合理施肥与农业的可持续性发展初探

合理施肥可以提高作物产量和品质,降低农业生产成本,增加农民收入,减少环境污染;但是,在我国农业发展过程中,农民施用化肥时存在化肥的过量施用、化肥的错误选用以及化肥施用方法不科学等问题;不合理施肥引发了水污染、大气污染和土壤污染。从农业可持续性发展的角度,提出了根据作物性质选择合适肥料,测定土壤性质,根据土壤性质选择合适的肥料,采取科学的方法施肥等建议。     

盐碱地养鱼的水质改良

报道了盐碱地池塘、水库、湖泊养鱼中的水质改良技术。池塘水质改良措施主要为加注淡水、施用有机肥、注水与施肥相结合、改造盐碱土质、控制生石灰用量及合理注排水 ;水库、湖泊等大水面水质改良的主要措施是引淡水和增施肥料 (有机肥和化肥 )。     

海河流域农业非点源污染防治对策措施

根据对海河流域农业非点源污染情况的基础调查,综合分析出化肥施用和集中养殖畜禽粪尿污水是其污染的主要来源。基于对流域内多个地区农业非点源污染防治措施的深入研究,围绕化肥施用量控制和集中养殖畜禽粪便污水处置这两大中心问题,提出一套应用性强且更具有针对性的农业非点源污染防治对策措施,既包括宣传教育、经济调控、行政手段等管理措施,又包括测土配方施肥、大型沼气工程等工程措施,同时对北方其他地区农业非点源污染防治具有较强的借鉴意义。     

基于社会嵌入视角的农户减施化肥意愿影响因素分析

化肥是中国农业生产中最基础的物质投入要素,而化肥的过施滥施则是造成和加重农业面源污染的重要原因。农户作为化肥施用行为的主体,引导其科学施肥对农业可持续发展具有重要意义。本文基于洞庭湖区农业面源污染综合治理试点项目区353份农户问卷调查数据,依托社会嵌入理论,运用二元Logistic模型分析农业面源污染治理中农户减施化肥意愿及其影响因素。结果表明:研究区域农户减施化肥意愿不强;农户减施化肥意愿不仅受到经济利益因素的驱动,还受到社会背景特征、农户自身特征等因素的影响;政府支持、农户认知及社会关系等社会嵌入因素对农户减施化肥意愿存在显著正向影响。基于此,政府应加强对科学施肥行为的支持力度,因地制宜构建科学施肥的社会嵌入环境,提高农户关于减施化肥方面的认知水平,充分发挥社会关系在科学施肥中的引导和示范作用。     

四川省农业生产环境因素-化肥施用状况宏观分析

本文首次提出“区域化肥施用负荷”、“化肥施用相对生产力”、“化肥施用相对适宜度”等概念及研究方法，用于四川省化肥施用状况宏观分析。四川全省化肥施用量F=228．86kg／hm^2，全省21个市州中自贡、攀枝花、德阳、绵阳、遂宁、眉山、雅安和巴中等8个市F〉250kg／hm^2，其中攀枝花市达到457kg／hm^2；全省5个农业区中，成都平原区F值最高，达285．63kg／hm^2。四川省化肥施用负荷H=4704kg／km^2，自贡、德阳、遂宁、内江等4市H值是全省H值4倍以上，自贡、遂宁2市甚至达5倍以上；成都平原区、盆地丘陵区H值分别是17491kg／km^2和16309kg／km^2，远远高于其他地区。全省化肥施用相对生产力R=20．26kg，攀枝花市R=12．11kg，是全省最低的；盆地丘陵区R=20．16kg，其余地区R值均高于全省的。全省近10年平均化肥施用相对适宜度T=3．19作为评价基准，攀枝花市T=5．22，是全省最高的，属化肥施用高度过量；各农业区中，盆地丘陵区T=3．47，盆周山地区T=3．28，属化肥施用轻度过量，其余地区基本适宜。     

甘蔗种植的化肥利用率及碳减排潜力分析

化肥过量施用导致的碳排放对甘蔗生产和环境均具有负面影响。利用CD生产函数推导并测算了甘蔗种植的最优化肥施用量,对化肥利用率及碳减排潜力进行了研究。结果表明:在保障甘蔗产量的前提之下,甘蔗种植的化肥利用率为43. 99%,化肥减量施用的潜力较大。在化肥最优施用量条件下,甘蔗种植的碳减排潜力超过了50%,单位面积碳减排可达532. 32kg/hm2。基于此,加强对甘蔗种植碳排放和环境问题的重视程度,制定并推广适用于不同省份的科学施肥方案和扶持环境友好型肥料的发展与应用是提升化肥利用率和减少碳排放的可行对策。     

缙云县农作物施肥现状调查与对策

通过对825个典型户地块、面积134．84hm。农作物施肥现状调查，结果显示，各类种植模式地块投入肥料（折纯）平均为600kg·hm^-2，其中化肥投入526．5kg·hm^-2，有机肥投入73．5kg·hm^-2，分别占总施肥量的87．8％和12．2％；农作物过量使用化肥，有机肥投入偏少，且化肥投入N、P、K结构比例不合理，典型户地块施肥水平不平衡；针对调查结果提出了对策措施。     

基于STIRPAT模型的农户农药化肥施用行为研究——以武汉市城乡结合部为例

以武汉市城乡结合部为例,基于农户调查数据,采用STIRPAT随机回归模型分析不同生计类型的农户农药化肥施用差异。结果发现:(1)不同生计类型的农户农药化肥施用强度存在显著差异:纯农户一兼农户二兼农户;(2)不同生计类型的农户农药化肥施用影响因子不同:纯农户农药化肥施用强度主要与收入构成相关,一兼农户农药化肥施用强度主要与耕地规模相关,二兼农户农药化肥施用强度与非农活动程度、耕地规模、农户收入构成相关;(3)相比不分类型的农户农药化肥施用行为,不同生计类型的农户农药化肥施用行为能深入客观揭示地农户农药化肥施用行为的关键影响因素,为实现农户农药化肥施用行为调控提供科学依据。     

国内外市场展望

多功能施肥器多功能施肥器由机架、行走轮、犁铧、送料机、传动机和破碎机组成。其中送料机由肥料斗，前、后输料管和传输皮带构成；传动机由主、从动链轮．链条和曲柄连杆机组成。行走轮通过链条传动带动曲柄连杆机运动，曲柄连杆机带动传输皮带做往复运动，使肥料落人输料管，搅拌器安装在肥料斗的下部。本施肥器的优点是结构简单、操作方便、施肥均匀．适用于各类化肥的施用。（CN2268364Y）一种含活菌的微生态调节剂国内外市场展望该制品是将由双妓杆菌、乳酸杆菌和乳酸球菌制成的种子液，接种到以豆粕为主要原料的培养液中再次发酵制…     

我国化肥产业氮磷污染及防治对策

概述了我国化肥行业的发展概况、化肥施用现状及长期大量使用化肥的后果，提出了防治化肥污染的主要对策。     

盘锦地区稻田田面水氮素动态变化及化学氮肥投入阈值研究

以水稻为供试作物,水稻土为供试土壤,采用田间定位试验的方法,以施肥后田面水中的总氮（TN）、NH4^＋-N和NO3^--N浓度为指标,进行了施氮后田面水中氮素释放规律研究。结果表明,施肥后田面水中的总氮（TN）、NH4＋-N和NO3--N浓度随着施肥量的增加而增加,随着时间的推移三者的浓度呈先上升后下降的趋势,一周后趋于稳定;以氮素表观盈余率和植株吸氮量为指标,从环境安全角度研究水稻生产化学氮肥投入阈值,初步确定试验区环境安全化学氮肥投入阈值为189.22～218.98 kg·hm^-2;以水稻产量为指标,进行了粮食安全氮肥投入阈值研究,初步确定试验区水稻生产粮食安全化学氮肥投入阈值为202.24～288.89 kg·hm^-2。综合考虑粮食安全和环境安全,试验区化学氮肥投入阈值为202.24～218.98 kg·hm^-2。     

EFFECTS OF SLUDGE AND CHEMICAL FERTILIZER APPLICATION ON RUNOFF WATER QUALITY1

ABSTRACT: Simulated rainfall was used on experimental field plots to compare the effect of chemical fertilizer and sludge application on sediment, nitrogen, and phosphorus in runoff from no-till and conventional tillage systems. Chemical fertilizer application under the no-till system resulted in the least amount of total N and P in surface runoff. However, sludge application under the no-till system resulted in the least amount of NO₃-N and sediment in surface runoff. The worst water quality scenarios were observed when either sludge or chemical fertilizer were surface-applied under a conventional tillage system. Nitrogen losses from the conventional tillage system were minimized when sludge was incorporated into the soil. However, phosphorus and sediment yield from such a system were significantly higher when compared to phosphorus and sediment yield from the no-till system. The results from this study indicate that the use of sludge on agricultural land under a no-till system can be a viable alternative to chemical fertilizer for nitrogen and phosphorus control in runoff. A more cautious approach is recommended when the sludge is incorporated into the soil in a conventional tillage system because of potential for high sediment and phosphorus yield in surface runoff.     

Nitrogen input from residential lawn care practices in suburban watersheds in Baltimore county,MD

A residential lawn care survey was conducted as part of the Baltimore Ecosystem Study, a Long-term Ecological Research project funded by the National Science Foundation and collaborating agencies, to estimate the nitrogen input to urban watersheds from lawn care practices. The variability in the fertilizer N application rates and the factors affecting the application rates were examined. Results indicated that the annual input of nitrogen from fertilizer is a major component of the urban watershed nitrogen budget and it is both spatially and temporally variable. There is a wide range in the application rate of fertilizer N to residential lawns applied by homeowners and by professional lawn care companies. Survey data estimated a mean fertilizer application rate of 97.6 kg N/ha/yr with a standard deviation of 88.3 kg N/ha/yr. Analyses suggested that the fertilizer application rate is affected by social economic factors and soil characteristics to include the market value of the house, age of development, soil bulk density and soil nitrogen content.     

Fertilizer application training programs,the adoption of formula fertilization techniques and agricultural productivity: Evidence from 691 apple growers in China

The article examines whether agricultural training boosted technology adoption and productivity was a key issue that was concerned by policymakers and researchers. Thus, impacts of fertilizer application training programs on the adoption of formula fertilization techniques and agricultural productivity were analyzed by using the survey data of 691 apple growers. The results indicated that: (i) compared with farmers who did not participate in fertilizer application training programs, the probability of the adoption of formula fertilization techniques was significantly increased by 256.1% for farmers who participated in fertilizer application training programs; (ii) fertilizer application training programs boosted the adoption of formula fertilization techniques via influencing farmers' cognition and willingness; (iii) yield was significantly increased by 14.3% at the 5% level through participating in fertilizer application training programs, and fertilizer application training programs improved agricultural productivity by means of enhancing the adoption of formula fertilization techniques. This study was conducive to evaluating the effectiveness of agricultural training and boosting agricultural sustainable development.     

The myth of nitrogen fertilization for soil carbon sequestration

Intensive use of N fertilizers in modern agriculture is motivated by the economic value of high grain yields and is generally perceived to sequester soil organic C by increasing the input of crop residues. This perception is at odds with a century of soil organic C data reported herein for the Morrow Plots, the world's oldest experimental site under continuous corn (Zea mays L.). After 40 to 50 yr of synthetic fertilization that exceeded grain N removal by 60 to 190%, a net decline occurred in soil C despite increasingly massive residue C incorporation, the decline being more extensive for a corn-soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) or corn-oats (Avena sativa L.)-hay rotation than for continuous corn and of greater intensity for the profile (0-46 cm) than the surface soil. These findings implicate fertilizer N in promoting the decomposition of crop residues and soil organic matter and are consistent with data from numerous cropping experiments involving synthetic N fertilization in the USA Corn Belt and elsewhere, although not with the interpretation usually provided. There are important implications for soil C sequestration because the yield-based input of fertilizer N has commonly exceeded grain N removal for corn production on fertile soils since the 1960s. To mitigate the ongoing consequences of soil deterioration, atmospheric CO(2) enrichment, and NO(3)(-) pollution of ground and surface waters, N fertilization should be managed by site-specific assessment of soil N availability. Current fertilizer N management practices, if combined with corn stover removal for bioenergy production, exacerbate soil C loss.     

利用ArcGIS软件计算水源保护区化肥平均施用强度的方法

本文以华北地区某县水源保护区内化肥平均施用强度的计算为例，利用ArcGIS8．3软件中空间分析、属性表关联、属性表计算统计等工具，探索一种基于地理空间分析方法评估保护区化肥使用情况的方法。     

Fall fertilization timing effects on nitrate leaching and turfgrass color and growth

Fall season fertilization is a widely recommended practice for turfgrass. Fertilizer applied in the fall, however, may be subject to substantial leaching losses. A field study was conducted in Connecticut to determine the timing effects of fall fertilization on nitrate N (NO3-N) leaching, turf color, shoot density, and root mass of a 90% Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), 10% creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) lawn. Treatments consisted of the date of fall fertilization: 15 September, 15 October, 15 November, 15 December, or control which received no fall fertilizer. Percolate water was collected weekly with soil monolith lysimeters. Mean log(10) NO3-N concentrations in percolate were higher for fall fertilized treatments than for the control. Mean NO3-N mass collected in percolate water was linearly related to the date of fertilizer application, with higher NO3-N loss for later application dates. Applying fall fertilizer improved turf color and density but there were no differences in color or density among applications made between 15 October and 15 December. These findings suggest that the current recommendation of applying N in mid- to late November in southern New England may not be compatible with water quality goals.     

Residual soil nitrate after potato harvest

Nitrogen loss by leaching is a major problem, particularly with crops requiring large amounts of N fertilizer. We evaluated the effect of N fertilization and irrigation on residual soil nitrate following potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) harvests in the upper St-John River valley of New Brunswick, Canada. Soil nitrate contents were measured to a 0.90-m depth in three treatments of N fertilization (0, 100, and 250 kg N ha(-1)) at two on-farm sites in 1995, and in four treatments of N fertilization (0, 50, 100, and 250 kg N ha(-1)) at four sites for each of two years (1996 and 1997) with and without supplemental irrigation. Residual soil NO3-N content increased from 33 kg NO3-N ha(-1) in the unfertilized check plots to 160 kg NO3-N ha(-1) when 250 kg N ha(-1) was applied. Across N treatments, residual soil NO3-N contents ranged from 30 to 105 kg NO3-N ha(-1) with irrigation and from 30 to 202 kg NO3-N ha(-1) without irrigation. Residual soil NO3-N content within the surface 0.30 m was related (R2 = 0.94) to the NO3-N content to a 0.90-m depth. Estimates of residual soil NO3-N content at the economically optimum nitrogen fertilizer application (Nop) ranged from 46 to 99 kg NO3-N ha(-1) under irrigated conditions and from 62 to 260 kg NO3-N ha(-1) under nonirrigated conditions, and were lower than the soil NO3-N content measured with 250 kg N ha(-1). We conclude that residual soil NO3-N after harvest can be maintained at a reasonable level (<70 kg NO3-N ha(-1)) when N fertilization is based on the economically optimum N application.