基于风险分析的流域优先有机污染物筛查：研究与应用

应用高通量分析方法对大清河流域47个沉积物中的潜在风险有机污染物进行了分析,共筛查到104种有毒有机污染物。应用基于风险分析的筛查体系对检出率高于10%的54种污染物进行了概率风险评估,筛查出11种具有潜在风险的流域优先有机污染物,包括农药(特草克、氨磺磷、枯莠隆)、工业用品及副产物(二苯胺、9,10-蒽醌、萘、2-甲基萘)及家庭及个人护理品(咖啡因、苯乙酮、苯甲酮、联苯)等。结果表明,基于风险分析的流域污染物筛查方法体系可成功地对流域内优先污染物进行识别与筛查,为流域管理提供科学依据。     

基于风险分析的流域优先有机污染物筛查：方法构建

化学品的大量使用和排放进入水环境,对水生态系统产生诸多不利影响。因此,流域环境管理的重点之一就是如何筛查具有潜在风险的优先污染物。对于流域环境介质中污染物筛查而言,难点和关键是如何建立高效的分析方法来尽可能多的获取环境介质中的污染物信息,进而对其危害及风险水平进行判断与筛查。对在流域环境介质中污染物筛查方面具有潜在应用可能性的环境分析方法进行了综述,提出了以高通量分析方法为基础的基于概率风险分析的流域优先有机污染物筛查方法体系,并对体系中涉及的筛查基准、数据选择等关键问题进行了讨论。     

基于风险的Football组合法在筛选农用地优先控制酞酸酯类污染物的应用

为探索建立农用地优先管控酞酸酯类有毒有害化学物质的筛选方法,基于Football组合法开展了相关研究。结果表明,邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(DIBP)、邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯(BBP)和邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)等5种酞酸酯类内源污染物潜在风险较高,将筛选结果与国内外管控化学物质名单进行比较分析,表明Football组合法可用于筛选农用地优先控制酞酸酯类有毒有害物质     

Practical application of sustainable development in decision-making processes in the Great Lakes Basin

SUMMARY

Sustainable development has become the conceptual framework within which societal, economic and environmental issues are addressed at every level around the world. In 1993, a United States-Canada assembly of more than 250 Great Lakes leaders was convened to evaluate the efficacy of creative processes under way in the Great Lakes Basin relative to sustainable development and to identify key success factors and process characteristics which are consistent with principles of sustainable development. A combination of eight criteria for effective project management (i.e. stakeholder involvement; leadership; information and interpretation; planning; human resource development; results and indicators; review and feedback; stakeholder satisfaction) and six principles of sustainable development (i.e. long-range planning and intergenerational responsibility; carrying capacity; anticipation and prevention; full cost accounting; integration of economic, social and environmental factors; efficiency, innovation and continuous improvement) were developed to evaluate and help improve decision-making processes. Such criteria and principles may be useful in improving decision-making processes in other parts of the world.     

The Environmental Capacity Approach to the Control of Marine Pollution: The Case of Copper in the Krka River Estuary

Changes in soil pH, soil heavy metal forms, and the metabolic diversity of microbial communities were examined in soil samples collected in 1-mm increments from barley roots in soil contaminated with cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) using a rhizobox system. Concentrations of exchangeable Cd and Zn increased near the roots owing to a decrease in soil pH. Conversely, the concentration of inorganically bound Cd and Zn decreased near the roots. Despite having the highest concentration of the most toxic exchangeable metals, the rhizosphere also had the highest bacterial and fungal metabolic activity and diversity when assessed using BIOLOG plates. Therefore, the promoting effects of root exudates on microbial activity could outweigh the adverse effects of Cd and Zn on microorganisms in the rhizosphere.     

乙烯菌核利对稀有鮈鲫性腺组织及相关基因转录水平的影响

乙烯菌核利在哺乳动物实验中被广泛证实具有抗雄激素效应,而对鱼类的研究结论目前并不统一。将性成熟稀有鮈鲫分别暴露于0、2、10、50μg·L-1乙烯菌核利21 d,研究环境浓度下乙烯菌核利对鱼类生殖系统的影响及作用机制。结果表明,雌鱼的性腺指数(GSI)、肝脏指数(HSI)在所有浓度组均显著降低(p0.05),同时卵巢组织中卵泡的发育受到了抑制;而雄鱼仅HSI在最高浓度组(50μg·L-1)出现显著降低(p0.05),精巢组织切片也未观察到明显损伤,说明乙烯菌核利对雌鱼生殖系统的影响大于雄鱼。在转录水平上,雌鱼性腺中er mRNA、vtg mRNA分别在50μg·L-1和10、50μg·L-1时显著升高(p0.05),ar mRNA在所有浓度组显著升高(p0.05);而雄鱼性腺中ar mRNA、dmrt1 mRNA水平分别在10μg·L-1浓度组和所有浓度组显著降低(p0.05),er mRNA在所有浓度组显著降低(p0.05),说明雌雄鱼对乙烯菌核利暴露的分子响应机制存在差异。综上,环境浓度下乙烯菌核利短期暴露会对稀有鮈鲫生殖系统产生一定的影响,并且雌雄鱼在敏感性和分子响应机制上都存在差异。     

应用受体学说模型研究硝基苯类化合物的致毒机理

应用受体学说推出的定量结构活性相关(QSAR)模型研究了硝基苯类化合物的致毒机理,结果表明,硝基苯类化合物的主要致毒机理是化合物亲电中心与受体分子亲核活性中心发生反应.并引入硝基数目和位置指示变量I,分析表明,苯环上硝基的数目和位置的差别引起化合物的最低未占轨道能ELUMO的变化,即化合物亲电结合能的变化,从而影响了化合物的生物活性.     

稀有鮈鲫作为水生模式生物的研究及探讨

我国本土水生生物稀有鮈鲫(Gobiocypris rarus Ye et Fu, 1983年)是一种优良的试验用鱼,具备成为模式生物必要条件。本文总结了稀有鮈鲫生物生态学研究情况,分析了稀有鮈鲫在多个应用领域与模式生物斑马鱼、青鳉存在的不足和差距,同时借鉴发达国家推动模式生物的实践经验,提出了针对性建议。     

稀有鮈鲫作为水生模式生物的研究及探讨

我国本土水生生物稀有鮈鲫(Gobiocypris rarus Ye et Fu,1983年)是一种优良的试验用鱼,具备成为模式生物必要条件。本文总结了稀有鮈鲫生物生态学研究情况,分析了稀有鮈鲫在多个应用领域与模式生物斑马鱼、青鳉存在的不足和差距,同时借鉴发达国家推动模式生物的实践经验,提出了针对性建议。     

城市污水处理厂进出水中类雌激素暴露影响评价

以稀有鮈鲫(Gobiocypris rarus)为模型动物,利用卵黄蛋白原(VTG)和生长发育指标作为类雌激素污染的生物标志物,评价了沙湖污水处理厂进出水中类雌激素暴露对稀有鮈鲫仔鱼的影响.结果表明:暴露21d后,未稀释进水和一级处理出水对稀有鮈鲫仔鱼VTG有显著诱导,各级处理水对稀有鮈鲫的生长发育也造成了一定的影响,在进水和一级处理出水暴露组中有死亡现象发生.以17β-雌二醇(E2)为阳性对照,对稀有鮈鲫VTG的诱导作标准曲线,计算进水以及各级出水的类雌激素E2的活性当量,发现污水处理厂一级和二级处理工艺对污水的类雌激素活性的去除率分别为47%和95%以上.表明在现有污水处理工艺中,二级处理工艺可去除大部分的类雌激素,而一级处理工艺却不能有效去除类雌激素.     

三氯酚暴露致稀有鮈鲫肝脏损伤的比较蛋白质组研究

为探讨2,4,6-三氯酚(2,4,6-TCP)暴露致鱼类肝脏损伤的毒性效应,以稀有鮈鲫(Gobiocypris rarus)为模式生物,TCP暴露浓度为1、10、100μg·L-1,进行流水暴露实验(28d),利用二维凝胶电泳方法(2-DE),结合质谱分析技术(MALDI-TOF-MS),对TCP致稀有鮈鲫肝脏损伤的蛋白表达谱进行了研究.结果显示,共发现35个差异蛋白点,其中11个蛋白被成功鉴定(C.I.>95%).对鉴定的蛋白根据GOTerms进行功能分类,发现它们主要参与脂类代谢与转运、氧化应激以及蛋白修复和氧化磷酸化等生物学过程。以上结果表明,TCP对稀有鮈鲫具有明显的肝脏毒性效应.     

17α-甲基睾酮对稀有鮈鲫幼鱼性腺发育与血清卵黄蛋白原水平的影响

17α-甲基睾酮是一种人工合成雄激素,在水产养殖以及医药行业中广泛使用,其对鱼类的内分泌干扰效应研究工作相对较少.通过甲基睾酮对稀有鲫幼鱼的42天流水暴露,观察了其性腺发育和生物标记物变化.在500ng·L-1甲基睾酮暴露组中幼鱼生长受到抑制(p≤0.05),在50ng·L-1以上暴露组中性腺指数显著增加(p≤0.05),雄性个体比率明显升高.通过组织学观察发现,50ng·L-1以上浓度甲基睾酮暴露后卵巢组织切片中出现了精子细胞,且精子细胞数量随剂量的增加而增加.通过生物标记物卵黄蛋白原测定发现,在50ng·L-1以上浓度甲基睾酮暴露后,稀有鲫幼鱼血清中的卵黄蛋白原水平显著增加(p≤0.05).综合分析,17α-甲基睾酮主要表现出雄激素效应,而其在稀有鲫体内的代谢物则能够应激卵黄蛋白原,对稀有鲫幼鱼的最低可观察效应浓度(LOEC)为50ng·L-1.因此,仅依靠体内卵黄蛋白原应激单项指标不能准确判定化学品是否是环境类雌激素.     

Ecological degradation and hydraulic dispersion of contaminant in wetland

For the typical case of a pulsed contaminant emission into a free surface wetland flow, a theoretical analysis is presented in this paper for the decay of the depth-averaged concentration under the combined action of ecological degradation and hydraulic dispersion. Based on a first-order reaction model extensively employed in related ecological risk assessment and environmental hydraulic design, the effect of ecological degradation is separated from the hydraulic effect via an exponential transformation for the general formulation for contaminant transport. The speed profile of a fully developed steady flow through the wetland is obtained. A hydraulic dispersion model for the depth-averaged concentration is devised as an extension of Taylor’s classical analysis on dispersion, and corresponding hydraulic dispersivity is obtained by Aris’s method of moments. Analytical solution of depth-averaged concentration is rigorously derived and characterized. For typical pollutant constituents in wastewater emission, the evolution of contaminant cloud in the wetland flow is illustrated by critical length and duration of influenced region with contaminant concentration beyond given environmental standard level, with essential implications for ecological risk assessment and environmental management.