整地施肥对尾叶桉生长及土壤性状的影响

整地施肥试验结果表明，全垦、带垦和穴垦三种整地方式以及施肥对尾叶按造林成活率和保存率均无明显的影响，成活率在９５％－９８．８％之间，保存率在９２．１％－９７．７％之间．整地能改变土壤性状，如土壤孔隙度全垦为５７．８８％。穴垦为４９．４２％；对林木生长有促进作用，但作用效果很快减少，如造林３年后的林木材积全垦、带垦分别为穴垦的１３６．４％和１２０．０％，５年后却分别下降到１１６．５％和１０８．３％．施肥可提高土壤养分，促进林木生长．造林５年后的调查结果，穴垦施肥林地的土壤有机质、速效Ｎ分别为１５．４４７ｇ／ｋｇ和４９．２３０ｍｇ／ｋｇ，林木年均树高生长为１．２５ｍ；不施肥处理的有机质、速效Ｎ分别为１０．３８８ｇ／ｋｇ和３５．７１５ｍｇ／ｋｇ，林木年平均生长量为０．３５ｍ；林木材积施肥处理的为不施肥的９．８倍．整地施肥还可提高林木叶片的养分含量．     

气相色谱火焰光度检测器在马拉硫磷定量分析中的应用

本文用自制新型的火焰光度检测器，选用合适的内标物四丁基锡（或甲基１６０５）进行马拉硫磷可湿性粉剂的气相色谱分析，七次测定平均值为４９．２％，相对标准偏差为１．９％，与国外研究和工厂的化验结果相符合。     

珠江广州河段底泥中汞铜铅的污染及其与有机质硫化物积累的关系

珠江广州河段底泥中有机质、硫化物和重金属汞、铜、铅的污染监测结果表明：各种污染物的含量范围分别为有机质２０．８—７４．４ｇ／ｋｇ，硫化物２８．７—５３８ｍｇ／ｋｇ，汞０．０７－０．７４ｍｇ／ｋｇ，铜２０．９—１０１ｍｇ／ｋｇ，铅１４．２—９１７ｍｇ／ｋｇ；它们在沿程各断面的分布表现为上游往中游递增，而中游向下游递减，基本上以猎德、广纸和黄沙三个断面的污染最严重；各种污染物的污染程度顺序是硫化物＞汞＞铜＞铅。相关分析表明：汞、铜与有机质和硫化物的相关关系均达到极显著水平。说明随着底泥中有机质和硫化物积累的增加，汞、铜的富集量相应增加，污染加重。     

珠江三角洲一些表层沉积物中多氯联苯的初步研究

本文报导了采自珠江三角洲地区一些水体（包括澳门河口湾）的１７个表层沉积物样品中多氯联苯（ＰＣＢs）的含量、分布特征的初步研究结果，结果表明：①分布于五个地区的１ ７个表表层样品中ＰＣＢs的含量以广州市附近的样品含量最高，澳门内港次之，分别为４８４．４５ｕｇ．ｋｇ＾－１和３３８．５３ｕｇ．ｋｇ＾－１，其余样品均比广州、澳门低一个数量级，而且从珠江干流上游至下游，ＰＣＢs含量具有明显降低的趋势；②广州工     

中国对虾两个不同地理种群遗传结构的RAPD分析

采用ＲＡＰＤ技术对中国对虾中国黄渤海沿岸种群（ＨＢ）和朝鲜半岛西海岸种群（ＰＫ）的遗传多样性进行检测。２０个随机引物（ＯＰＤ系列）在二个种群中都扩增出１４８条ＤＮＡ片段，其中多态性片段数分别为５４条和６５条，多态性片段的比例分别为３６．４９％和４３．９２％，种群的平均杂合度分别为０．１９８１和０．２３７５。实验表明，中国对虾朝鲜半岛西海岸种群的遗传多样性要比中国黄渤海沿岸种群高，但二个种群都处于较     

升流式厌氧污泥床工艺处理酵母废液的研究

本文根据酵母废液的水质特点，采用了常温升流式厌氧污泥床处理工艺，即温度在２６．８－２８．０℃，进水ＣＯＤ为７１２９－９８２３ｍｇ·ｌ＾－１时，达到ＣＤＯ去除率６６．０－７１．０％，同时，沼气产率为２．４－３．０Ｌ·ｌ＾－１·ｄ＾－１，沼气中烷含量为６１．５－６９．１％。该法耗能小，沼气可回收，经济效果明显。     

北京PM2.5化学物种的质量平衡特征

以北京2个采样点连续采集的样品对PM2.5中的元素、水溶性离子和含碳组分进行分析．车公庄和清华园PM2.5中有机物的含量分别为27．8％和30．9％,是含量最丰富的物种,其次是二次无机粒子、土壤尘、元素碳和微量元素．PM2.5中约有24％的质量未能鉴别成分,相关性分析表明,含碳物种的估算所引起的偏差可能是主要的原因．采暖期重污染周和春季沙尘周PM2.5的化学物种构成悬殊,反映了季节性变化的源排放和特殊气象条件的综合作用．     

九龙江口桐花树红树林对重金属的吸收与累积

探讨了福建九龙江口桐花树红树林对ＣＵ、Ｐｈ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｄ、Ｍｎ元素的吸收、累积及分布．结果表明：该林地土壤５种元素的储量关系为Ｍｎ＞Ｚｎ＞Ｐｈ＞ＣＵ≥Ｃｄ；植物体不同部位，各元素含量有着明显的差异，含量范围分别为Ｃｈ１．５１～５．７０、Ｐｂ１．３０～１０．７０、Ｚｎ１８．０～１００．１、Ｃｄ０．０４～０．２３和Ｍｎ１５．５～２３７．５（ｗ／１０－６）；植物对土壤元素的富集系数大小依次为Ｃｄ＞Ｚｎ＞Ｍｎ＞Ｃｕ＞Ｐｈ；群落现存生物量中，ＣＵ、Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｄ、Ｍｎ元素的现存累积量分别为１６．５６、６３．３０、４４５．０５、１．１４和１６５６．９３（ρＡ／ｍｇ·ｍ－２）．其中，地下部分别占７０．２％、８１．８％、７６．２％、７２．２％和８２．１％；林地残留物相应元素的储量分别为２１１．１１、１８４．００、１９４１．６９、６．１９和２２２４８．３１（ρＡ／μｇ·ｍ－２）．     

欧洲红豆杉细胞培养的研究

从欧洲红豆杉（Ｔａｘｕｓｂａｃｃａｔａ）的嫩茎及什叶诱导出愈伤组织，并对之进行了愈伤组织培养及细胞悬浮培养研究；利用ＨＰＬＣ方法测定了培养物合成紫杉醇的能力．探索了提高培养细胞生长率及紫杉醇含量的一些措施．结果表明，欧洲红豆杉愈伤组织及悬浮培养细胞的生长速率已分别达到０．２７ｇ·Ｌ－１·ｄ－１和０．３５ｇ·Ｌ－１·ｄ－１，紫杉醇含量分别为０．００３１％和０．０１７％。     

抗赖氨酸加苏氨酸的玉米种子蛋白突变体

通过离体选择抗赖氨酸加苏氨酸玉米突变体，不仅获得了积累游离苏氨酸和赖氨酸等氨基酸的突变类型，也选择到了种子蛋白组份发生改变的高蛋氨酸突变体和高赖氨酸体细胞无性系变异体。高蛋氨酸种子中总蛋氨酸的含量比对照增高２２．６％，这是由于醇溶蛋白Ｚｅｉｎ－２部分及其蛋氨酸含量增高所致。高赖氨酸变异体种子游离必需氨基酸增高显著（２－１０倍），总赖氨酸比对照亲本增高２８．１％，含量约占种子干重的０．４０％，种子蛋白清蛋白、球蛋白和谷蛋白组份含量增高而醇溶蛋白减少。高赖氨酸和高蛋氨酸特性遗传稳定，植株育性正常。     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.