黄姜皂素清洁生产工艺研究进展

黄姜皂素废水是强酸性高浓度有机废水,它富含黄姜淀粉水解成的糖类.废水的直接排放严重污染附近的水源、影响水质,其环境污染问题在很大程度上已经制约了皂素产业的健康发展.本文对黄姜皂素的清洁生产工艺进行了系统的介绍,该工艺可变废为宝,减少环境污染.同时,指出清洁生产工艺存在的问题和今后的发展趋势.     

基于改进VIKOR的黄姜皂素生产工艺评价

为了对黄姜皂素产业主要生产工艺进行综合分析,找出最优生产工艺,建立了基于博弈论组合赋权的多准则妥协解排序(VIKOR)黄姜皂素生产工艺评价模型.首先,利用熵值法对原始数据进行分析,确定各评估准则的客观权重;然后,通过博弈论模型对主客观权重进行科学化组合,得到综合权重;最后,将该模型运用在黄姜皂素产业主要生产工艺的评价上,得到了4种生产工艺的综合排序.研究结果表明:博弈论组合赋权的VIKOR模型对4种生产工艺的评估结果与利用其他评估模型所得结果一致,该模型能全面考虑各项评估准则及评估对象与最优工艺和最劣工艺的关系,评估过程更为科学、完整;同时,其计算过程简洁,提高了评估效率.     

黄姜皂素污染行业废水处理现状与问题

文章全面分析了中国黄姜皂素行业部分采用清洁生产工艺后废水治理现状,提出黄姜皂素行业废水治理的主要问题是系统结构和脱色难度大,并对上述两个问题进行了分析,同时提出当前中国黄姜皂素行业污水治理对策与建议。     

黄姜皂素的清洁生产

分析黄姜皂素生产过程中存在的问题及原因,提出黄姜皂素清洁生产的工艺方法并进行了效益分析。     

黄姜皂素行业微波破壁萃取工艺清洁生产评价

文章阐述了我国黄姜皂素行业的污染现状以及清洁生产工艺改造与产业水平提升的必要性。黄姜皂素行业的清洁生产评价指标体系评价了黄姜皂素生产传统工艺和新工艺——微波破壁萃取法,结果表明,文章提出的评价体系具有很强的适用性,微波破壁萃取法对比老工艺清洁生产水平较高。     

皂素清洁生产工艺的研究(Ⅰ)

黄姜淀粉经过!-淀粉酶液化,加糖化酶和酵母进行边糖化边发酵生产酒精。发酵后黄姜渣用酸水解法提取薯蓣皂素。黄姜淀粉利用率为86.30%,耗酸量为传统工艺的55%,废水的总COD比传统工艺减少了60.25%,皂素收率比传统工艺提高20.37%。     

SDS促进复合酶水解法提取剩余污泥蛋白质条件的响应面优化分析

以江苏省常州市某市政污水处理厂的污泥为原料,将十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)作为添加剂,研究其对复合酶(碱性蛋白酶∶木瓜蛋白酶=4∶1)水解法提取剩余污泥蛋白质的促进作用,并根据前期试验结果,在确定液固比为5∶1和复合酶加酶量为5.23%的条件下,以剩余污泥蛋白质的提取率为指标,通过对SDS投加量、反应温度、初始pH值和反应时间因素进行单因素试验和响应面优化试验,确定SDS促进复合酶水解法提取剩余污泥蛋白质的最佳提取条件和各因素对SDS促进复合酶水解法提取剩余污泥蛋白质提取率的影响显著性大小。结果表明:最佳提取条件为液固比5∶1、复合酶加酶量5.23%、初始pH值7.4、反应温度56.9℃、反应时间2.6h、SDS投加量8.16%;在最佳提取条件下剩余污泥蛋白质提取率的最大值可达69.12%,比仅使用复合酶的提取率(60.83%)提高了8.29%;各因素对SDS促进复合酶水解法提取剩余污泥蛋白质的影响显著性由强至弱表现为反应温度初始pH值SDS添加量反应时间。     

超声波与复合酶联合提取剩余污泥蛋白的研究

在单酶水解法提取剩余活性污泥中蛋白质研究的基础上,选取3种提取率较高的酶构成3组复合酶,对3组复合酶在各自最优条件下水解提取剩余活性污泥中的蛋白质。实验结果表明,碱性蛋白酶和木瓜蛋白酶组成的复合酶水解效果最好,用这种复合酶结合超声波预处理以及单因素试验得出最佳水解条件是:超声波声能密度为1.2 W/m L,超声时间为70 min,酶配比(碱性蛋白酶∶木瓜蛋白酶)为1∶12,p H为7.0,温度为55℃,加酶量为5%,反应时间为4 h,液固比为4∶1。最优工作条件下,污泥蛋白质提取率为77.16%。     

黄姜皂素清洁生产工艺污染物削减过程分析

采用黄姜皂素清洁生产新工艺可将吨皂素洗姜耗水量由传统工艺的800～900t降至90～100t,洗姜废水随之降低;采用多酶水解分离淀粉糖及水解原液回收盐酸与淀粉糖技术可将酸性废水发生量由传统工艺的400t酸性废水/t皂素、50～100kgCOD/t废水削减至110～120t废水/t皂素、20～30kgCOD/t废水,且废水的可生化性提高;分析整个工艺过程中酸性废水削减主要发生在多酶水解预分离淀粉过程;新工艺对抽余物进行资源化利用制备有型燃料,消除了抽余物任意堆放造成的污染,同时实现了资源的综合利用。     

人工湿地处理皂素废水生产性试验研究

黄姜是生产“药用黄金”——皂素的主要原材料，生产过程中会产生大量的工业废水。皂素废水是一种难降解、污染物浓度高的酸性废水，目前还没有成功应用于工程实际的废水处理工艺。本文主要采用人工湿地处理经两相厌氧工艺一好氧工艺组合工艺处理之后的废水，以满足达标排放的要求。经过4个月试验研究得出如下结论：人工湿地COD平均去除率为47．79％，氨氮平均去除率为75．64％，总磷平均去除率为88．82％。水平潜流型人工湿地作为皂素废水深度处理工艺是可行的。     

层次分析-灰色关联分析法评价黄姜皂素生产工艺

运用层次分析-灰色关联分析法评价了6种黄姜皂素生产工艺. 用层次分析法确定了12项指标〔酸耗系数、水耗系数、能耗系数、单位产品废水COD_Cr产生量、废气产生量、固体废物产生量、污染物处理效果、环保成本(年环境代价/产品年产量)、环境系数(年环境代价/年产值)、成本投资、运行费用和资源综合利用收益)〕的权重,其中水耗系数、废水COD_Cr产生量、酸耗系数的权重分别为0.216、0.189、0.167,排在前三位,对评价结果影响较大. 通过专家打分、构造决策矩阵等步骤计算不同工艺指标列与最优指标集数据列的关联度,得到6种生产工艺的综合排序. 微波破壁-甲醇提取法的关联度为0.879,为最优工艺;直接分离法、直接分离-板框压滤法、糖化-膜分离回收-酸水解法的关联度分别为0.874、0.803、0.701,依次位列微波破壁-甲醇提取法之后. 直接酸水解法、自然发酵-酸水解法的关联度分别为0.530、0.410,排在最后,建议淘汰. 评价结果可望为黄姜皂素行业的健康发展、水污染防治等方面提供一定依据.      

The saccharification–membrane retrieval–hydrolysis (SMRH) process: a novel approach for cleaner production of diosgenin derived from Dioscorea zingiberensis

Diosgenin (CAS number 512-04-9) production from Dioscorea zingiberensis is a very important industry in central-western China. However, treatment of the wastewater with COD up to 50,000 mg/L has been a formidable challenge for the sustainable development of diosgenin industry. A cleaner production process, called the saccharification–membrane retrieval–hydrolysis (SMRH) process, was proposed and pilot-tested by us. The new process combines traditional acid hydrolysis with enzyme hydrolysis and UF/NF technologies. It has two major advantages. (1) The starch in D. zingiberensis is degraded into low molecular weight soluble sugar which is separated and removed before acid hydrolysis of the residue. This prevents the soluble sugar from entering the wastewater; instead it can be utilized as a carbon source in the fermentation industries. (2) UF/NF membrane equipment separates the acid hydrolysis solution into three parts: (a) the colloid phase, (b) the acid solution and (c) the water. All of which can be used in this or in another industry. In this way, the new production process dramatically reduces the wastewater discharge and uses the sugar, acid, water and solid waste in other processes.     

穿龙薯蓣制备皂素新工艺污染分析

文章简述了传统皂素生产工艺的主要问题,即半纤维素和淀粉水解产生的污染问题.针对此问题提出了穿龙薯蓣提取皂素的新工艺,并研究了新工艺所产生的固体废物污染和水污染.首先,用重量法对三种固体废物分别进行了测定,含量分别为原料重量的35.6%、24.4%、3.4%.固体废物弃置占用大量土地,污染环境,产生严重的环境危害,将固体...     

A promising clean process for production of diosgenin from Dioscorea zingiberensis C. H. Wright

This study proposes a new approach for diosgenin production from Dioscorea zingiberensis C. H. Wright tubers with respect to resources utilization and clean production. This process consisted of two successive parts, i.e., recovery of starch from raw material, and microbial hydrolysis of the residue to produce diosgenin by Trichoderma reesei. In the first step, about 75.4% of hemicellulose and 98.0% of starch were removed from the tubers. In the second step, about 90.2% of diosgenin was released from saponins by T. reesei at 30 °C, at an aeration of 0.80 vvm and agitation rate of 300 rpm in a 5.0 L bioreactor. Significant reduction of pollutant production was detected by replacing the traditional approach with the proposed new method. About 99.2% of reducing sugar, 99.4% of chemical oxygen demand, 99.2% of total organic carbon, 100% of SO₄^2?, and 100% of acid was reduced in the new processing wastewater.     

Ultrasound-accelerated enzymatic hydrolysis of solid leather waste

The leather industry is a heavy pollution industry and looking for clean technology. The utilization of enzyme and ultrasound in the industry are potential eco-friendly technologies.Enzymes can degrade the untanned solid leather waste. According to our investigation, ultrasound (40 kHz, 0.64 W/cm²) has little effect on the activity of one alkaline protease from Bacillus licheniformis. It is the first time to use ultrasound to accelerate the enzymatic hydrolysis of the untanned solid leather waste. With the application of ultrasound, the value of k_A for the enzymatic hydrolysis of the untanned solid leather waste increases 18% and K_M is almost unchanged, compared with that obtained without ultrasound. Ultrasound improves the ultimate conversion ratio from 57.6% to 84.1%. The reason is that ultrasound can facilitate the protease through the pores of skin and impair the integrity of collagen. Amino acid analysis indicated that ultrasound can promote the breakdown of helical regions of collagen which are difficult to attack by proteases.In view of environment protection, the use of enzyme and ultrasound in combination is a promising clean technology for the disposal of the untanned solid leather waste.     

络合萃取法处理金刚烷胺制药废水

采用络合萃取法处理金刚烷胺制药废水,考察了初始pH、络合剂种类、稀释剂配比、油/水相比和反应温度等对废水中金刚烷胺萃取效率的影响,并对萃取剂中金刚烷胺进行了反萃取分离回收. 结果表明:采用V(P₂₀₄)〔P₂₀₄为二(2-乙基己基磷酸)〕∶V(正辛醇)为3∶2的复配萃取剂处理金刚烷胺制药废水,在初始pH为8.0、油/水相比为1∶1和温度为25 ℃的条件下,能够去除废水中99.7%以上的金刚烷胺;在反萃取过程中,V(P₂₀₄)∶V(正辛醇)为1∶4的复配萃取剂可以获得更高的反萃取效率,以1.0 mol/L的HCl溶液为反萃取剂,当油/水相比为1∶1时,可将51.7%的金刚烷胺从萃取剂中反萃分离,回收得到的金刚烷胺盐酸盐溶液可以回用到生产工艺中,P₂₀₄-正辛醇复配萃取剂可在萃取和反萃取过程中多次重复使用.      

表面活性剂促进剩余污泥酶水解的研究

为了提高污泥酶水解的效率,研究向污泥中投加表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠（sodium dodecyl sulfate,SDS）强化污泥酶水解的效果.结果表明,SDS极大促进了剩余污泥酶水解,且复合酶的处理效果优于单酶.复合酶的投加量为0.06 g/g时,SCOD溶出率随SDS投加量成正比增加.SDS为0.20 g/g时,S...     

Kinetics of enzymatic unhairing by protease in leather industry

In leather industry, unhairing is a heavy pollution operation. The conventional lime-sulfide process produces a large amount of sulfide which is toxic to health and difficult to dispose. Moreover, conventional lime-sulfide process leads to the destruction of the hair causing increased COD, BOD and TDS loads in the effluent. As an alternative method, enzymatic unhairing is a promising clean technology. The main utilized enzyme preparations are proteases.There are many reports about enzymatic unhairing, most of which are qualitative. The kinetics of enzymatic unhairing by protease was discussed in this article. It will provide useful information to enzymatic unhairing. In our research, by analysis of the concentrations of released total protein in enzyme bath during protease unhairing, the good linearity between released total protein and square root of time (min^1/2) was obtained at the initial stage. The good linearity suggests that enzymatic unhairing by protease is a diffusion-controlled process at the initial stage. The analysis of kinetics of released saccharides also confirms the same conclusion. On the other hand, the same characteristics between the kinetics of released saccharides and that of released total protein further confirms that it is the hydrolysis of core protein by protease that leads to the degradation of proteoglycans and the release of protein and saccharides. However, in our tests, the kinetics of released collagen indicates that the injury to skin took place in 3-6 h. Therefore, it’s necessary to control the time of protease unhairing within an appropriate limit.