我国直升机的防护救生装备问题

本文介绍了直升机在救援中所发挥的巨大作用,分析了目前我国直升机的防护救生技术所存在的问题。建议大力开展直升机防护救生装备的研发工作。     

飞行员的海上营救

据资料统计,全世界每年约有10万人在海难事故中丧生,营救及时是遇险者得以生存的重要因素。第二次世界大战后,随着营救组织的发展和营救器材的改进,营救速度大大加快。1国外的航空救生组织及其救生装备 对于落水飞行员来说能否迅速地被营救,搜索营救工作的效能起着决     

应急抗震救生系统设计构想

根据多样化抗震救生应急任务的需要,融合安全运输、作业监控、安全预警、专家决策、导航定位、指挥通信等多种技术手段,设计一体化和智能化的综合救生系统。     

航空救生装备史话

航空救生装备的发展迄今已有二百多年历史,从简单的防护,发展到成为目前空勤人员生命保障系统的一个重要组成部分。随着航空事业的发展,空中事故不断增加,成功地拯救飞行员和旅客的生命,成为航空业界的工作宗旨和努力目标之一。战时飞行员的应急救生,对航空弹射救生装备提出了更高的要求。而航空个体防护装备(头盔、抗     

水上个体救生具性能要求的比较研究

针对ISO ,IMO ,BS ,MIL ,JIS ,我国GB及JT等具有代表性的技术标准和规范 ,分析和研究了水上个体救生具的整体救生性能、主体材料性能和属具性能要求 ,在进行比较研究的基础上 ,结合国情 ,对于我国水上个体救生具性能改进和技术标准完善 ,提出了建议并指出了发展方向     

水上个体救生具性能测试方法的比较研究

对比研究了国际标准化组织 (ISO) ,国际海事组织 (IMO) ,英国标准 (BS) ,美国军事标准 (MIL) ,日本工业标准 (JIS) ,中华人民共和国标准 (GB) ,中华人民共和国交通部标准 (JT)等各类标准中关于水上个体救生具的整体救生性能、主体材料和部件性能、属具性能的测试方法 ,在此基础上 ,笔者提出了我国水上个体救生具在性能检测方面的研发方向。     

个体落水救生机理与个体救生具的技术性能要求

基于个体在水中受到的危险，论述了个体落水救生及防护机理，并分析了个体救生具应具有的技术性能要求，最后提出了个体救生具的设计原则。     

水上个体救生具的概念、种类和结构分析

水上个体救生具是指随身携带、供个体使用的一种在紧急状况下可以提供浮力以使落水者漂浮在水面上的水上救生工具 ,具有安全漂浮、营救、适体和保暖等基本性能。水上个体救生具根据用途、结构和浮力材料的不同有不同的分类 ,同时材料性能优化、结构适体和属具集成是其发展趋向。     

奥地利AMST公司飞行员弹射和夜视训练装备研究

本文介绍了奥地利AMST公司研制的典型飞行员防护救生训练装备——弹射训练模拟器和夜视训练系统,旨在对国内建立完备的飞行员防护救生训练装备提供参考。     

矿山钻孔救援技术的研究与务实思考

钻孔救援技术是煤矿应急救援的一项有效实用的救生、救援技术。目前尚处于探索起步阶段,许多机构和企业的研究更多集中在精确钻孔方面,缺乏对钻孔救援的深入思考,尤其是以救生为核心的研究。该文主要总结了智利圣何塞铜矿事故救援的经过和主要成功要素。在此基础上,提出了钻孔救援的基本概念,总结了钻孔救援的前提是要求钻孔精准的达到指定位置,钻孔救援技术的限制条件和措施。提出发展钻孔救援要以救生为目标,加强引进和研发提高钻孔救援装备的水平,依靠科技进步,大力发展钻孔救援技术装备;组织开展生命救治技术措施研究;制订和完善钻孔救援技术战术规程、标准等。     

Experimental simulation of airbag deployment for pipeline closing

Small scale tests were carried out at ISL's shock tube facility STA (100 mm inner diameter) to study the problem of closing a pipeline by means of an airbag in case of explosions or gas leakages. Experiments were carried out to simulate the flow in a pipeline at velocities and gas pressures as present in pipeline flows. In this study the gas used was nitrogen at static pressures of 0.2 up to 5 MPa and at flow velocities of 25 m/s up to 170 m/s. A special Nylon airbag, deployed from the tube wall into the pipe, was used to simulate the airbag inflation in a real pipeline. For this purpose a special gas filling system consisting of a gas generator with a reservoir volume of up to 500 cm³ which permits air pressures up to 17 MPa to be generated inside the airbag was developed at ISL. With a fast pyrotechnically opened valve the reservoir gas was released for airbag filling. The airbag inflation was triggered in such a way that it opened in nearly 3 ms into the pipe flow generated by the shock tube and continued for about 10 ms. For this application a special measuring chamber was designed and constructed with 20 measuring ports. Through two window ports, located one in front of the other, the airbag inflation could be visualized with up to 50 successive flash sparks illuminating a fast rotating film inside a drum camera. Pressure measurements using commercially available PCB pressure gauges at 9 measuring ports placed along the inner tube surface gave some hints on the behaviour of the wall pressure during airbag deployment. As a result from the experiments performed it is to conclude, that, with the Nylon airbag samples available, the pipe flow cannot be blocked by the inflating airbag. The flow forces acting on the airbag during deployment are in the shock tube experiments of the order of about 1000 N, which are not balanced by the airbags' neck, fixing it to the shock tube wall. This outcome suggests that a mechanical support is required to fix the airbag in its place during inflation.     

Airbag Technology in Australian Passenger Cars: Preliminary Results from Real World Crash Investigations

Airbags are expected to reduce vehicle occupant injuries, primarily by preventing head and chest contacts with the steering wheel and instrument panel. To date, however, there has been little evidence of airbag effectiveness in terms of field accident investigations. This paper presents some preliminary results from an ongoing case-control study of crashed vehicles equipped with Australian airbag technology (supplementary airbags in combination with seatbelt webbing clamps). Vehicles were inspected and occupants interviewed according to the National Accident Sampling System (NASS). Data were available for 140 belted drivers involved in frontal crashes (delta-V between 21 and 60 km/h), including 71 airbag and 69 control cases. Analyses revealed significant reductions in the cost of injury and a strong indication of a redaction in overall injury severity among the airbag cases. Indications of airbag benefits were also found in terms of a redaction in the probability of sustaining a moderate and severe injury. Some evidence was found for an increase in minor injuries among the airbag cases. As expected, airbag technology seems to be reducing head, face and chest injuries, particularly those of at least a moderate severity. These results are compared with recent overseas findings.     

Difference in dummy responses in matched side impact tests of vehicles with and without side airbags

Objective: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) high-hooded side impacts were analyzed for matched vehicle tests with and without side airbags. The comparison provides a measure of the effectiveness of side airbags in reducing biomechanical responses for near-side occupants struck by trucks, SUVs, and vans at 50 km/h.

Method: The IIHS moving deformable barrier (MDB) uses a high-hooded barrier face. It weighs 1,500 kg and impacts the driver side perpendicular to the vehicle at 50 km/h. SID IIs dummies are placed in the driver and left second-row seats. They represent fifth percentile female occupants.

IIHS tests were reviewed for matches with one test with a side airbag and another without it in 2003–2007 model year (MY) vehicles. Four side airbag systems were evaluated: (1) curtain and torso side airbags, (2) head and torso side airbag, (3) curtain side airbag, and (4) torso side airbag.

There were 24 matched IIHS vehicle tests: 13 with and without a curtain and torso side airbags, 4 with and without a head and torso side airbag, 5 with and without a side curtain airbag, and 2 with and without a torso airbag. The head, chest, and pelvis responses were compared for each match and the average difference was determined across all matches for a type of side airbag.

Results: The average reduction in head injury criterion (HIC) was 68 ± 16% (P < .001) with curtain and torso side airbags compared to the HIC without side airbags. The average HIC was 296 with curtain and torso side airbags and 1,199 without them. The viscous response (VC) was reduced 54 ± 19% (P < .005) with curtain and torso side airbags. The combined acetabulum and ilium force (7 ± 15%) and pelvic acceleration (?2 ± 17%) were essentially similar in the matched tests.

The head and torso side airbag reduced HIC by 42 ± 30% (P < .1) and VC by 32 ± 26% compared to vehicles without a side airbag. The average HIC was 397 with the side head and torso airbag compared to 729 without it. The curtain airbag and torso airbag only showed lower head responses but essentially no difference in the chest and pelvis responses.

Conclusion: The curtain and torso side airbags effectively reduced biomechanical responses for the head and chest in 50 km/h side impacts with a high-hooded deformable barrier. The reductions in the IIHS tests are directionally the same as estimated fatality reductions in field crashes reported by NHTSA for side airbags.     

Feasibility Study of Airbag Concept Applicable to Motorcycles Without Sufficient Reaction Structure

Objectives: An airbag system for motorcycle applications was developed and marketed in 2006 followed by many research projects on the system. In the airbag system, the bag should be supported during the kinetic energy–absorbing period of a rider in a collision. The previously developed system employed a configuration in which motorcycle structures support the airbag, such as a gauge unit and/or a steering structure. The supporting structure functions to receive the reaction force to hold the airbag during a crash to properly absorb the rider's kinetic energy. However, the previous system requires a larger area for this reaction structure and is applicable only to the motorcycles that can provide that area. To overcome this limitation, we propose an airbag system employing another concept. In this concept, the airbag does not use its vehicle structures as a reaction structure but uses the structures of an opposing vehicle, such as doors and/or pillars of an opposing vehicle. In this project, we aim to verify the effectiveness of the proposed system when installed in a motorcycle that cannot provide a larger area for the reaction structure.

Methods: In the system with this concept, it is assumed that the occupant protection performance is largely affected depending on impact configurations. Accordingly, full-scale motorcycle-to-car crash tests using 125 cm³ scooter-type models with and without the proposed system were conducted in various impact configurations. The 7 impact configurations specified in ISO 13232 were selected as the test configurations. Injury variables and injury indices of head, neck, chest, and abdomen were evaluated with the motorcyclist dummy.

Results: Injury variables and indices obtained from the crash tests with the airbag were compared to those of the baseline tests. In 2 impact configurations, the airbags were supported by the side structures of the opposing vehicle and performed to reduce the injury variable of head and/or chest compared to that of the baseline test.

Conclusion: Through the crash tests, beneficial protection effects of the airbag system were confirmed in particular impact configurations. No significant risk for the occupant due to the airbag was observed in the conducted crash tests. It was concluded that the proposed airbag system has feasibility to reduce rider injury in a collision of a motorcycle without sufficient reaction structure.     

自锁式管道内封堵装置结构与封堵性能分析

为了改进现有囊式带压封堵技术的防滑动效果差的缺点,提出了1种利用连杆机构与螺纹自锁实施止动的自锁式管道内封堵装置。探讨这种自锁式封堵与传统封堵的结构与性能,分别建立了波纹封堵气囊模型和光滑封堵气囊模型,并通过有限元仿真及实验分析,得出2种封堵气囊在0~0.35 MPa的充压条件下实施封堵的不同效应。结果表明:波纹封堵气囊的封堵压力比传统光滑封堵气囊的封堵压力高出约0.5 MPa,大大提升了管道内封堵装置的封堵能力,并且波纹气囊的形变主要分散在波纹中间,有利于缓解集中形变对气囊的破坏作用,最终提高了封堵实施的稳定性。该装置结构的性能分析可为应急救援装备的研制提供参考依据。     

车用机械式安全气囊使用维护和诊断测试探析

根据汽车安全气囊系统的组成特点及使用要点,本文介绍了轿车SRS系统的诊断测试,研究了汽车安全气囊系统故障检排,同时列举了沃尔沃系列轿车SRS气囊系统故障检查与排除方法。     

The effects of airbags and seatbelts on occupant injury in longitudinal barrier crashes

Introduction

Longitudinal barriers, such as guardrails, are designed to prevent a vehicle that leaves the roadway from impacting a more dangerous object while minimizing the risk of injury to the vehicle occupants. Current full-scale test procedures for these devices do not consider the effect of occupant restraints such as seatbelts and airbags. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which restraints are used or deployed in longitudinal barrier collisions and their subsequent effect on occupant injury.

Methods

Binary logistic regression models were generated to predict occupant injury risk using data from the National Automotive Sampling System / Crashworthiness Data System from 1997 through 2007.

Results

In tow-away longitudinal barrier crashes, airbag deployment rates were 70% for airbag-equipped vehicles. Compared with unbelted occupants without an airbag available, seat belt restrained occupants with an airbag available had a dramatically decreased risk of receiving a serious (MAIS 3+) injury (odds-ratio (OR) = 0.03; 95% CI: 0.004-0.24). A similar decrease was observed among those restrained by seat belts, but without an airbag available (OR = 0.03; 95% CI: 0.001- 0.79). No significant differences in risk of serious injuries were observed between unbelted occupants with an airbag available compared with unbelted occupants without an airbag available (OR = 0.53; 95% CI = 0.10-2.68).

Impact on Industry

This study refutes the perception in the roadside safety community that airbags rarely deploy in frontal barrier crashes, and suggests that current longitudinal barrier occupant risk criteria may over-estimate injury potential for restrained occupants involved in a longitudinal barrier crash.     

Head injuries in airbag-equipped motor vehicles with special emphasis on AIS 1 and 2 facial and loss of consciousness injuries

OBJECTIVES: Safety of the airbag supplemental restraint system (airbag) is a well-known concern. Although many lives are saved each year through airbag use, injuries continue to occur, especially to the head. Airbag safety research has focused primarily on severe injuries, while minor and moderate injuries have been largely ignored. METHODS: In this study, 205,977 injury cases from the 1995 to 2001 National Automotive Sampling System (NASS)/ Crashworthiness Data System (CDS) were surveyed to determine the prevalence of AIS 1 and 2 facial and brain loss of consciousness (LOC) injuries and determine if these injuries are a concern. The query was focused on frontal impacts in vehicles equipped with airbags. Only occupants wearing appropriate seatbelts were included in this study so that the airbag would provide occupant protection under optimal conditions. Of the 205,977 injury cases studied, 2.4% met this criterion. RESULTS: From the data gathered, the trends seem to indicate an increase in these specific injuries, both in terms of the total number and the proportion to all injury cases. In 1995, AIS 1 and 2 head injuries accounted for 96.5% of all head injuries caused by airbags. By 2001, the percentage had risen 3.0% to 99.5%. Injuries occurring in vehicles equipped with first-generation versus second generation airbags were compared, and data seem to suggest that there is a higher rate of minor and moderate head injuries when occupants are in second-generation airbag-equipped vehicles, even when appropriate lap and shoulder belts are used. CONCLUSIONS: The short timeframe surveyed prevents drawing meaningful conclusions about statistical significance, but the graphical representations of the data in this study underscore an urgent need for further investigation based on current trends in order to understand the issue of minor and moderate head injury prevention in regard to airbags.