京津冀地区MODIS 3 km气溶胶光学厚度产品与10 km产品的对比分析

本文以京津冀为研究区,对该地区的大气气溶胶光学厚度的分布及变化进行分析.利用AERONET地基观测的气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)数据,对最新发布的MODIS/Aqua C6.1 3 km AOD产品在京津冀地区的适用性进行验证,并将3 km产品与MODIS/Aqua C6.1 10 km产品进行对比.分析结果表明:MODIS 3 km AOD产品比AERONET地基AOD的相关性高,相关系数达到了0.95;与MODIS 10 km AOD产品相比,其下垫面为城市地区的反演精度低;在时空分布上,MODIS 3 km AOD产品更好的呈现了气溶胶梯度变化,季平均结果中,四季3 km AOD值都略高于10 km产品.以上结论可为MODIS 3 km AOD产品在京津冀地区的使用提供了借鉴与参考.     

东南亚生物质燃烧输送影响我国西南气溶胶辐射特性研究

利用2013年地基CE-318太阳光度计观测数据,结合中分辨率成像光谱仪（MODIS）遥感产品和HYSPLIT后向轨迹分析,研究了一次东南亚生物质燃烧污染长距离输送至中国西南昆明站点过程（2013年4月5~8日）中,气溶胶光学特性和辐射特性的变化及其可能来源.结果表明,此次污染过程期间,我国西南地区生物质燃烧活动较少,而中南半岛地区生物质燃烧活动显著.4月5~7日,昆明站点气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）升高,消光波长指数（EAE）和吸收波长指数（AAE）均增大.此外,依据EAE和AAE分类方法,5~6日昆明站点以城市工业气溶胶为主,7~8日以生物质燃烧气溶胶为主,其细模态峰值半径（0.11μm）小于5~6日（0.15μm）,7日细模态粒子体积浓度峰值（约为0.16μm³/μm²）是5日的2倍.气溶胶直接辐射强迫（ARF）日变化结果表明4月7日气溶胶对地表的降温效应达到最大,对大气的加热作用最强.气溶胶直接辐射强迫效率值（ARFE）的变化表明生物质燃烧气溶胶对大气顶的降温作用减弱.MODIS遥感以及HYSPLIT模式后向轨迹表明,此次昆明站点生物质燃烧气溶胶主要来源于东南亚地区（主要是印度北部、印缅北部和不丹地区）.     

一种基于MODIS影像反演太湖Ⅱ类水体上空气溶胶参数的算法

基于Ⅱ类水体短波红外（Short-Wave Infrared,SWIR）波段离水反射率为0的假设,提出一种反演Ⅱ类水体上空气溶胶参数的算法（CaseⅡWater Algorithm, C2W）,并与AERONET(Aerosol Robotic Network)太湖站实测数据进行了比较分析.结果表明,反演得到的0.670μm与0.870μm两个波段的气溶胶光学厚度（Aerosol Optical Depth, AOD）与实测值呈现明显的线性关系（R2=0.974、0.971）,在气溶胶光学厚度τ>0.2时不确定性在Δτ=±0.03±0.05τ范围内.11期气溶胶有效半径（Aerosol Effective Radius,AER）数据中,9期的不确定性在±25%范围内,另外两期数据的不确定性在±30%以内.反演精度符合MODIS气溶胶产品的精度要求.     

云贵高原昆明站点不同气溶胶污染个例下气溶胶特征对比研究

利用地基CE-318太阳光度计反演数据、中分辨率成像光谱仪（Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer,MODIS）、云-气溶胶激光雷达、红外路径探测卫星（Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation,CALIPSO）遥感产品及拉格朗日混合单粒子轨迹模型（Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Model,HYSPLIT）,研究了中国西南云贵高原昆明站点混合型气溶胶日（2012年3月31日）、生物质燃烧气溶胶日（2012年4月4日）、城市工业气溶胶污染日（2013年8月15日）中气溶胶光学特性、辐射特性的差异及气溶胶三维分布和可能来源.结果表明,相比于其它两种类型气溶胶污染日,生物质燃烧气溶胶污染日气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）最高,达到1.18;吸收波长指数（AAE）值最大,为1.61;消光波长指数（EAE）值最大,为1.55,细模态气溶胶粒子占比更多,细模态体积浓度峰值达到0.15 μm³·μm^-2;生物质燃烧气溶胶污染日气溶胶直接辐射强迫（ARF）绝对值均为3个污染日中最高（地表ARF为-149 W·m^-2,大气顶ARF为-40 W·m^-2,大气ARF为109 W·m^-2）,气溶胶对地表的降温效应达到最大,对大气的加热作用最明显.气溶胶直接辐射强迫效率（ARFE）结果显示,生物质燃烧气溶胶相比于城市工业气溶胶对大气顶的降温作用较小,对大气的加热作用更强.气溶胶混合污染日后向轨迹来源于当日有大量生物质燃烧的中南半岛区域和以城市工业气溶胶为主的中国华南及四川盆地区域,生物质燃烧污染日气流则来自中南半岛地区,上述地区同时也为MODIS AOD高值区;城市工业污染日的气流来自位于昆明局地和四川盆地的AOD高值区.气溶胶混合污染日昆明站点附近气溶胶主要位于海拔2300 m（来源于东北部的城市工业气溶胶）和4600 m（来自缅甸的生物质燃烧气溶胶）高度处;生物质燃烧污染日气溶胶浓度随高度增加而降低,3000、3500、4100 m 3个主要峰值高度处的气溶胶都来至于缅甸地区;城市工业气溶胶污染日峰值高度处气溶胶主要来自局地东北部区域,且气溶胶浓度随高度增加先增加后减小.     

长江三角洲地区大气气溶胶光学厚度研究

利用在浙江临安太阳光度计测得的气溶胶光学厚度与MODIS lever2气溶胶产品进行对比，得到较好的相关。给出长江三角洲地区的光学厚度季节和月平均分布图以及几个城市光学厚度的逐月平均值，并分析这一地区气溶胶光学厚度特征。为更好的研究区域空气污染，利用长江三角洲地区几个城市的空气污染指数(API)与MODIS气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)进行对比，提出一种污染监测手段。     

北黄海圆岛海域MODIS气溶胶光学厚度产品有效性验证

利用北黄海圆岛岛基太阳光度计气溶胶光学厚度（aerosol optical depth,AOD）实测数据,在优选时空匹配窗口的基础上,对最新版本MODIS C061 AOD产品开展了有效性验证。结果表明,相对于其他尺度的采样窗口,采用30 km×30 km空间采样窗口、±0.5 h时间采样窗口可以得到更加准确的验证结果。在此时空窗口下,MODISA AOD产品（550 nm）与岛基观测数据具有非常好的一致性,相关系数达到0.98,春季、秋季和冬季AOD产品精度满足NASA的设计要求,夏季数据存在较大误差,符合NASA期望误差（[（0.04+0.1*AOD）,（-0.02-0.1*AOD）]）的比例仅为40%,气溶胶模型假定不合理是其可能的误差来源。     

2006-2017年四川盆地MODIS气溶胶光学厚度时空变化特征

四川盆地地形复杂、气候特殊,是我国颗粒物污染高发地.为探究四川盆地气溶胶分布和周期变化特征,深入认识气溶胶污染特性及其气候效应,结合卫星遥感探测方法,利用2006-2017年MODIS C006 3 km AOD（气溶胶光学厚度）产品,分析了四川盆地AOD的时空特征.结果表明:①MODIS AOD（MODIS数据反演的气溶胶光学厚度）与太阳光度计CE318观测的AOD、ρ（PM_2.5）、ρ（PM₁₀）线性相关系数分别为0.78、0.77、0.75,表明MODIS C006 3 km AOD产品适用于四川盆地颗粒物污染研究.②四川盆地AOD平均值范围为0.1~1.3,其中,成都平原和四川盆地东南部地区是AOD高值（AOD值>1.0）中心,四川盆地周边高海拔区AOD均小于0.3.③2006-2017年AOD年均值范围为0~2.5,整体呈"倒N型"曲线下降,其峰值和谷值分别出现在2013年和2017年;2013年AOD大于1.0的区域占四川盆地的34.1%,是12 a中颗粒物污染最重的一年;2017年AOD小于0.3的面积占57.1%.④AOD季节性变化呈春季最大、夏季次之、秋季最小的特征.⑤AOD月变化呈"双峰型"波动特征,AOD月均值范围为0~2.5,其中,2-5月AOD月均值均大于0.7,8月AOD月均值为0.6,11-12月AOD月均值均小于0.5.研究显示,四川盆地颗粒物污染防治应以成都平原城市群和四川省南部城市群为主,应重点控制细颗粒物排放,合理安排工业企业的周期性生产强度.      

中国不同气候区域MODIS C6.1气溶胶光学厚度产品的验证及对比分析

为了解MODIS气溶胶产品反演算法在中国不同气候类型区域的适用性，利用气溶胶观测网（AERONET）资料对最新发布的Terra(MOD)/Aqua(MYD)中分辨率成像光谱辐射计（MODIS）061版本（C6.1）气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）产品进行验证，对比分析了不同气候类型区域条件下暗目标（DT）算法、深蓝（DB）算法、暗目标与深蓝结合（DTB）算法的精度及误差.结果表明：(1)各地面站点对应气候区域的反演相关性趋势相似，且不同气候区域数据相关性相差较大.(2)针对不同气候类型区域，温带季风气候区MYD04＿L2＿DTB质量最优，相关系数（r）高达0.91，均方根误差（RMSE）仅为0.17，有61.1%的数据落入期望区间（EE）内.(3)亚热带季风气候区MYD04＿L2＿DT质量最优，r值达0.89,RMSE为0.16.(4)热带季风气候区域MOD04＿L2＿DTB质量最优，r值达0.86，有63.4%的数据落入EE区间中.(5)温带大陆和高原高山气候区域精度较低，都存在AOD值被低估的情况且r值均低于0.77.前者MYD04＿3k＿DT质量最优，落入EE区间的数据占57.6%；后者...     

环境一号卫星CCD相机应用于陆地气溶胶的监测

环境一号卫星CCD相机应用在陆地气溶胶的监测中,因缺少短波红外通道,使地表反射的去除变得异常困难.应用改进的暗目标法,利用辐射传输方程(6S)构建查找表,对CCD相机数据进行图像重采样和辐射定标处理,进而对查找表进行插值,获得气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)分布.通过AERONET地基数据的验证及与MODIS气溶胶产品的对比表明,环境一号卫星CCD相机对陆地气溶胶的监测结果在AOD较大(>0.2)时,精度与MODIS相近;在AOD较小(<0.2)时,结果欠理想.     

利用风云四、MODIS及CALIPSO卫星资料分析西北沙尘过程的垂直和水平分布特征

FY-4A提供的高时间分辨率沙尘强度产品为分析沙尘过程中气溶胶分布提供了新的思路.本研究使用MODIS暗像元/深蓝/合成算法的AOD产品以及FY-4A沙尘强度产品,分析了2018年春季中国西北地区的两次典型沙尘过程,并使用CALIPSO后向散射系数产品研究了这两次事件中气溶胶的垂直分布特征.研究结果表明：①风云四号沙尘强度产品与MODIS深蓝算法产品以及合成算法产品在西北沙漠地区的沙尘分布情况上具有很好的空间一致性;②对于沙尘有明显向东输送的沙尘过程而言（如2018年4月4—6日）,沙尘主要分布在2~6 km,有些地区甚至只有4 km以上才存在沙尘,在沙尘输送的下游地区,沙尘主要分布在2 km以下的低空;而对于沙尘没有向外扩散的沙尘过程（如2018年5月21—23日）,沙尘粒子则主要分布在0~5 km高度处.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.