4种重金属离子的吸附试验.结果表明,SAC的比表面积和微孔容积仅为YAC和MAC的1/3~1/2,吸附速率也相对较慢,但其对Cu(II),Pb(II),Cr(VI),Cd(II)的平衡吸附量却远大于2种商品活性炭,分别为9.9,8.9,8.2,5.4mg/g,说明SAC表面的高酸性基团含量对重金属离子的吸附起到了关键作用;Langmuir与Freundlich吸附等温模型均能较好地拟合SAC对Cu(II)和Pb(II)的吸附,SAC对Cr(VI)的吸附过程更符合Langmuir模型,而SAC对于Cd(II)的吸附过程用Langmuir与Freundlich两个模型均不能较好地拟合,说明SAC表面缺少能够与Cd(II)发生反应的结合位点.     

重金属生物吸附研究中蜡状芽孢杆菌菌体微观形貌的原子力显微镜观察与表征

对蜡状芽孢杆菌在重金属生物吸附条件下细胞的界面形态及其变化情况进行了原子力显微镜成像观察与表征 .结果表明 ,在严格实验对照条件下未加入Pb(II)的空白菌体细胞呈杆状 ,单个细胞长约 3 3μm ,横截面分析结果为宽 1 9μm左右 ,高为 0 3～ 0 4 μm ,细胞壁表面比较光滑 ,细胞之间以竹节结构首尾相连排列成长杆状 ;吸附Pb(II)后细胞的体积则发生膨胀 ,单个细胞长约 3 9μm ,横截面分析结果为宽 3 1 μm左右 ,高约为 1 1 5 μm ,细胞壁表面变得比较粗糙 ,细胞之间较容易发生粘结 ,与对照空白菌体相比 ,细胞之间呈长杆状的竹节结构排列则变得很少 .采用截面分析曲线中形貌特征的高宽度比R对细菌细胞在云母基底表面的横向铺展变形作用进行了定量表征 (吸附铅离子后R值由 0 1 6 5变为 0 4 1 6 ) ,同时探讨了细胞在基底表面的横向铺展变形作用可能与细胞表面电荷影响细胞在基底表面的粘附性能密切相关 ,并受溶液pH、离子强度以及金属离子的暴露与吸附等外界因素影响而发生改变 .有关其详细机理 ,还有待在以后的研究工作中作进一步探讨     

CS-EGDE/Fe3O4凝胶微球对水中重金属离子的吸附性能及机理研究

以壳聚糖为代表的天然生物质自身含有大量活性基团能选择性吸附重金属离子,为重金属废水的高效经济处理提供了可能.本实验以壳聚糖为基材,采用原位共沉淀法和乙二醇二缩水甘油醚(EGDE)交联法共同作用制得CS-EGDE/Fe_3O_4凝胶微球吸附剂,通过电子扫描显微镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、X射线能谱(EDS)、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)、饱和磁强分析(VSM)对样品进行了充分表征.通过静态吸附批实验及模拟固定床动态吸附实验,较系统的考察了凝胶微球在不同初始pH、接触时间和初始浓度下对多元重金属Pb(II)、Cu(II)、Zn(II)的吸附性能.结果表明:①CS-EGDE/Fe_3O_4凝胶微球内部孔隙发达,具有良好的超顺磁性;②吸附剂能够快速与重金属离子发生螯合反应,主要作用基团为-NH_3和-OH,且对重金属离子吸附符合准二级动力学,吸附过程可用Langmuir等温吸附方程描述,为单层化学吸附;③在多元吸附体系中发生拮抗作用,重金属竞争吸附顺序为Pb(II)Cu(II)Zn(II),主要是3种离子共价指数的差异导致了这一结果;④固定床在多元重金属模拟废水处理中表现出良好的去除效能,对Pb(II)、Cu(II)、Zn(II)的饱和吸附时间分别为13、8、2 h.研究显示, CS-EGDE/Fe_3O_4凝胶微球对水中重金属离子具有良好的吸附性能,有望为重金属废水处理提供一种新的研究思路和技术路线.     

轮叶黑藻对铅的吸附特征及生物吸附机理研究

研究了轮叶黑藻对重金属铅的吸附特征,同时对吸附机理进行探讨.动力学研究结果表明,轮叶黑藻对铅有较快的吸附能力,10min后铅的去除率达到74.54%;20min后,吸附达到平衡.整个吸附过程符合伪二级动力学方程(R2=0.9910).Sips和Langmuir模型相比Freundlich而言,有着较好的拟合效果,表明轮叶黑藻对重金属铅的吸附属于单层吸附,相邻铅离子间的相互干扰可以忽略不计.红外光谱分析表明:轮叶黑藻叶片富含多种活性基团,羟基、羰基和羧基、C–O及C–N为主要作用基团.吸附铅后,轮叶黑藻叶片内K、Na、Ca、Mg含量明显下降,表明铅离子因产生离子交换而被吸附,且铅离子更易与二价的Ca和Mg产生离子交换.     

新型胺化介孔炭的制备及其对Pb(II)的吸附

采用微波辅助磷酸活化制备了高中孔率蔗渣基介孔炭,并通过硝酸氧化和乙二胺聚合在其孔道内修饰了含氮多胺基团,探索了溶液浓度、温度、吸附剂剂量等对改性介孔炭的Pb(II)吸附性能、行为和热力学特性的影响.结果表明,蔗渣基介孔炭较宽的孔道结构可通过乙二胺缩水聚合反应在其表面接枝酰胺、仲胺等含氮基团;胺化改性增强化了介孔炭对水溶液中Pb(II)的固定作用,改性后介孔炭对Pb(II)的吸附量高达180mg/g,是改性前介孔炭的1.5倍;改性介孔炭对Pb(II)的去除率显著增加,对溶液浓度<60mg/L的Pb(II)去除率接近100%.等温吸附与热力学数据表明,胺化改性介孔炭对Pb(II)的吸附位能量存在差异化,吸附是自发的吸热反应过程,温度对铅(II)离子吸附有促进作用,化学作用在吸附过程中发挥了重要作用.     

白腐真菌胞外聚合物及其对菌体吸附Pb2+的影响

以黄孢原毛平革菌为研究对象,探讨了白腐真菌胞外聚合物及其对白腐真菌吸附Pb2+的影响.通过培养实验,研究了白腐真菌胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substances,EPS)的产量、组成以及对Pb2+吸附量的影响,并采用带能谱仪的环境扫描电镜(ESEM-EDX)表征了胞外聚合物提取前后及P...     

Biosorption mechanisms involved in immobilization of soil Pb by Bacillus subtilis DBM in a multimetal-contaminated soil

Mechanisms of soil Pb immobilization by Bacillus subtilis DBM, a bacterial strain isolated from a heavy-metal-contaminated soil, were investigated. Adsorption and desorption experiments with living bacterial cells as well as dead cells revealed that both extracellular adsorption and intracellular accumulation were involved in the Pb2＋removal from the liquid phase. Of the sequestered Pb（II）, 8.5% was held by physical entrapment within the cell wall, 43.3% was held by ion-exchange, 9.7% was complexed with cell surface functional groups or precipitated on the cell surface, and 38.5% was intracellularly accumulated.Complexation of Pb2＋with carboxyl, hydroxyl, carbonyl, amido, and phosphate groups was demonstrated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis. Precipitates of Pb5（PO4）3OH, Pb5（PO4）3Cl and Pb10（PO4）6（OH）2that formed on the cell surface during the biosorption process were identified by X-ray diffraction analysis. Transmission electron microscopy–energy dispersive spectroscopic analysis confirmed the presence of the Pb（II）precipitates and that Pb（II） could be sequestered both extracellularly and intracellularly.Incubation with B. subtilis DBM significantly decreased the amount of the weak-acid-soluble Pb fraction in a heavy-metal-contaminated soil, resulting in a reduction in Pb bioavailability, but increased the amount of its organic-matter-bound fraction by 71%. The ability of B.subtilis DBM to reduce the bioavailability of soil Pb makes it potentially useful for bacteria-assisted phytostabilization of multi-heavy-metal-contaminated soil.     

Adsorptive removal of heavy metal ions from industrial effluents using activated carbon derived from waste coconut buttons

Removal of heavy metal ions from industrial effluents by the activated carbon prepared by steam activation of waste coconut buttons through batch adsorption process.     

表面活性剂与Pb、Zn协同作用对蚕豆叶细胞的损伤

采用透射电子显微镜及能量发散X-射线微量分析技术,研究了非离子型表面活性剂烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚(AE)与矿山尾砂中高浓度Pb、Zn协同作用对蚕豆叶细胞的损伤.结果表明,高浓度Pb、Zn使蚕豆叶绿体中类囊体解体,嗜锇颗粒的数量和体积显著增加.细胞外间隙和液泡中出现大量的不溶性毛发状晶体.AE与Pb、Zn复合污染时,细胞内膜结构的透性增加,细胞内毛发状晶体扩散到叶绿体、细胞核中.因此,AE可加重Pb、Zn对蚕豆叶细胞的损伤作用,毛发状晶体的形成可能与细胞脱毒有关.     

Biosorption of copper and zinc by immobilised and free algal biomass, and the effects of metal biosorption on the growth and cellular structure of Chlorella sp. and Chlamydomonas sp. isolated from rivers in Penang, Malaysia

In this study, the biosorption of copper and zinc ions by Chlorella sp. and Chlamydomonas sp. isolated from local environments in Malaysia was investigated in a batch system and by microscopic analyses. Under optimal biosorption conditions, the biosorption capacity of Chlorella sp. for copper and zinc ions was 33.4 and 28.5 mg/g, respectively, after 6 hr of biosorption in an immobilised system. Batch experiments showed that the biosorption capacity of algal biomass immobilised in the form of sodium alginate beads was higher than that of the free biomass. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analyses revealed that copper and zinc were mainly sorbed at the cell surface during biosorption. Exposure to 5 mg/L of copper and zinc affected both the chlorophyll content and cell count of the algal cells after the first 12 hr of contact time.     

Mg (OH)2@粉煤灰复合材料对重金属离子的去除研究

根据“粒子设计”思想，以粉煤灰为载体，采用非均匀形核法制备了一种核壳结构粉煤灰负载纳米氢氧化镁复合材料，并对其吸附废水中Cu （II）、Ni （II）和Pb （II）性能进行研究.采用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、EDS能谱、比表面积分析仪（BET）、X射线衍射（XRD）、红外光谱（FTIR）等技术对包覆前后的复合粉体进行了表征.结果表明，复合粉体表面均匀包覆了大量纳米氢氧化镁和少量水合碳酸镁，比表面积增大到原来（粉煤灰1.79m²/g）的30多倍，平均孔径由11nm增加至14.7nm.平均孔隙宽度从12.8nm增加至15.4nm.粉煤灰表面的Si-O-Si、Si-O-C与氢氧化镁之间形成Si-O-C-O-Mg和Si-O-Mg-OH.复合粉体材料去除重金属的效率明显高于原粉煤灰和氢氧化镁，其单位饱和吸附量分别达到了216.30、116.50、160.96mg/g.根据Zeta电位、FTIR及模拟方程分析了复合粉体吸附重金属离子机理，结果表明复合粉体材料对重金属离子通过沉淀反应、静电吸引、离子交换等方式进行吸附，吸附过程等温线符合Langmuir等温模型，动力学符合颗粒内扩散模型，热力学符合自发吸热反应.通过解吸再生试验发现，经过5次循环再生利用后，复合粉体对重金属离子的去除率达到50%以上，这说明复合粉体在吸附过程中具有良好的再生性能.     

Pb(II) removal from water using Fe-coated bamboo charcoal with the assistance of microwaves

Bamboo charcoal(BC) was used as starting material to prepare iron-modified bamboo charcoal(Fe-MBC) by its impregnation in FeCl 3 and HNO 3 solutions simultaneously,followed by microwave heating.The material can be used as an adsorbent for Pb(Ⅱ) contaminants removal in water.The composites were prepared with Fe molar concentration of 0.5,1.0 and 2.0 mol/L and characterized by means of N 2 adsorption-desorption isotherms,X-ray diffraction spectroscopy(XRD),scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry(SEM-EDS),Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR) and point of zero charge(pH pzc) measurements.Nitrogen adsorption analyses showed that the BET specific surface area and total pore volume increased with iron impregnation.The adsorbent with Fe molar concentration of 2 mol/L(2Fe-MBC) exhibited the highest surface area and produced the best pore structure.The Pb(Ⅱ) adsorption process of 2Fe-MBC and BC were evaluated in batch experiments and 2Fe-MBC showed an excellent adsorption capability for removal Pb(Ⅱ).The adsorption of Pb(Ⅱ) strongly depended on solution pH,with maximum values at pH 5.0.The ionic strength had a significant effect on the adsorption at pH < 6.0.The adsorption isotherms followed the Langmuir isotherm model well,and the maximum adsorption capacity for Pb(Ⅱ) was 200.38 mg/g for 2Fe-MBC.The adsorption processes were well fitted by a pseudo second-order kinetic model.Thermodynamic parameters showed that the adsorption of Pb(Ⅱ) onto Fe-MBC was feasible,spontaneous,and exothermic under the studied conditions,and the ion exchange mechanism played an significant role.These results have important implications for the design of low-cost and effective adsorbents in the removal of Pb(Ⅱ) from wastewater.     

Mechanism of Cu(Ⅱ) adsorption inhibition on biochar by its aging process

Biochar exposed in the environment may experience a series of surface changes, which is called biochar aging. In order to study the effects of biochar aging on Cu（Ⅱ） adsorption, we analyzed the surface properties before and after biochar aging with scanning electron microscopy（SEM） coupled to an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer（EDX） and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy（DRIFTS）, and then explored the influence of the aging process on Cu（Ⅱ） adsorption by batch experiments. After the aging process, the oxygen concentration, phenolic hydroxyl groups, aromatic ethers and other oxygen-containing functional groups on the biochar surface increased, while carboxyl groups slightly decreased. Thus, over a range of pH, the cation exchange capacity（CEC） and adsorption capacity of Cu（Ⅱ） on the aged biochar were smaller than those of new biochar,indicating that when biochar is incubated at constant temperature and water holding capacity in the dark, the aging process may inhibit Cu（Ⅱ） adsorption. Meanwhile, the dissociation characteristics of oxygen-containing functional groups changed through the aging process, which may be the mechanism by which the biochar aging process inhibits the Cu（Ⅱ） adsorption. Carboxyl groups became more easily dissociated at low pH（3.3–5.0）,and the variation of maximum adsorption capability（qm） of Cu（Ⅱ） on the old biochar was enlarged. Phenolic hydroxyl groups increased after the aging, making them and carboxyl groups more difficult to dissociate at high pH（5.0–6.8）, and the variation of qmof Cu（Ⅱ） on the aged biochar was reduced.     

Synthesis, characterization, and adsorption performance of Pb（Ⅱ）-imprinted polymer in nano-TiO2 matrix

Surface ion-imprinted in combination with sol-gel process was applied to synthesis a new Pb(II)-imprinted polymer for selective separation and enrichment of trace Pb(II) from aqueous solution. The prepared material was characterized by using the infrared spectra, X-ray di ractometer, and scanning electron microscopy. The batch experiments were conducted to study the optimal adsorption condition of adsorption trace Pb(II) from aqueous solutions on Pb(II)-imprinted polymer. The equilibrium was achieved in approximately 4.0 h, and the experimental kinetic data were fitted the pseudo second-order model better. The maximum adsorption capacity was 22.7 mg/g, and the Langmuir equation fitted the adsorption isotherm data. The results of selectivity experiment showed that selectively adsorbed rate of Pb(II) on Pb(II)-imprinted polymer was higher than all other studied ions. Desorption conditions of the adsorbed Pb(II) from the Pb(II)-imprinted polymer were also studied in batch experiments. The prepared Pb(II)-imprinted polymer was shown to be promising for the separation and enrichment of trace Pb(II) from water samples. The adsorption and desorption mechanisms were proposed.     

Synthesis of linear low-density polyethylene-g-poly (acrylic acid)-co-starch/organo-montmorillonite hydrogel composite as an adsorbent for removal of Pb(Ⅱ) from aqueous solutions

The purpose of this work is to remove Pb(II) from the aqueous solution using a type of hydrogel composite. A hydrogel composite consisting of waste linear low density polyethylene, acrylic acid, starch, and organo-montmorillonite was prepared through emulsion polymerization method. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Solid carbon nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (CNMR)), silicon^-29 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (Si NMR)), and X-ray diffraction spectroscope ((XRD) were applied to characterize the hydrogel composite. The hydrogel composite was then employed as an adsorbent for the removal of Pb(II) from the aqueous solution. The Pb(II)-loaded hydrogel composite was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)), scanning electron microscopy (SEM)), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy ((XPS)). From XPS results, it was found that the carboxyl and hydroxyl groups of the hydrogel composite participated in the removal of Pb(II). Kinetic studies indicated that the adsorption of Pb(II) followed the pseudo-second-order equation. It was also found that the Langmuir model described the adsorption isotherm better than the Freundlich isotherm. The maximum removal capacity of the hydrogel composite for Pb(II) ions was 430 mg/g. Thus, the waste linear low-density polyethylene-g-poly (acrylic acid)-co-starch/organo-montmorillonite hydrogel composite could be a promising Pb(II) adsorbent.